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Economy of Canada vs Sudan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Canada has a GDP of $2.32T compared to $60.2B for Sudan, ranking 10/197 and 91/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.63T in government debt (113.5% of GDP), compared to $113B (187.6% of GDP) in Sudan.

Canada vs Sudan GDP by year

Canada
Sudan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Sudan
2025 $2,319,899,772,426 $60,162,634,574
2024 $2,270,076,189,683 $49,672,435,513
2023 $2,196,593,836,347 $39,898,289,821
2022 $2,200,562,785,046 $51,666,875,363
2021 $2,022,377,950,897 $34,229,513,775
2020 $1,655,686,966,882 $27,034,593,750
2019 $1,743,728,952,157 $32,338,079,165
2018 $1,725,330,736,238 $32,333,780,383
2017 $1,649,269,496,515 $41,283,617,976
2016 $1,527,996,250,641 $42,630,376,000
2015 $1,556,510,380,200 $51,726,758,677
2014 $1,805,751,688,809 $49,516,748,618
2013 $1,846,583,831,414 $43,024,018,082
2012 $1,828,359,477,072 $37,632,919,967
2011 $1,793,335,727,901 $55,018,567,211
2010 $1,617,349,192,091 $58,962,978,034
2009 $1,374,627,766,600 $51,621,044,077
2008 $1,552,993,439,550 $64,833,083,257
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $59,440,139,775
2006 $1,319,291,255,289 $45,263,831,634
2005 $1,173,118,501,403 $35,182,711,988
2004 $1,026,691,006,918 $26,646,007,251
2003 $895,542,074,085 $21,355,298,460
2002 $760,650,608,552 $18,137,128,388
2001 $738,981,792,355 $15,716,361,792
2000 $744,773,415,932 $12,257,299,147
1999 $678,414,215,521 $10,682,028,340
1998 $633,999,325,918 $11,250,221,537
1997 $654,987,722,086 $11,681,175,864
1996 $630,607,994,133 $9,018,300,725
1995 $605,961,090,061 $13,830,363,900
1994 $579,944,346,807 $12,793,794,737
1993 $579,053,561,739 $8,881,005,436
1992 $594,387,358,319 $7,031,933,492
1991 $612,527,712,316 $44,171,194,366
1990 $596,075,591,361 $33,641,222,222
1989 $567,211,993,243 $21,408,111,111
1988 $509,380,027,627 $14,372,555,556
1987 $433,134,238,311 $12,093,333,333
1986 $379,006,836,992 $10,092,200,000
1985 $366,186,012,450 $8,075,259,600
1984 $356,718,400,124 $10,447,615,385
1983 $341,866,277,183 $8,230,153,846
1982 $314,647,807,409 $8,732,542,274
1981 $307,246,642,756 $10,753,888,154
1980 $274,776,566,028 $8,951,800,000
1979 $243,891,124,296 $8,418,407,787
1978 $219,369,542,386 $8,128,719,315
1977 $212,325,176,305 $7,499,005,639
1976 $207,271,612,576 $6,013,210,816
1975 $174,419,757,177 $4,823,090,192
1974 $160,949,188,139 $3,958,931,660
1973 $131,764,343,566 $3,077,254,460
1972 $113,463,848,874 $2,483,055,722
1971 $99,606,454,744 $2,288,340,041
1970 $88,192,257,632 $2,100,229,759
1969 $79,405,011,125 $1,847,501,441
1968 $72,048,833,006 $1,677,771,401
1967 $65,856,924,424 $1,607,409,539
1966 $61,252,415,405 $1,484,491,676
1965 $54,649,410,479 $1,446,869,619
1964 $49,503,663,836 $1,388,282,600
1963 $45,140,337,827 $1,351,234,926
1962 $42,336,211,556 $1,328,259,625
1961 $41,038,192,838 $1,222,860,429
1960 $40,563,768,947 $1,126,364,162

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/sudan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Sudan by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Sudan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Sudan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $55,698 - $1,165 -
2024 $55,016 $64,610 $985 $2,116
2023 $54,848 $64,219 $797 $2,421
2022 $56,497 $63,944 $1,046 $3,355
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $712 $3,249
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $578 $3,349
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $710 $3,914
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $731 $4,199
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $967 $4,252
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $1,033 $4,470
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $1,292 $4,217
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $1,275 $4,261
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $1,139 $3,725
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $1,019 $3,710
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $1,522 $4,112
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $1,665 $3,806
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $1,493 $3,732
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $1,928 $3,938
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $1,814 $3,836
2006 $40,505 $38,123 $1,415 $3,637
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $1,125 $3,407
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $872 $3,215
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $714 $3,058
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $621 $2,898
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $551 $2,769
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $441 $2,616
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $394 $2,475
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $425 $2,428
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $453 $2,358
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $357 $2,006
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $561 $1,902
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $532 $1,805
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $379 $1,794
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $307 $1,710
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $1,966 $1,599
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $1,528 $1,468
1989 $20,795 - $992 -
1988 $19,013 - $680 -
1987 $16,378 - $584 -
1986 $14,521 - $497 -
1985 $14,170 - $406 -
1984 $13,930 - $534 -
1983 $13,477 - $431 -
1982 $12,527 - $472 -
1981 $12,379 - $605 -
1980 $11,208 - $525 -
1979 $10,078 - $515 -
1978 $9,154 - $518 -
1977 $8,949 - $497 -
1976 $8,839 - $413 -
1975 $7,537 - $343 -
1974 $7,057 - $291.5 -
1973 $5,858 - $235.8 -
1972 $5,107 - $198.2 -
1971 $4,535 - $189 -
1970 $4,136 - $179.6 -
1969 $3,776 - $163.5 -
1968 $3,473 - $153.7 -
1967 $3,226 - $152.4 -
1966 $3,055 - $145.6 -
1965 $2,777 - $146.8 -
1964 $2,562 - $145.7 -
1963 $2,380 - $146.6 -
1962 $2,274 - $148.9 -
1961 $2,246 - $141.6 -
1960 $2,265 - $134.7 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/sudan | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $55,698, ranking 23/197, compared to $1,165 in Sudan, ranking 175/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Sudan ranks 185th at $2,116.

Economic indicators

Canada Sudan
Gross domestic product
$2.32T
2025
$60.2B
2025
GDP rank
10/197
2025
91/197
2025
GDP growth
1.74%
2024-2025
3.06%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$55,698
2025
$1,165
2025
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2025
175/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$2,116
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
185/197
2024
Government debt
$2.63T
2025
$113B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.5%
2025
187.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$63,220
2025
$2,184
2025
Government debt per person rank
5/185
2025
117/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,531
2026
$1,787
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.62T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
82
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.6%
2022
27.8%
2014
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
3.2%
2014
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44%
2025
5.99%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.07%
2024-2025
138.8%
2021-2022
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.82%
2025
7.53%
2022
Population
42199836
54156832

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Sudan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Sudan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44% 113.5% 5.99% 187.6%
2024 44.3% 110% 6.39% 262.6%
2023 41.8% 105.1% 8.23% 261.2%
2022 40.4% 103.5% 17.9% 189%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 9.84% 191.3%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 10.9% 278.8%
2019 40.6% 90.1% 18.7% 216.5%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 16.8% 209.8%
2017 40.5% 91% 12.8% 149.5%
2016 40.8% 92.5% 9.98% 109.9%
2015 40% 92.3% 12.4% 93.2%
2014 38.4% 85.8% 13.5% 84.4%
2013 40% 87.7% 15.3% 105.8%
2012 40.9% 87% 16.5% 117.7%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 18.2% 78.1%
2010 43.1% 84% 17.4% 74.6%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 18.8% 71%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 19.7% 55.8%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 19.6% 53.7%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 18.8% 63.7%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 19.7% 75.5%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 16.5% 97.8%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 12.5% 117.4%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 10.5% 121.7%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 9.87% 125.6%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 10.4% 143.2%
1999 41.8% 89% 8.4% 160.5%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 7.79% 179.7%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 7.38% 167.7%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 9.31% 220.9%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 12.9% 239%
1994 49% 97.5% 19.6% 386%
1993 51.5% 94.7% 23.7% 285.9%
1992 52.5% 88.2% 50.4% 495%
1991 51.4% 81.7% 45.7% -
1990 48.1% 73.7% 31% -
1989 45.8% 72.2% - -
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/sudan | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government spending was $1.02T, accounting for 44% of its GDP, while Sudan spent $3.61B, or 5.99% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.5% in Canada and 187.6% in Sudan, ranking 14/185 and 4/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Sudan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Sudan
2025 -1.77% -3.1%
2024 -2.12% -3.46%
2023 -0.16% -3.7%
2022 0.62% -2.15%
2021 -3.06% -0.29%
2020 -10.9% -6.04%
2019 -0.02% -10.8%
2018 0.36% -7.92%
2017 -0.11% -6.07%
2016 -0.45% -3.92%
2015 -0.06% -3.87%
2014 0.17% -4.72%
2013 -1.49% -5.76%
2012 -2.52% -7.37%
2011 -3.31% -2.33%
2010 -4.74% 0.11%
2009 -3.88% -3.8%
2008 0.18% 0.49%
2007 1.82% -2.84%
2006 1.83% -1.32%
2005 1.55% -1.88%
2004 0.77% 0.16%
2003 -0.13% 0.77%
2002 -0.23% -0.69%
2001 0.53% -0.77%
2000 2.64% -0.7%
1999 1.66% -0.8%
1998 0.14% -0.56%
1997 0.04% -0.59%
1996 -3.05% -2.61%
1995 -5.49% -3.48%
1994 -6.94% -3.03%
1993 -8.93% -8.04%
1992 -9.2% -24.5%
1991 -8.36% -26.5%
1990 -5.91% -16.2%
1989 -4.6% -
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/sudan | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $41B, equivalent to 1.77% of GDP. This compares to Sudan's deficit of $1.87B, or 3.1% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while Sudan ran a deficit in 32 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 1.96% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.67% of GDP for Sudan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Sudan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Sudan
2025 2.07% -
2024 2.38% -
2023 3.88% -
2022 6.8% 138.8%
2021 3.4% 359%
2020 0.72% 163.3%
2019 1.95% 51%
2018 2.27% 63.3%
2017 1.6% 32.4%
2016 1.43% 17.8%
2015 1.13% 16.9%
2014 1.91% 36.9%
2013 0.94% 36.5%
2012 1.52% 35.6%
2011 2.91% 18.1%
2010 1.78% 13%
2009 0.3% 11.3%
2008 2.37% 14.3%
2007 2.14% 14.8%
2006 2% 7.2%
2005 2.21% 8.51%
2004 1.86% 9.66%
2003 2.76% 6.49%
2002 2.26% 22.2%
2001 2.53% 1.94%
2000 2.72% 7.12%
1999 1.73% 17.2%
1998 1% 24.6%
1997 1.62% 47.2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/sudan | CC BY

Over the past 26 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.07%, compared with 45.2% in Sudan. In 2022, inflation was 2.07% in Canada and 138.8% in Sudan.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $26.1M
Machinery & equipment $582K
Chemicals & pharma $502K
Animal & marine products $332K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $248K
Textiles & consumer goods $50K
Metals $41K
Raw materials & minerals $23K
Wood & paper products $10K
Miscellaneous $4K
Sudan
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $43K
Machinery & equipment $1K

Balance of trade

Canada Sudan
Current account balance
-$22B
2025
-$4.44B
2022
Current account balance ranking
184/190
2025
162/190
2022
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.95%
2025
-8.6%
2022
Goods imports
$577B
2025
$9.99B
2022
Goods exports
$555B
2025
$4.36B
2022
Service imports
$169B
2025
$1.59B
2022
Service exports
$172B
2025
$1.55B
2022
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
1.28%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.3%
2025
1.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Sudan
Economic freedom 75.6 32.5
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 191/197
Property rights 85.9 6.5
Government integrity 85.5 13.8
Judicial effectiveness 96 2.4
Tax burden 74.7 84.7
Government spending 45.9 96.5
Fiscal health 79.7 64.6
Business freedom 84.2 27.3
Labor freedom 68.3 33.6
Monetary freedom 73.8 6.2
Trade freedom 83.2 29.6
Investment freedom 60 5
Financial freedom 70 20

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Sudan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Sudan
2026 75.6 32.5
2025 75.5 35.3
2024 72.4 33.9
2023 73.7 32.8
2022 76.6 32
2021 77.9 39.1
2020 78.2 45
2019 77.7 47.7
2018 77.7 49.4
2017 78.5 48.8
2016 78 -
2015 79.1 -
2014 80.2 -
2013 79.4 -
2012 79.9 -
2011 80.8 -
2010 80.4 -
2009 80.5 -
2008 80.2 -
2007 78 -
2006 77.4 -
2005 75.8 -
2004 75.3 -
2003 74.8 -
2002 74.6 -
2001 71.2 -
2000 70.5 47.2
1999 69.3 39.6
1998 68.5 38.3
1997 67.9 39.9
1996 70.3 39.2
1995 69.4 39.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/sudan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 32.5 for Sudan, ranking 191/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Sudan
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2022
37%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
27.4%
2022
33.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.93%
2022
29.4%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.35T
2025
$46.3B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$66,820
2025
$2,140
2025
Total reserves including gold
$126B
2025
$178M
2017
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2025
171/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
-$11.9B
2025
-$574M
2022
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$548M
2023
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$0
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
0.42%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
46.5%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
0.73%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/sudan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2018–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.