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Economy of Canada vs Hungary compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Canada has a GDP of $2.24T compared to $223B for Hungary, ranking 9/197 and 55/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.5T in government debt (111.3% of GDP), compared to $164B (73.5% of GDP) in Hungary.

Canada vs Hungary GDP by year

Canada
Hungary
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Hungary
2024 $2,243,636,826,634 $222,722,738,926
2023 $2,173,339,670,064 $213,240,316,635
2022 $2,190,411,080,134 $177,002,580,544
2021 $2,022,378,748,423 $183,282,685,440
2020 $1,655,684,730,000 $158,468,487,754
2019 $1,743,725,183,673 $164,936,682,034
2018 $1,725,329,192,783 $161,184,691,014
2017 $1,649,265,644,244 $143,335,098,992
2016 $1,527,994,741,907 $128,983,560,865
2015 $1,556,508,816,217 $125,244,126,623
2014 $1,805,749,878,440 $141,128,696,412
2013 $1,846,597,421,835 $135,646,053,779
2012 $1,828,366,481,522 $128,470,269,690
2011 $1,793,326,630,175 $141,712,804,954
2010 $1,617,343,367,486 $131,898,737,241
2009 $1,374,625,142,157 $130,807,441,076
2008 $1,552,989,690,722 $158,228,265,916
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $140,123,326,896
2006 $1,319,264,809,591 $115,604,111,412
2005 $1,173,108,598,779 $113,098,237,571
2004 $1,026,690,238,278 $104,015,363,080
2003 $895,540,646,635 $85,190,469,121
2002 $760,649,334,098 $67,636,468,625
2001 $738,981,792,355 $53,800,068,066
2000 $744,773,415,932 $47,275,954,429
1999 $678,412,196,271 $49,160,204,397
1998 $634,000,000,000 $48,784,412,624
1997 $654,986,999,856 $47,398,564,799
1996 $630,607,994,133 $46,833,767,124
1995 $605,961,090,061 $46,577,614,589
1994 $579,944,346,807 $43,307,949,890
1993 $579,053,561,739 $40,256,233,360
1992 $594,387,358,319 $38,857,339,125
1991 $612,527,712,316 $34,867,307,353
1990 $596,075,591,361 $34,478,360,679
1989 $567,211,993,243 $30,422,508,938
1988 $509,380,027,627 $29,799,838,597
1987 $433,134,238,311 $27,232,016,527
1986 $379,006,836,992 $24,778,163,812
1985 $366,186,012,450 $21,510,643,750
1984 $356,718,400,124 $21,242,726,264
1983 $341,866,277,183 $21,910,365,258
1982 $314,647,807,409 $24,141,667,188
1981 $307,246,642,756 $23,705,883,892
1980 $274,776,566,028 $23,116,977,148
1979 $243,891,124,296 $19,959,731,325
1978 $219,369,542,386 $17,286,744,154
1977 $212,325,176,305 $14,783,674,055
1976 $207,271,612,576 $13,235,612,079
1975 $174,419,757,177 $11,420,392,515
1974 $160,949,188,139 $10,016,338,179
1973 $131,764,343,566 $9,138,292,402
1972 $113,463,848,874 $7,379,313,742
1971 $99,606,454,744 $6,291,568,221
1970 $88,192,257,632 $5,780,929,203
1969 $79,405,011,125 $5,429,812,387
1968 $72,048,833,006 $4,886,222,555
1967 $65,856,924,424 -
1966 $61,252,415,405 -
1965 $54,649,410,479 -
1964 $49,503,663,836 -
1963 $45,140,337,827 -
1962 $42,336,211,556 -
1961 $41,038,192,838 -
1960 $40,563,768,947 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/hungary | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Hungary by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Hungary
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Hungary
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $54,340 $64,610 $23,292 $48,552
2023 $54,220 $64,219 $22,231 $46,592
2022 $56,257 $63,944 $18,428 $44,366
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $19,031 $38,887
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $16,387 $35,584
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $17,013 $35,627
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $16,605 $32,258
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $14,736 $29,728
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $13,216 $28,179
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $12,783 $26,938
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $14,353 $25,796
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $13,739 $24,592
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $12,950 $23,205
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $14,211 $22,992
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $13,190 $21,691
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $13,051 $20,691
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $15,763 $20,709
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $13,935 $19,089
2006 $40,504 $38,123 $11,478 $18,362
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $11,212 $17,091
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $10,291 $16,251
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $8,410 $15,460
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $6,658 $14,532
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $5,281 $13,223
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $4,630 $11,872
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $4,802 $10,892
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $4,752 $10,415
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $4,606 $9,846
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $4,542 $9,388
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $4,509 $9,222
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $4,187 $8,888
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $3,887 $8,441
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $3,747 $8,284
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $3,361 $8,352
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $3,324 $9,169
1989 $20,795 - $2,902 -
1988 $19,013 - $2,812 -
1987 $16,378 - $2,566 -
1986 $14,521 - $2,331 -
1985 $14,170 - $2,020 -
1984 $13,930 - $1,991 -
1983 $13,477 - $2,050 -
1982 $12,527 - $2,255 -
1981 $12,379 - $2,213 -
1980 $11,208 - $2,158 -
1979 $10,078 - $1,865 -
1978 $9,154 - $1,618 -
1977 $8,949 - $1,388 -
1976 $8,839 - $1,249 -
1975 $7,537 - $1,083 -
1974 $7,057 - $956 -
1973 $5,858 - $876 -
1972 $5,107 - $710 -
1971 $4,535 - $607 -
1970 $4,136 - $559 -
1969 $3,776 - $527 -
1968 $3,473 - $476 -
1967 $3,226 - - -
1966 $3,055 - - -
1965 $2,777 - - -
1964 $2,562 - - -
1963 $2,380 - - -
1962 $2,274 - - -
1961 $2,246 - - -
1960 $2,265 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/hungary | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $54,340, ranking 20/197, compared to $23,292 in Hungary, ranking 55/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Hungary ranks 48th at $48,552.

Economic indicators

Canada Hungary
Gross domestic product
$2.24T
2024
$223B
2024
GDP rank
9/197
2024
55/197
2024
GDP growth
1.55%
2023-2024
0.56%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,340
2024
$23,292
2024
GDP per capita rank
20/197
2024
55/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$48,552
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
48/197
2024
Government debt
$2.5T
2024
$164B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.3%
2024
73.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$60,482
2024
$17,109
2024
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2024
37/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,320
2026
$16,996
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.37T
2024
$41.5B
2024
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2025
24,692
2025
Number of billionaires
76
2025
4
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2021
24.4%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.3%
2021
2.8%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2024
46.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.38%
2023-2024
3.7%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
6.5%
2024
Unemployment rate
6.35%
2024
4.47%
2024
Population
42181965
9475525

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Hungary
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Hungary
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44.7% 111.3% 46.9% 73.5%
2023 42.1% 107.7% 49.2% 73%
2022 40.6% 104.2% 48.7% 73.9%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 48.1% 76.2%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 51% 78.7%
2019 40.6% 90.2% 45.8% 65%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 45.9% 68.8%
2017 40.5% 90.9% 46.6% 72%
2016 40.8% 92.4% 46.7% 74.6%
2015 40% 92% 50.4% 75.7%
2014 38.4% 85.5% 50% 76.5%
2013 40% 87.6% 50.1% 77.2%
2012 40.9% 87.2% 49.2% 78.4%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 49.1% 80.5%
2010 43.1% 84% 48.9% 80.2%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 50.7% 78.2%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 48.8% 71.8%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 49.9% 65.6%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 51.4% 64.5%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 49.4% 60.6%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 48.8% 58.9%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 49.2% 58.2%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 51% 55.6%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 47.2% 52.2%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 47.3% 55.6%
1999 41.8% 89% 48.9% 60.3%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 50.7% 60.4%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 49.5% 62.2%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 50.9% 71.2%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 55% 83.9%
1994 49% 97.5% - 86.2%
1993 51.5% 94.7% - 87.2%
1992 52.5% 88.2% - 76.5%
1991 51.4% 81.7% - 74.2%
1990 48.1% 73.7% - 63.7%
1989 45.8% 72.2% - 70.7%
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/hungary | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government spending was $1T, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Hungary spent $104B, or 46.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.3% in Canada and 73.5% in Hungary, ranking 15/185 and 49/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Hungary
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Hungary
2024 -2.01% -4.92%
2023 0.07% -6.75%
2022 0.56% -6.17%
2021 -3.06% -7.11%
2020 -10.9% -7.49%
2019 -0.02% -2.02%
2018 0.36% -2.05%
2017 -0.11% -2.45%
2016 -0.45% -1.79%
2015 -0.06% -2%
2014 0.17% -2.77%
2013 -1.49% -2.6%
2012 -2.52% -2.33%
2011 -3.31% -5.22%
2010 -4.74% -4.44%
2009 -3.88% -4.76%
2008 0.18% -3.78%
2007 1.82% -5.09%
2006 1.83% -9.27%
2005 1.55% -7.79%
2004 0.77% -6.6%
2003 -0.13% -7.19%
2002 -0.23% -8.79%
2001 0.53% -4%
2000 2.64% -3.04%
1999 1.66% -5.27%
1998 0.14% -7.41%
1997 0.04% -5.54%
1996 -3.05% -4.36%
1995 -5.49% -8.57%
1994 -6.94% -
1993 -8.93% -
1992 -9.2% -
1991 -8.36% -
1990 -5.91% -
1989 -4.6% -
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -0.17%
1942 -20.8% 0.31%
1941 -4.79% 0.2%
1940 -5.62% -0.07%
1939 -2.11% 0.19%
1938 -0.97% -0.11%
1937 -0.34% -0.01%
1936 -1.68% 0.08%
1935 -3.72% 0.03%
1934 -2.93% 0.04%
1933 -3.83% -0.03%
1932 -5.79% -0.22%
1931 -2.43% -0.32%
1930 -1.47% -0.26%
1929 0.78% 0.02%
1928 1.12% 0.12%
1927 0.92% 0.15%
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/hungary | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $45.2B, equivalent to 2.01% of GDP. This compares to Hungary's deficit of $10.9B, or 4.92% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 16 of those years, while Hungary ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 0.97% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.05% of GDP for Hungary.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Hungary
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Hungary
2024 2.38% 3.7%
2023 3.88% 17.1%
2022 6.8% 14.6%
2021 3.4% 5.11%
2020 0.72% 3.33%
2019 1.95% 3.34%
2018 2.27% 2.85%
2017 1.6% 2.35%
2016 1.43% 0.39%
2015 1.13% -0.06%
2014 1.91% -0.23%
2013 0.94% 1.73%
2012 1.52% 5.65%
2011 2.91% 3.93%
2010 1.78% 4.86%
2009 0.3% 4.21%
2008 2.37% 6.04%
2007 2.14% 7.96%
2006 2% 3.93%
2005 2.21% 3.56%
2004 1.86% 6.74%
2003 2.76% 4.66%
2002 2.26% 5.27%
2001 2.53% 9.12%
2000 2.72% 9.8%
1999 1.73% 10%
1998 1% 14.2%
1997 1.62% 18.3%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/hungary | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.15%, compared with 6.16% in Hungary. In 2024, inflation was 2.38% in Canada and 3.7% in Hungary.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $44.4M
Metals $6.94M
Wood & paper products $6.74M
IT & IP services $6.4M
Business & finance services $5.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.92M
Chemicals & pharma $4.77M
Miscellaneous $4.66M
Raw agricultural goods $4.26M
Animal & marine products $3.08M
Hungary
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $315M
Transport & tourism services $62.4M
Chemicals & pharma $37.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $30.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $30.5M
Raw materials & minerals $18.2M
Animal & marine products $12.4M
Business & finance services $10.1M
IT & IP services $8.54M
Metals $2.87M

Balance of trade

Canada Hungary
Current account balance
-$10.3B
2024
$3.52B
2024
Current account balance ranking
177/190
2024
36/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.46%
2024
+1.58%
2024
Goods imports
$574B
2024
$130B
2024
Goods exports
$569B
2024
$129B
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$27.9B
2024
Service exports
$159B
2024
$38.9B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.7%
2024
71.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.4%
2024
75.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Hungary
Economic freedom 75.6 62.5
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 86/197
Property rights 85.9 67.3
Government integrity 85.5 44
Judicial effectiveness 96 61.9
Tax burden 74.7 85.1
Government spending 45.9 30.2
Fiscal health 79.7 32.7
Business freedom 84.2 70.8
Labor freedom 68.3 56.5
Monetary freedom 73.8 72.1
Trade freedom 83.2 79.4
Investment freedom 60 80
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Hungary
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Hungary
2026 75.6 62.5
2025 75.5 61.4
2024 72.4 61.2
2023 73.7 64.1
2022 76.6 66.9
2021 77.9 67.2
2020 78.2 66.4
2019 77.7 65
2018 77.7 66.7
2017 78.5 65.8
2016 78 66
2015 79.1 66.8
2014 80.2 67
2013 79.4 67.3
2012 79.9 67.1
2011 80.8 66.6
2010 80.4 66.1
2009 80.5 66.8
2008 80.2 67.6
2007 78 64.8
2006 77.4 65
2005 75.8 63.5
2004 75.3 62.7
2003 74.8 63
2002 74.6 64.5
2001 71.2 65.6
2000 70.5 64.4
1999 69.3 59.6
1998 68.5 56.9
1997 67.9 55.3
1996 70.3 56.8
1995 69.4 55.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/hungary | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 62.5 for Hungary, ranking 86/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Hungary
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2021
59.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2021
23.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.6%
2021
2.71%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.2T
2024
$199B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,630
2024
$47,290
2024
Total reserves including gold
$120B
2024
$46.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2024
42/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$27.8B
2024
-$15.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
-$62.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
-$78B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
12.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
23.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.