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Economy of Canada vs Uganda compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Canada has a GDP of $2.24T compared to $53.9B for Uganda, ranking 9/197 and 89/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.5T in government debt (111.3% of GDP), compared to $27.8B (51.5% of GDP) in Uganda.

Canada vs Uganda GDP by year

Canada
Uganda
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Uganda
2024 $2,243,636,826,634 $53,911,907,086
2023 $2,173,339,670,064 $48,768,955,863
2022 $2,190,411,080,134 $45,565,333,211
2021 $2,022,378,748,423 $40,529,788,749
2020 $1,655,684,730,000 $37,600,368,242
2019 $1,743,725,183,673 $35,353,061,003
2018 $1,725,329,192,783 $32,927,025,620
2017 $1,649,265,644,244 $30,744,473,841
2016 $1,527,994,741,907 $29,203,988,696
2015 $1,556,508,816,217 $32,387,183,730
2014 $1,805,749,878,440 $32,612,397,257
2013 $1,846,597,421,835 $28,915,786,517
2012 $1,828,366,481,522 $27,305,915,911
2011 $1,793,326,630,175 $27,871,725,241
2010 $1,617,343,367,486 $26,673,441,431
2009 $1,374,625,142,157 $25,127,805,567
2008 $1,552,989,690,722 $14,440,404,132
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $11,902,564,495
2006 $1,319,264,809,591 $9,977,647,683
2005 $1,173,108,598,779 $9,239,221,763
2004 $1,026,690,238,278 $7,939,487,548
2003 $895,540,646,635 $6,606,884,275
2002 $760,649,334,098 $6,178,563,591
2001 $738,981,792,355 $5,840,503,869
2000 $744,773,415,932 $6,193,246,837
1999 $678,412,196,271 $5,998,563,258
1998 $634,000,000,000 $6,584,815,847
1997 $654,986,999,856 $6,269,333,313
1996 $630,607,994,133 $6,044,585,327
1995 $605,961,090,061 $5,755,818,842
1994 $579,944,346,807 $3,990,430,447
1993 $579,053,561,739 $3,220,439,044
1992 $594,387,358,319 $2,857,457,762
1991 $612,527,712,316 $3,321,729,160
1990 $596,075,591,361 $4,304,399,310
1989 $567,211,993,243 $5,276,480,799
1988 $509,380,027,627 $6,508,931,652
1987 $433,134,238,311 $6,269,522,042
1986 $379,006,836,992 $3,923,244,050
1985 $366,186,012,450 $3,519,695,444
1984 $356,718,400,124 $3,615,647,477
1983 $341,866,277,183 $2,240,333,333
1982 $314,647,807,409 $2,177,500,000
1981 $307,246,642,756 $1,337,300,000
1980 $274,776,566,028 $1,244,610,000
1979 $243,891,124,296 $2,139,025,000
1978 $219,369,542,386 $2,420,260,870
1977 $212,325,176,305 $2,936,470,588
1976 $207,271,612,576 $2,447,300,000
1975 $174,419,757,177 $2,359,555,556
1974 $160,949,188,139 $2,098,944,967
1973 $131,764,343,566 $1,701,829,789
1972 $113,463,848,874 $1,490,970,181
1971 $99,606,454,744 $1,417,191,656
1970 $88,192,257,632 $1,259,554,809
1969 $79,405,011,125 $1,168,556,629
1968 $72,048,833,006 $1,037,379,252
1967 $65,856,924,424 $967,240,655
1966 $61,252,415,405 $925,381,492
1965 $54,649,410,479 $884,502,310
1964 $49,503,663,836 $589,247,687
1963 $45,140,337,827 $516,315,231
1962 $42,336,211,556 $449,158,233
1961 $41,038,192,838 $441,667,335
1960 $40,563,768,947 $423,145,605

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uganda | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Uganda by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uganda
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Uganda
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $54,340 $64,610 $1,078 $3,273
2023 $54,220 $64,219 $1,002 $3,098
2022 $56,257 $63,944 $963 $2,919
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $883 $2,685
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $846 $2,532
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $822 $2,441
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $792 $2,312
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $765 $2,158
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $753 $2,165
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $863 $2,190
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $896 $2,134
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $818 $2,045
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $795 $2,032
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $836 $2,268
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $823 $2,092
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $799 $2,015
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $473 $1,931
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $401 $1,795
2006 $40,504 $38,123 $347 $1,660
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $330 $1,497
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $292.4 $1,405
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $250.7 $1,320
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $242 $1,255
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $236 $1,173
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $258.1 $1,124
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $257.9 $1,100
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $292.5 $1,037
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $286.8 $1,007
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $284.7 $969
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $278.5 $897
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $198.4 $809
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $165.6 $770
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $152.1 $719
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $183 $703
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $245 $666
1989 $20,795 - $310 -
1988 $19,013 - $395 -
1987 $16,378 - $393 -
1986 $14,521 - $253.6 -
1985 $14,170 - $234.3 -
1984 $13,930 - $247.5 -
1983 $13,477 - $157.5 -
1982 $12,527 - $157 -
1981 $12,379 - $98.6 -
1980 $11,208 - $93.8 -
1979 $10,078 - $164.5 -
1978 $9,154 - $190.7 -
1977 $8,949 - $237.6 -
1976 $8,839 - $203.3 -
1975 $7,537 - $201.2 -
1974 $7,057 - $183.7 -
1973 $5,858 - $152.7 -
1972 $5,107 - $137 -
1971 $4,535 - $133.5 -
1970 $4,136 - $122 -
1969 $3,776 - $116.7 -
1968 $3,473 - $106.9 -
1967 $3,226 - $102.8 -
1966 $3,055 - $101.4 -
1965 $2,777 - $100 -
1964 $2,562 - $68.6 -
1963 $2,380 - $62 -
1962 $2,274 - $55.5 -
1961 $2,246 - $56.2 -
1960 $2,265 - $55.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uganda | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $54,340, ranking 20/197, compared to $1,078 in Uganda, ranking 176/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Uganda ranks 176th at $3,273.

Economic indicators

Canada Uganda
Gross domestic product
$2.24T
2024
$53.9B
2024
GDP rank
9/197
2024
89/197
2024
GDP growth
1.55%
2023-2024
6.06%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,340
2024
$1,078
2024
GDP per capita rank
20/197
2024
176/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$3,273
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
176/197
2024
Government debt
$2.5T
2024
$27.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.3%
2024
51.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$60,482
2024
$555
2024
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2024
163/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,320
2026
$1,466
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.37T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
76
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2021
34.5%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
3.3%
2021
2.4%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2024
18.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.38%
2023-2024
3.3%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
9.75%
2024
Unemployment rate
6.35%
2024
3.42%
2021
Population
42181965
53170946

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Uganda
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Uganda
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44.7% 111.3% 18.7% 51.5%
2023 42.1% 107.7% 19.3% 50.5%
2022 40.6% 104.2% 19.5% 50.2%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 22% 50.3%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 21.4% 46.3%
2019 40.6% 90.2% 18.3% 37.5%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 16.2% 34.9%
2017 40.5% 90.9% 16.3% 33.6%
2016 40.8% 92.4% 15.2% 31.3%
2015 40% 92% 14.9% 28%
2014 38.4% 85.5% 13.6% 24.8%
2013 40% 87.6% 13.3% 22.1%
2012 40.9% 87.2% 13.1% 19.5%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 13.2% 18%
2010 43.1% 84% 15.4% 18.4%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 11.8% 14.8%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 12.9% 15.7%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 13.2% 17%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 13.7% 27.8%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 14.5% 42.6%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 15.6% 49%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 16.5% 55.1%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 16.8% 54.7%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 16.2% 51.4%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 15.2% 48.5%
1999 41.8% 89% 14.7% 47.7%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 14% 45.1%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 13.9% 44.2%
1996 45.9% 100.2% - -
1995 47.7% 100.1% - -
1994 49% 97.5% - -
1993 51.5% 94.7% - -
1992 52.5% 88.2% - -
1991 51.4% 81.7% - -
1990 48.1% 73.7% - -
1989 45.8% 72.2% - -
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uganda | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government spending was $1T, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Uganda spent $10.1B, or 18.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.3% in Canada and 51.5% in Uganda, ranking 15/185 and 103/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Uganda
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Uganda
2024 -2.01% -3.99%
2023 0.07% -4.87%
2022 0.56% -5.45%
2021 -3.06% -7.76%
2020 -10.9% -7.76%
2019 -0.02% -4.82%
2018 0.36% -3.02%
2017 -0.11% -3.83%
2016 -0.45% -2.64%
2015 -0.06% -2.59%
2014 0.17% -2.74%
2013 -1.49% -3.19%
2012 -2.52% -2.39%
2011 -3.31% -2.04%
2010 -4.74% -4.64%
2009 -3.88% -1.61%
2008 0.18% -1.99%
2007 1.82% -0.82%
2006 1.83% -0.64%
2005 1.55% -0.17%
2004 0.77% 0.34%
2003 -0.13% -0.97%
2002 -0.23% -2.07%
2001 0.53% -0.99%
2000 2.64% -0.62%
1999 1.66% -1.24%
1998 0.14% -0.7%
1997 0.04% -0.83%
1996 -3.05% -
1995 -5.49% -
1994 -6.94% -
1993 -8.93% -
1992 -9.2% -
1991 -8.36% -
1990 -5.91% -
1989 -4.6% -
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uganda | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $45.2B, equivalent to 2.01% of GDP. This compares to Uganda's deficit of $2.15B, or 3.99% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 of those years, while Uganda ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 0.74% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.64% of GDP for Uganda.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Uganda
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Uganda
2024 2.38% 3.3%
2023 3.88% 5.4%
2022 6.8% 7.2%
2021 3.4% 2.2%
2020 0.72% 2.8%
2019 1.95% 2.1%
2018 2.27% 2.5%
2017 1.6% 5.6%
2016 1.43% 5.2%
2015 1.13% 3.7%
2014 1.91% 4.3%
2013 0.94% 5.5%
2012 1.52% 14%
2011 2.91% 18.7%
2010 1.78% 4%
2009 0.3% 13%
2008 2.37% 12%
2007 2.14% 6.1%
2006 2% 7.2%
2005 2.21% 8.6%
2004 1.86% 3.7%
2003 2.76% 8.7%
2002 2.26% -0.3%
2001 2.53% 1.9%
2000 2.72% 3.4%
1999 1.73% 5.8%
1998 1% 5.8%
1997 1.62% 7.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uganda | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.15%, compared with 6.08% in Uganda. In 2024, inflation was 2.38% in Canada and 3.3% in Uganda.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $14.4M
Raw agricultural goods $8.04M
Miscellaneous $3.81M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.2M
Wood & paper products $1.96M
Chemicals & pharma $484K
Metals $71K
Animal & marine products $67K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $53K
Raw materials & minerals $22K
Uganda
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8M
Raw agricultural goods $5.6M
Machinery & equipment $3.4M
Raw materials & minerals $951K
Animal & marine products $75K
Metals $29K
Precious metals & jewellery $27K
Wood & paper products $25K
Textiles & consumer goods $18K
Chemicals & pharma $12K

Balance of trade

Canada Uganda
Current account balance
-$10.3B
2024
-$4.29B
2024
Current account balance ranking
177/190
2024
164/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.46%
2024
-7.96%
2024
Goods imports
$574B
2024
$11.7B
2024
Goods exports
$569B
2024
$8.67B
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$4.38B
2024
Service exports
$159B
2024
$2.39B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.7%
2024
25.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.4%
2024
16.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Uganda
Economic freedom 75.6 52.4
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 149/197
Property rights 85.9 42.2
Government integrity 85.5 25.1
Judicial effectiveness 96 29.4
Tax burden 74.7 73.4
Government spending 45.9 89
Fiscal health 79.7 58.3
Business freedom 84.2 50.2
Labor freedom 68.3 55.9
Monetary freedom 73.8 77.1
Trade freedom 83.2 58
Investment freedom 60 30
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Uganda
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Uganda
2026 75.6 52.4
2025 75.5 51.3
2024 72.4 50.7
2023 73.7 51.4
2022 76.6 54.2
2021 77.9 58.6
2020 78.2 59.5
2019 77.7 59.7
2018 77.7 62
2017 78.5 60.9
2016 78 59.3
2015 79.1 59.7
2014 80.2 59.9
2013 79.4 61.1
2012 79.9 61.9
2011 80.8 61.7
2010 80.4 62.2
2009 80.5 63.5
2008 80.2 63.8
2007 78 63.1
2006 77.4 63.9
2005 75.8 62.9
2004 75.3 64.1
2003 74.8 60.1
2002 74.6 61
2001 71.2 60.4
2000 70.5 58.2
1999 69.3 64.8
1998 68.5 64.7
1997 67.9 66.6
1996 70.3 66.2
1995 69.4 62.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uganda | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 52.4 for Uganda, ranking 149/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Uganda
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2021
43.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2021
24.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.6%
2021
24.6%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.2T
2024
$50.9B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,630
2024
$3,190
2024
Total reserves including gold
$120B
2024
$3.36B
2018
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2024
114/177
2018
Net foreign direct investment
$27.8B
2024
-$3.26B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$3.26B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$400K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.96%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
20.3%
2019
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
22.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uganda | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.