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Economy of Canada vs Comoros compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Canada has a GDP of $2.24T compared to $1.55B for Comoros, ranking 9/197 and 183/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.48T in government debt (112.5% of GDP), compared to $477M (32.5% of GDP) in Comoros.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Canada
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Comoros
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Canada Comoros
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $40,563,768,947 $276,385,630,514 - -
1961 $41,038,192,838 $285,128,514,179 - -
1962 $42,336,211,556 $306,307,396,491 - -
1963 $45,140,337,827 $322,533,846,696 - -
1964 $49,503,663,836 $344,001,699,478 - -
1965 $54,649,410,479 $365,732,975,014 - -
1966 $61,252,415,405 $390,455,390,792 - -
1967 $65,856,924,424 $402,424,491,586 - -
1968 $72,048,833,006 $422,579,012,940 - -
1969 $79,405,011,125 $443,991,228,284 - -
1970 $88,192,257,632 $456,950,058,305 - -
1971 $99,606,454,744 $475,314,173,274 - -
1972 $113,463,848,874 $501,549,947,377 - -
1973 $131,764,343,566 $535,297,444,516 - -
1974 $160,949,188,139 $553,271,533,662 - -
1975 $174,419,757,177 $561,821,810,346 - -
1976 $207,271,612,576 $594,909,046,618 - -
1977 $212,325,176,305 $615,938,049,878 - -
1978 $219,369,542,386 $638,949,349,984 - -
1979 $243,891,124,296 $662,751,487,921 - -
1980 $274,776,566,028 $677,180,908,099 $212,218,262 $339,631,220
1981 $307,246,642,756 $700,307,077,507 $196,349,932 $352,757,725
1982 $314,647,807,409 $678,134,303,428 $184,009,014 $375,275,369
1983 $341,866,277,183 $695,509,823,947 $191,621,955 $393,368,903
1984 $356,718,400,124 $736,534,953,604 $184,697,226 $409,537,545
1985 $366,186,012,450 $771,429,628,794 $196,726,096 $418,874,840
1986 $379,006,836,992 $787,795,360,514 $279,197,722 $426,697,798
1987 $433,134,238,311 $819,874,511,601 $337,525,853 $433,686,187
1988 $509,380,027,627 $856,037,856,338 $356,500,033 $445,340,980
1989 $567,211,993,243 $876,046,283,889 $341,476,768 $431,177,995
1990 $596,075,591,361 $877,824,201,198 $429,622,178 $453,130,286
1991 $612,527,712,316 $859,468,413,488 $424,108,770 $428,681,020
1992 $594,387,358,319 $867,121,689,042 $457,388,652 $465,251,719
1993 $579,053,561,739 $890,167,242,138 $452,881,475 $479,237,471
1994 $579,944,346,807 $930,171,796,811 $319,189,184 $453,949,150
1995 $605,961,090,061 $955,122,057,479 $398,461,797 $470,337,651
1996 $630,607,994,133 $971,253,698,681 $396,053,806 $464,262,352
1997 $654,986,999,856 $1,012,824,977,388 $364,445,601 $482,972,838
1998 $634,000,000,000 $1,052,253,104,641 $370,106,746 $489,167,041
1999 $678,412,196,271 $1,106,349,473,971 $382,454,990 $498,580,614
2000 $744,773,415,932 $1,163,199,675,163 $351,136,580 $552,666,034
2001 $738,981,792,355 $1,185,010,810,252 $378,512,024 $565,559,219
2002 $760,649,334,098 $1,220,552,310,378 $425,964,681 $578,708,159
2003 $895,540,646,635 $1,242,600,185,732 $546,885,223 $590,883,436
2004 $1,026,690,238,278 $1,281,025,904,587 $633,706,111 $602,226,388
2005 $1,173,108,598,779 $1,322,152,656,986 $653,845,169 $619,314,850
2006 $1,319,264,809,591 $1,357,030,300,368 $698,431,794 $635,707,838
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $1,384,848,127,424 $795,673,153 $640,793,770
2008 $1,552,989,690,722 $1,398,632,992,946 $915,659,108 $666,198,752
2009 $1,374,625,142,157 $1,357,861,635,363 $905,341,173 $709,414,591
2010 $1,617,343,367,486 $1,399,830,508,941 $907,979,446 $743,473,998
2011 $1,793,326,630,175 $1,443,745,913,581 $1,023,087,476 $787,250,882
2012 $1,828,366,481,522 $1,469,093,201,732 $1,015,842,907 $836,931,449
2013 $1,846,597,421,835 $1,503,261,570,452 $1,116,223,107 $911,646,575
2014 $1,805,749,878,440 $1,546,457,292,263 $1,149,587,624 $947,161,529
2015 $1,556,508,816,217 $1,556,508,816,217 $966,029,600 $966,029,600
2016 $1,527,994,741,907 $1,572,673,952,924 $1,012,835,493 $992,887,430
2017 $1,649,265,644,244 $1,620,386,284,360 $1,077,439,756 $1,048,451,293
2018 $1,725,329,192,783 $1,664,832,887,874 $1,188,797,450 $1,091,014,284
2019 $1,743,725,183,673 $1,696,605,090,552 $1,195,019,531 $1,130,604,685
2020 $1,655,684,730,000 $1,611,126,165,625 $1,225,039,196 $1,175,888,998
2021 $2,022,378,748,423 $1,706,996,679,678 $1,299,039,312 $1,207,941,362
2022 $2,190,411,080,134 $1,778,503,389,905 $1,279,542,248 $1,241,985,921
2023 $2,173,339,670,064 $1,805,692,180,595 $1,430,523,436 $1,280,048,597
2024 $2,241,253,230,970 $1,833,284,621,684 $1,546,164,420 $1,323,426,672

Economic indicators

Canada Comoros
Gross domestic product
$2.24T
2024
$1.55B
2024
GDP rank
9/197
2024
183/197
2024
GDP growth
3.12%
2023-2024
8.08%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,283
2024
$1,784
2024
GDP per capita rank
19/197
2024
158/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$65,463
2024
$4,055
2024
Government debt
$2.48T
2024
$477M
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
112.5%
2025
32.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$60,128
2024
$550
2024
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2024
165/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$34,544
2025
$1,909
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.37T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,991,416
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
76
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2021
33.6%
2014
Income share by poorest 10%
3.3%
2021
1.6%
2014
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.2%
2025
21.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.38%
2023-2024
3.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
2.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.35%
2024
4.39%
2021
Population
41972421
895828

GDP per capita in Canada vs Comoros

Canada's GDP per capita is $54,283, ranking 19/197, compared to $1,784 in Comoros, ranking 158/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 27th at $65,463, while Comoros ranks 166th at $4,055.

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Comoros
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Canada Comoros
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $2,265 - - -
1961 $2,246 - - -
1962 $2,274 - - -
1963 $2,380 - - -
1964 $2,562 - - -
1965 $2,777 - - -
1966 $3,055 - - -
1967 $3,226 - - -
1968 $3,473 - - -
1969 $3,776 - - -
1970 $4,136 - - -
1971 $4,535 - - -
1972 $5,107 - - -
1973 $5,858 - - -
1974 $7,057 - - -
1975 $7,537 - - -
1976 $8,839 - - -
1977 $8,949 - - -
1978 $9,154 - - -
1979 $10,078 - - -
1980 $11,208 - $628 -
1981 $12,379 - $565 -
1982 $12,527 - $515 -
1983 $13,477 - $522 -
1984 $13,930 - $489 -
1985 $14,170 - $507 -
1986 $14,521 - $699 -
1987 $16,378 - $822 -
1988 $19,013 - $845 -
1989 $20,795 - $788 -
1990 $21,526 $20,230 $966 $1,386
1991 $21,847 $20,225 $931 $1,323
1992 $20,950 $20,626 $983 $1,438
1993 $20,187 $21,440 $956 $1,489
1994 $19,998 $22,633 $662 $1,415
1995 $20,680 $23,486 $812 $1,471
1996 $21,297 $24,050 $794 $1,454
1997 $21,902 $25,259 $718 $1,512
1998 $21,025 $26,320 $716 $1,522
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $727 $1,546
2000 $24,271 $29,362 $655 $1,719
2001 $23,822 $30,231 $692 $1,762
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $762 $1,793
2003 $28,302 $32,352 $960 $1,831
2004 $32,146 $33,928 $1,091 $1,880
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $1,103 $1,954
2006 $40,504 $38,119 $1,155 $2,026
2007 $44,660 $39,575 $1,290 $2,056
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $1,455 $2,136
2009 $40,875 $38,864 $1,410 $2,244
2010 $47,561 $40,098 $1,387 $2,333
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $1,531 $2,472
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $1,490 $2,679
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $1,603 $2,833
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $1,616 $2,938
2015 $43,594 $44,669 $1,329 $2,949
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $1,365 $3,139
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $1,424 $3,347
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $1,541 $3,305
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $1,519 $3,313
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $1,527 $3,262
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $1,588 $3,449
2022 $56,257 $63,578 $1,534 $3,726
2023 $54,220 $64,463 $1,682 $3,903
2024 $54,283 $65,463 $1,784 $4,055

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Canada's government spending was $1T, accounting for 44.2% of its GDP, while Comoros' spent $308M, or 21.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 112.5% in Canada and 32.5% in Comoros, ranking 13/185 and 157/185, respectively.

Canada
Government spending

Government debt
Comoros
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Canada Comoros
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% 23.3% 150.3%
1985 48.3% 66.9% 24.8% 142.9%
1986 47.6% 71% 25.6% 136.8%
1987 46.1% 71.4% 22.4% 128.9%
1988 45.4% 71.1% 20.2% 120%
1989 45.8% 72.2% 19.7% 113.8%
1990 48.1% 73.7% 20.3% 108.1%
1991 51.4% 81.7% 19.9% 103.9%
1992 52.5% 88.2% 20.4% 101%
1993 51.5% 94.7% 16.3% 95.7%
1994 49% 97.5% 21.8% 87.8%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 18.4% 77.7%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 15.5% 75.4%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 14.5% 70.9%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 13.1% 69.4%
1999 41.8% 89% 11.5% 64.5%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 9.74% 60.7%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 13% 53%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 14.3% 48.2%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 12.8% 44.4%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 11.7% 42.4%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 12.8% 39.9%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 12.5% 38.5%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 13.1% 35.6%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 15.1% 33.2%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 13.7% 31.7%
2010 43.1% 84% 13.3% 30.5%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 13.2% 27.7%
2012 40.9% 87.2% 14.9% 25.1%
2013 40% 87.6% 14.8% 10.3%
2014 38.4% 85.5% 14.5% 11.8%
2015 40% 92% 19.1% 14.3%
2016 40.8% 92.4% 18.9% 16.2%
2017 40.5% 90.9% 18.8% 18.9%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 19.2% 17%
2019 40.6% 90.2% 20.1% 21.2%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 18.8% 24.3%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 20% 26.3%
2022 40.6% 104.2% 18.4% 28.2%
2023 42.1% 107.7% 17.9% 28.7%
2024 44.7% 110.8% 19.9% 30.8%
2025 44.2% 112.5% 21.6% 32.5%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$48.2B, equivalent to -2.15% of GDP. This compares to Comoros' deficit of -$54.2M, or -3.5% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while Comoros ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to -2.6% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.44% of GDP for Comoros.

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Comoros
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Comoros
1870 0.13% -
1871 -1.09% -
1872 -3.93% -
1873 -1.74% -
1874 -1.57% -
1875 -1.88% -
1876 -2.06% -
1877 -1.63% -
1878 -0.63% -
1879 -2.11% -
1880 -0.62% -
1881 0.32% -
1882 -0.78% -
1883 -3.88% -
1884 -2.43% -
1885 -4.82% -
1886 -0.73% -
1887 -1.18% -
1888 -0.48% -
1889 0% -
1890 -0.04% -
1891 3.23% -
1892 -0.07% -
1893 -0.66% -
1894 -1.06% -
1895 -0.85% -
1896 -0.48% -
1897 -0.35% -
1898 -0.3% -
1899 0.1% -
1900 -0.33% -
1901 -0.34% -
1902 0.91% -
1903 0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1905 -0.07% -
1906 0.22% -
1907 -0.83% -
1908 -2.78% -
1909 -0.67% -
1910 -0.18% -
1911 0.004% -
1912 1.03% -
1913 -0.82% -
1914 -4.63% -
1915 -6.17% -
1916 -8.14% -
1917 -7.83% -
1918 -8.98% -
1919 -8.94% -
1920 -1.82% -
1921 -2% -
1922 -0.75% -
1923 0.79% -
1924 0.007% -
1925 0.55% -
1926 0.81% -
1927 0.92% -
1928 1.12% -
1929 0.78% -
1930 -1.47% -
1931 -2.43% -
1932 -5.79% -
1933 -3.83% -
1934 -2.93% -
1935 -3.72% -
1936 -1.68% -
1937 -0.34% -
1938 -0.97% -
1939 -2.11% -
1940 -5.62% -
1941 -4.79% -
1942 -20.8% -
1943 -23.1% -
1944 -21.6% -
1945 -17.9% -
1946 3.14% -
1947 5.02% -
1948 3.84% -
1949 0.78% -
1950 1.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1952 0.09% -
1953 0.3% -
1954 -0.57% -
1955 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1957 -0.11% -
1958 -1.69% -
1959 -1.08% -
1960 -0.85% -
1961 -2.75% -
1962 -2.6% -
1963 -2.31% -
1964 -0.68% -
1965 -0.25% -
1966 -0.07% -
1967 -0.82% -
1968 -0.45% -
1969 1.2% -
1970 -0.36% -
1971 -1.02% -
1972 -0.97% -
1973 0.6% -
1974 1.1% -
1975 -3.54% -
1976 -2.78% -
1977 -4.1% -
1978 -4.77% -
1979 -3.41% -
1980 -4.07% -
1981 -2.83% -
1982 -7.03% -
1983 -8.17% -
1984 -7.78% -5.7%
1985 -8.59% -5.02%
1986 -7.14% -4.83%
1987 -5.42% -3.11%
1988 -4.33% -2.69%
1989 -4.6% -1.31%
1990 -5.91% -1.03%
1991 -8.36% -2.26%
1992 -9.2% -1.99%
1993 -8.93% 1.27%
1994 -6.94% -3.7%
1995 -5.49% -4.13%
1996 -3.05% -3.43%
1997 0.04% -1.3%
1998 0.14% -2%
1999 1.66% -0.46%
2000 2.64% -1.14%
2001 0.53% -2.13%
2002 -0.23% -2.15%
2003 -0.13% -2.05%
2004 0.77% -0.98%
2005 1.55% -1.41%
2006 1.83% -1.51%
2007 1.82% -1.18%
2008 0.18% -1.46%
2009 -3.88% 0.36%
2010 -4.74% 4.2%
2011 -3.31% 0.86%
2012 -2.52% 1.96%
2013 -1.49% 10.5%
2014 0.17% -0.33%
2015 -0.06% 2.6%
2016 -0.45% -5.52%
2017 -0.11% -0.1%
2018 0.36% -1.35%
2019 -0.02% -4.3%
2020 -10.9% -0.52%
2021 -3.06% -2.81%
2022 0.56% -4.17%
2023 0.07% -1.34%
2024 -2.15% -3.5%
2025 -1.87% -2.4%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.13%, compared with 3.32% in Comoros. In 2024, inflation was 2.38% in Canada and 3.3% in Comoros.

Inflation
Canada

Comoros
Year Inflation
Canada Comoros Canada Comoros
1996 1.57% 2.4%
1997 1.62% 1.5%
1998 1% 1.2%
1999 1.73% 1.1%
2000 2.72% 5.9%
2001 2.53% 5.6%
2002 2.26% 3.6%
2003 2.76% 3.7%
2004 1.86% 4.5%
2005 2.21% 3%
2006 2% 3.4%
2007 2.14% 4.5%
2008 2.37% 4.8%
2009 0.3% 4.8%
2010 1.78% 3.9%
2011 2.91% 2.2%
2012 1.52% 5.9%
2013 0.94% 0.4%
2014 1.91% 0%
2015 1.13% 0.9%
2016 1.43% 0.8%
2017 1.6% 0.1%
2018 2.27% 1.7%
2019 1.95% 3.7%
2020 0.72% 0.8%
2021 3.4% 0%
2022 6.8% 12.4%
2023 3.88% 8.5%
2024 2.38% 5%
2025 - 3.3%

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $238K
Textiles & consumer goods $220K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $161K
Raw materials & minerals $119K
Chemicals & pharma $110K
Miscellaneous $78K
Animal & marine products $70K
Metals $36K
Wood & paper products $9K
Comoros
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $284K

Balance of trade

Canada Comoros
Current account balance
-$10.3B
2024
-$24.6M
2023
Current account balance ranking
177/189
2024
77/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.46%
2024
-1.72%
2023
Goods imports
$574B
2024
$299M
2023
Goods exports
$569B
2024
$32.1M
2023
Service imports
$160B
2024
$205M
2023
Service exports
$159B
2024
$116M
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.7%
2024
34.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.5%
2024
9.91%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Comoros
Economic freedom 75.5 51.4
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 153/197
Property rights 89 22.9
Government integrity 85.4 16
Judicial effectiveness 95.6 20.9
Tax burden 74.8 65.3
Government spending 44.6 89.5
Fiscal health 78 86.1
Business freedom 84.6 49.9
Labor freedom 69.4 55.1
Monetary freedom 71.5 71.3
Trade freedom 83.2 64.2
Investment freedom 60 45
Financial freedom 70 30

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.5, ranking 17/197, compared to 51.4 for Comoros, ranking 153/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Canada
Comoros
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Comoros
1995 69.4 -
1996 70.3 -
1997 67.9 -
1998 68.5 -
1999 69.3 -
2000 70.5 -
2001 71.2 -
2002 74.6 -
2003 74.8 -
2004 75.3 -
2005 75.8 -
2006 77.4 -
2007 78 -
2008 80.2 -
2009 80.5 43.3
2010 80.4 44.9
2011 80.8 43.8
2012 79.9 45.7
2013 79.4 47.5
2014 80.2 51.4
2015 79.1 52.1
2016 78 52.4
2017 78.5 55.8
2018 77.7 56.2
2019 77.7 55.4
2020 78.2 53.7
2021 77.9 55.7
2022 76.6 50.4
2023 73.7 53.5
2024 72.4 52
2025 75.5 51.4

More economic indicators

Canada Comoros
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2021
50.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2021
9.56%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.6%
2021
36.6%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.2T
2024
$1.47B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$64,470
2024
$4,080
2024
Total reserves including gold
$120B
2024
$324M
2024
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2024
166/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$27.8B
2024
-$5.35M
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$58.8B
2024
$7.1M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$86.6B
2024
$1.1M
1990
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
1.31%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
44.8%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.3%
2024
11.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.