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Economy of Cameroon vs Canada compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Cameroon has a GDP of $58.9B compared to $2.32T for Canada, ranking 92/197 and 10/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cameroon has $23.8B in government debt (40.4% of GDP), compared to $2.63T (113.5% of GDP) in Canada.

Cameroon vs Canada GDP by year

Cameroon
Canada
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cameroon Canada
2025 $58,933,453,924 $2,319,899,772,426
2024 $53,296,694,320 $2,270,076,189,683
2023 $48,814,501,547 $2,196,593,836,347
2022 $44,347,206,073 $2,200,562,785,046
2021 $45,011,937,347 $2,022,377,950,897
2020 $40,773,241,177 $1,655,686,966,882
2019 $39,667,757,528 $1,743,728,952,157
2018 $39,955,552,190 $1,725,330,736,238
2017 $36,098,547,033 $1,649,269,496,515
2016 $33,814,337,044 $1,527,996,250,641
2015 $32,210,233,020 $1,556,510,380,200
2014 $36,386,544,706 $1,805,751,688,809
2013 $33,728,621,180 $1,846,583,831,414
2012 $30,155,062,329 $1,828,359,477,072
2011 $30,630,910,495 $1,793,335,727,901
2010 $27,507,501,821 $1,617,349,192,091
2009 $27,932,970,317 $1,374,627,766,600
2008 $27,715,142,033 $1,552,993,439,550
2007 $23,928,250,433 $1,468,820,407,783
2006 $20,910,512,975 $1,319,291,255,289
2005 $19,509,852,207 $1,173,118,501,403
2004 $18,826,214,136 $1,026,691,006,918
2003 $15,970,315,035 $895,542,074,085
2002 $12,417,251,350 $760,650,608,552
2001 $10,953,485,349 $738,981,792,355
2000 $10,566,579,295 $744,773,415,932
1999 $11,565,826,465 $678,414,215,521
1998 $11,298,144,990 $633,999,325,918
1997 $10,789,458,433 $654,987,722,086
1996 $11,093,538,846 $630,607,994,133
1995 $10,864,772,471 $605,961,090,061
1994 $8,902,446,252 $579,944,346,807
1993 $16,181,814,713 $579,053,561,739
1992 $12,071,775,335 $594,387,358,319
1991 $11,840,192,296 $612,527,712,316
1990 $12,314,482,628 $596,075,591,361
1989 $11,012,566,195 $567,211,993,243
1988 $12,236,057,362 $509,380,027,627
1987 $13,049,659,981 $433,134,238,311
1986 $11,857,056,199 $379,006,836,992
1985 $8,544,810,498 $366,186,012,450
1984 $7,311,938,026 $356,718,400,124
1983 $6,870,200,010 $341,866,277,183
1982 $6,611,255,964 $314,647,807,409
1981 $6,610,938,617 $307,246,642,756
1980 $6,674,569,047 $274,776,566,028
1979 $5,919,002,983 $243,891,124,296
1978 $4,662,852,583 $219,369,542,386
1977 $3,394,664,024 $212,325,176,305
1976 $2,898,090,002 $207,271,612,576
1975 $2,857,037,371 $174,419,757,177
1974 $2,157,415,533 $160,949,188,139
1973 $1,901,393,361 $131,764,343,566
1972 $1,498,251,890 $113,463,848,874
1971 $1,236,941,394 $99,606,454,744
1970 $1,151,216,993 $88,192,257,632
1969 $1,100,551,489 $79,405,011,125
1968 $1,046,191,218 $72,048,833,006
1967 $936,175,260 $65,856,924,424
1966 $851,112,535 $61,252,415,405
1965 $814,083,266 $54,649,410,479
1964 $776,650,177 $49,503,663,836
1963 $718,320,845 $45,140,337,827
1962 $694,247,864 $42,336,211,556
1961 $652,777,608 $41,038,192,838
1960 $614,206,068 $40,563,768,947

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/canada | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cameroon vs Canada by year

Cameroon
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cameroon Canada
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $1,972 - $55,698 -
2024 $1,830 $5,589 $55,016 $64,610
2023 $1,720 $5,411 $54,848 $64,219
2022 $1,605 $5,189 $56,497 $63,944
2021 $1,672 $4,794 $52,887 $56,995
2020 $1,556 $4,365 $43,538 $48,591
2019 $1,555 $4,241 $46,353 $50,499
2018 $1,611 $4,011 $46,539 $49,983
2017 $1,496 $3,767 $45,130 $48,317
2016 $1,442 $3,627 $42,314 $46,471
2015 $1,415 $3,498 $43,594 $44,668
2014 $1,649 $3,422 $50,961 $45,758
2013 $1,576 $3,239 $52,638 $44,301
2012 $1,449 $3,060 $52,670 $42,292
2011 $1,514 $2,989 $52,224 $41,667
2010 $1,399 $2,914 $47,561 $40,103
2009 $1,461 $2,879 $40,875 $38,863
2008 $1,492 $2,870 $46,710 $40,376
2007 $1,326 $2,818 $44,660 $39,573
2006 $1,191 $2,704 $40,505 $38,123
2005 $1,143 $2,598 $36,384 $36,328
2004 $1,133 $2,533 $32,146 $33,929
2003 $988 $2,368 $28,302 $32,350
2002 $790 $2,263 $24,256 $30,964
2001 $715 $2,191 $23,822 $30,241
2000 $709 $2,108 $24,271 $29,348
1999 $796 $2,039 $22,315 $27,841
1998 $799 $1,975 $21,025 $26,324
1997 $783 $1,915 $21,902 $25,264
1996 $827 $1,850 $21,297 $24,055
1995 $832 $1,790 $20,680 $23,474
1994 $701 $1,752 $19,998 $22,624
1993 $1,310 $1,731 $20,187 $21,432
1992 $1,005 $1,890 $20,950 $20,619
1991 $1,015 $1,963 $21,847 $20,220
1990 $1,087 $2,032 $21,526 $20,226
1989 $1,001 - $20,795 -
1988 $1,145 - $19,013 -
1987 $1,258 - $16,378 -
1986 $1,179 - $14,521 -
1985 $875 - $14,170 -
1984 $772 - $13,930 -
1983 $746 - $13,477 -
1982 $732 - $12,527 -
1981 $750 - $12,379 -
1980 $784 - $11,208 -
1979 $718 - $10,078 -
1978 $582 - $9,154 -
1977 $435 - $8,949 -
1976 $381 - $8,839 -
1975 $386 - $7,537 -
1974 $299.9 - $7,057 -
1973 $271.8 - $5,858 -
1972 $220.1 - $5,107 -
1971 $186.7 - $4,535 -
1970 $178.5 - $4,136 -
1969 $175.2 - $3,776 -
1968 $170.8 - $3,473 -
1967 $156.6 - $3,226 -
1966 $145.8 - $3,055 -
1965 $142.7 - $2,777 -
1964 $139.2 - $2,562 -
1963 $131.6 - $2,380 -
1962 $130 - $2,274 -
1961 $124.6 - $2,246 -
1960 $119.1 - $2,265 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/canada | CC BY

Cameroon's GDP per capita is $1,972, ranking 159/197, compared to $55,698 in Canada, ranking 23/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cameroon ranks 156th at $5,589, while Canada ranks 28th at $64,610.

Economic indicators

Cameroon Canada
Gross domestic product
$58.9B
2025
$2.32T
2025
GDP rank
92/197
2025
10/197
2025
GDP growth
3.2%
2024-2025
1.74%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$1,972
2025
$55,698
2025
GDP per capita rank
159/197
2025
23/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$5,589
2024
$64,610
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
156/197
2024
28/197
2024
Government debt
$23.8B
2025
$2.63T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
40.4%
2025
113.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$796
2025
$63,220
2025
Government debt per person rank
151/185
2025
5/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,941
2026
$36,531
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$4.62T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
2,098,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
82
2026
Income share by richest 10%
31.1%
2021
24.6%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2021
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
16.3%
2025
44%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.4%
2024-2025
2.07%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
2.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.28%
2021
6.82%
2025
Population
31045453
42199836

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cameroon
Spending

Debt
Canada
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cameroon Canada
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 16.3% 40.4% 44% 113.5%
2024 17.1% 43.4% 44.3% 110%
2023 17.3% 43.6% 41.8% 105.1%
2022 17.1% 45.6% 40.4% 103.5%
2021 17% 47.2% 45.5% 112.6%
2020 16.8% 44.9% 52.4% 118.1%
2019 19.1% 41.6% 40.6% 90.1%
2018 17.8% 38.3% 40.7% 90.8%
2017 18.2% 36.5% 40.5% 91%
2016 20.1% 32.1% 40.8% 92.5%
2015 17.9% 31.6% 40% 92.3%
2014 19.5% 20.7% 38.4% 85.8%
2013 19.2% 17.5% 40% 87.7%
2012 17% 14.9% 40.9% 87%
2011 17.1% 15.9% 41.6% 84.3%
2010 14.8% 14% 43.1% 84%
2009 14.7% 11.3% 43.4% 81.8%
2008 15.9% 11.2% 38.8% 70.4%
2007 13.5% 13.8% 38.5% 67.2%
2006 12% 18.4% 38.7% 69.9%
2005 11.4% 43.8% 38.5% 70.6%
2004 10.7% 51.7% 39.1% 71.9%
2003 10.6% 51.5% 40.3% 75.9%
2002 14% 56.6% 40.4% 79.6%
2001 14.4% 62.2% 41.1% 81.5%
2000 14.4% 75.9% 40.6% 80.4%
1999 - 68.4% 41.8% 89%
1998 - 67.8% 43.4% 93.3%
1997 - - 43.5% 95.3%
1996 - - 45.9% 100.2%
1995 - - 47.7% 100.1%
1994 - - 49% 97.5%
1993 - - 51.5% 94.7%
1992 - - 52.5% 88.2%
1991 - - 51.4% 81.7%
1990 - - 48.1% 73.7%
1989 - - 45.8% 72.2%
1988 - - 45.4% 71.1%
1987 - - 46.1% 71.4%
1986 - - 47.6% 71%
1985 - - 48.3% 66.9%
1984 - - 47.5% 61.7%
1983 - - 47.9% 58.4%
1982 - - 47.3% 52.7%
1981 - - 42.5% 46.9%
1980 - - 41.6% 45.6%
1979 - - 40% 45.3%
1978 - - 41.6% 48%
1977 - - 41.4% 45.1%
1976 - - 40.2% 43.6%
1975 - - 41.1% 45.2%
1974 - - 37.6% 45.8%
1973 - - 36% 48%
1972 - - 37.5% 53.5%
1971 - - 37.3% 55.3%
1970 - - 36% 54.3%
1969 - - 33.9% 53%
1968 - - 33.8% 55.9%
1967 - - 32.9% 56.9%
1966 - - 30.8% 56.6%
1965 - - 29.8% 60.1%
1964 - - 29.7% 63.7%
1963 - - 30.3% 67%
1962 - - 30.6% 67.2%
1961 - - 30.6% 68.2%
1960 - - 14.9% 66.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/canada | CC BY

In 2025, Cameroon's government spending was $9.58B, accounting for 16.3% of its GDP, while Canada spent $1.02T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 40.4% in Cameroon and 113.5% in Canada, ranking 133/185 and 14/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cameroon

Canada
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cameroon Canada
2025 -2.01% -1.77%
2024 -1.51% -2.12%
2023 -0.64% -0.16%
2022 -1.11% 0.62%
2021 -2.88% -3.06%
2020 -3.52% -10.9%
2019 -3.65% -0.02%
2018 -2.3% 0.36%
2017 -3.68% -0.11%
2016 -5.79% -0.45%
2015 -2.86% -0.06%
2014 -3.36% 0.17%
2013 -3.54% -1.49%
2012 -1.22% -2.52%
2011 -1.55% -3.31%
2010 -0.57% -4.74%
2009 -0.05% -3.88%
2008 1.94% 0.18%
2007 3.66% 1.82%
2006 6.34% 1.83%
2005 3.43% 1.55%
2004 2.07% 0.77%
2003 3.51% -0.13%
2002 1.59% -0.23%
2001 1.2% 0.53%
2000 2.06% 2.64%
1999 - 1.66%
1998 - 0.14%
1997 - 0.04%
1996 - -3.05%
1995 - -5.49%
1994 - -6.94%
1993 - -8.93%
1992 - -9.2%
1991 - -8.36%
1990 - -5.91%
1989 - -4.6%
1988 - -4.33%
1987 - -5.42%
1986 - -7.14%
1985 - -8.59%
1984 - -7.78%
1983 - -8.17%
1982 - -7.03%
1981 - -2.83%
1980 - -4.07%
1979 - -3.41%
1978 - -4.77%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -2.78%
1975 - -3.54%
1974 - 1.1%
1973 - 0.6%
1972 - -0.97%
1971 - -1.02%
1970 - -0.36%
1969 - 1.2%
1968 - -0.45%
1967 - -0.82%
1966 - -0.07%
1965 - -0.25%
1964 - -0.68%
1963 - -2.31%
1962 - -2.6%
1961 - -2.75%
1960 - -0.85%
1959 - -1.08%
1958 - -1.69%
1957 - -0.11%
1956 - 0.77%
1955 - -0.11%
1954 - -0.57%
1953 - 0.3%
1952 - 0.09%
1951 - 1.1%
1950 - 1.09%
1949 - 0.78%
1948 - 3.84%
1947 - 5.02%
1946 - 3.14%
1945 - -17.9%
1944 - -21.6%
1943 - -23.1%
1942 - -20.8%
1941 - -4.79%
1940 - -5.62%
1939 - -2.11%
1938 - -0.97%
1937 - -0.34%
1936 - -1.68%
1935 - -3.72%
1934 - -2.93%
1933 - -3.83%
1932 - -5.79%
1931 - -2.43%
1930 - -1.47%
1929 - 0.78%
1928 - 1.12%
1927 - 0.92%
1926 - 0.81%
1925 - 0.55%
1924 - 0.007%
1923 - 0.79%
1922 - -0.75%
1921 - -2%
1920 - -1.82%
1919 - -8.94%
1918 - -8.98%
1917 - -7.83%
1916 - -8.14%
1915 - -6.17%
1914 - -4.63%
1913 - -0.82%
1912 - 1.03%
1911 - 0.004%
1910 - -0.18%
1909 - -0.67%
1908 - -2.78%
1907 - -0.83%
1906 - 0.22%
1905 - -0.07%
1904 - -0.44%
1903 - 0.07%
1902 - 0.91%
1901 - -0.34%
1900 - -0.33%
1899 - 0.1%
1898 - -0.3%
1897 - -0.35%
1896 - -0.48%
1895 - -0.85%
1894 - -1.06%
1893 - -0.66%
1892 - -0.07%
1891 - 3.23%
1890 - -0.04%
1889 - 0%
1888 - -0.48%
1887 - -1.18%
1886 - -0.73%
1885 - -4.82%
1884 - -2.43%
1883 - -3.88%
1882 - -0.78%
1881 - 0.32%
1880 - -0.62%
1879 - -2.11%
1878 - -0.63%
1877 - -1.63%
1876 - -2.06%
1875 - -1.88%
1874 - -1.57%
1873 - -1.74%
1872 - -3.93%
1871 - -1.09%
1870 - 0.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/canada | CC BY

In 2025, Cameroon's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.18B, equivalent to 2.01% of GDP. This compares to Canada's deficit of $41B, or 1.77% of GDP.

Over the past 26 years, Cameroon recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while Canada ran a deficit in 16 years. On average, Cameroon posted an annual deficit equal to 0.56% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.94% of GDP for Canada.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cameroon

Canada
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cameroon Canada
2025 3.4% 2.07%
2024 4.53% 2.38%
2023 7.38% 3.88%
2022 6.25% 6.8%
2021 2.27% 3.4%
2020 2.44% 0.72%
2019 2.45% 1.95%
2018 1.07% 2.27%
2017 0.64% 1.6%
2016 0.87% 1.43%
2015 2.68% 1.13%
2014 1.85% 1.91%
2013 2.05% 0.94%
2012 2.74% 1.52%
2011 2.94% 2.91%
2010 1.28% 1.78%
2009 3.04% 0.3%
2008 5.34% 2.37%
2007 0.92% 2.14%
2006 5.12% 2%
2005 2.01% 2.21%
2004 0.23% 1.86%
2003 0.62% 2.76%
2002 2.83% 2.26%
2001 4.42% 2.53%
2000 1.23% 2.72%
1999 1.87% 1.73%
1998 3.17% 1%
1997 4.79% 1.62%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/canada | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Cameroon has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.77%, compared with 2.14% in Canada. In 2025, inflation was 3.4% in Cameroon and 2.07% in Canada.

Top exports between countries

Cameroon
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $3.94M
Raw agricultural goods $403K
Machinery & equipment $276K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $238K
Raw materials & minerals $176K
Metals $12K
Chemicals & pharma $8K
Animal & marine products $2K
Precious metals & jewellery $2K
Canada
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $22.7M
Machinery & equipment $16.4M
Raw materials & minerals $8.83M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.42M
Miscellaneous $1.92M
Wood & paper products $958K
Textiles & consumer goods $515K
Chemicals & pharma $419K
Animal & marine products $289K
Metals $134K

Balance of trade

Cameroon Canada
Current account balance
-$1.75B
2024
-$22B
2025
Current account balance ranking
134/190
2024
184/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.28%
2024
-0.95%
2025
Goods imports
$7.77B
2024
$577B
2025
Goods exports
$6.79B
2024
$555B
2025
Service imports
$2.4B
2024
$169B
2025
Service exports
$1.81B
2024
$172B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.3%
2025
32.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
13.1%
2025
31.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cameroon Canada
Economic freedom 52 75.6
Economic freedom ranking 151/197 17/197
Property rights 28.1 85.9
Government integrity 21 85.5
Judicial effectiveness 10.1 96
Tax burden 72.2 74.7
Government spending 91.4 45.9
Fiscal health 94.5 79.7
Business freedom 48.6 84.2
Labor freedom 45.6 68.3
Monetary freedom 75.3 73.8
Trade freedom 57.2 83.2
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 50 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cameroon
Canada
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cameroon Canada
2026 52 75.6
2025 52.1 75.5
2024 53.6 72.4
2023 51.9 73.7
2022 52.9 76.6
2021 53.4 77.9
2020 53.6 78.2
2019 52.4 77.7
2018 51.9 77.7
2017 51.8 78.5
2016 54.2 78
2015 51.9 79.1
2014 52.6 80.2
2013 52.3 79.4
2012 51.8 79.9
2011 51.8 80.8
2010 52.3 80.4
2009 53 80.5
2008 54.3 80.2
2007 55.6 78
2006 54.6 77.4
2005 53 75.8
2004 52.3 75.3
2003 52.7 74.8
2002 52.8 74.6
2001 53.3 71.2
2000 49.9 70.5
1999 50.3 69.3
1998 48 68.5
1997 44.6 67.9
1996 45.7 70.3
1995 51.3 69.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/canada | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cameroon is 52, ranking 151/197, compared to 75.6 for Canada, ranking 17/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cameroon Canada
Services, % of GDP
50.4%
2025
64.1%
2022
Industry, % of GDP
24.8%
2025
27.4%
2022
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.8%
2025
1.93%
2022
GNI, Atlas method
$55.4B
2025
$2.35T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$5,700
2025
$66,820
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.06B
2024
$126B
2025
Total reserves ranking
105/177
2024
26/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$825M
2024
-$11.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$888M
2024
$63.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$63.4M
2024
$89.4B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.21%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2021
9.4%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.3%
2025
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.