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Economy of Canada vs DR Congo compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Canada has a GDP of $2.32T compared to $91B for the DR Congo, ranking 10/197 and 81/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.63T in government debt (113.5% of GDP), compared to $18.4B (20.2% of GDP) in the DR Congo.

Canada vs DR Congo GDP by year

Canada
DR Congo
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada DR Congo
2025 $2,319,899,772,426 $91,030,531,317
2024 $2,270,076,189,683 $75,716,176,105
2023 $2,196,593,836,347 $69,843,655,425
2022 $2,200,562,785,046 $70,422,346,142
2021 $2,022,377,950,897 $59,067,289,574
2020 $1,655,686,966,882 $46,691,989,749
2019 $1,743,728,952,157 $46,845,900,350
2018 $1,725,330,736,238 $46,659,954,092
2017 $1,649,269,496,515 $37,537,521,566
2016 $1,527,996,250,641 $38,600,224,214
2015 $1,556,510,380,200 $40,179,574,490
2014 $1,805,751,688,809 $38,352,980,553
2013 $1,846,583,831,414 $34,891,189,160
2012 $1,828,359,477,072 $30,029,369,929
2011 $1,793,335,727,901 $26,392,379,642
2010 $1,617,349,192,091 $24,161,641,931
2009 $1,374,627,766,600 $18,607,259,481
2008 $1,552,993,439,550 $22,723,488,723
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $18,374,807,773
2006 $1,319,291,255,289 $15,484,044,535
2005 $1,173,118,501,403 $12,609,728,573
2004 $1,026,691,006,918 $10,297,483,481
2003 $895,542,074,085 $8,937,567,060
2002 $760,650,608,552 $8,728,038,525
2001 $738,981,792,355 $7,438,189,100
2000 $744,773,415,932 $19,088,046,306
1999 $678,414,215,521 $4,711,259,427
1998 $633,999,325,918 $6,217,805,821
1997 $654,987,722,086 $6,090,838,693
1996 $630,607,994,133 $5,771,456,952
1995 $605,961,090,061 $5,643,439,376
1994 $579,944,346,807 $5,820,382,248
1993 $579,053,561,739 $10,706,259,937
1992 $594,387,358,319 $8,227,343,907
1991 $612,527,712,316 $9,625,436,873
1990 $596,075,591,361 $9,349,764,580
1989 $567,211,993,243 $9,021,862,775
1988 $509,380,027,627 $8,861,299,977
1987 $433,134,238,311 $7,661,625,473
1986 $379,006,836,992 $8,095,367,168
1985 $366,186,012,450 $7,195,042,616
1984 $356,718,400,124 $7,857,729,193
1983 $341,866,277,183 $11,006,712,650
1982 $314,647,807,409 $13,651,667,371
1981 $307,246,642,756 $12,537,821,038
1980 $274,776,566,028 $14,394,927,495
1979 $243,891,124,296 $15,068,422,236
1978 $219,369,542,386 $15,372,608,002
1977 $212,325,176,305 $12,344,424,764
1976 $207,271,612,576 $9,648,583,225
1975 $174,419,757,177 $10,237,343,174
1974 $160,949,188,139 $9,596,960,180
1973 $131,764,343,566 $7,870,239,461
1972 $113,463,848,874 $6,173,712,814
1971 $99,606,454,744 $5,594,770,359
1970 $88,192,257,632 $4,877,684,910
1969 $79,405,011,125 $5,032,434,970
1968 $72,048,833,006 $3,909,780,539
1967 $65,856,924,424 $3,384,063,372
1966 $61,252,415,405 $4,532,660,182
1965 $54,649,410,479 $4,043,901,818
1964 $49,503,663,836 $2,881,545,273
1963 $45,140,337,827 $6,213,185,743
1962 $42,336,211,556 $3,779,841,429
1961 $41,038,192,838 $3,086,746,857
1960 $40,563,768,947 $3,359,404,118

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/dr-congo | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs DR Congo by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
DR Congo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada DR Congo
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $55,698 - $807 -
2024 $55,016 $64,610 $693 $1,821
2023 $54,848 $64,219 $660 $1,731
2022 $56,497 $63,944 $688 $1,590
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $596 $1,402
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $486 $1,089
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $504 $1,056
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $518 $1,049
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $431 $991
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $460 $950
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $496 $910
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $489 $859
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $460 $761
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $410 $648
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $373 $644
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $352 $606
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $280.2 $573
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $353 $584
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $294.1 $550
2006 $40,505 $38,123 $255.4 $508
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $214.5 $484
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $180.7 $456
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $161.5 $428
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $162.4 $410
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $142.7 $404
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $378 $417
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $96.3 $452
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $131.5 $481
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $132.3 $497
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $127.4 $526
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $127 $532
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $136.5 $540
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $263.3 $576
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $209.7 $674
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $253.8 $762
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $254.9 $832
1989 $20,795 - $254.2 -
1988 $19,013 - $257.7 -
1987 $16,378 - $230.1 -
1986 $14,521 - $250.9 -
1985 $14,170 - $230.1 -
1984 $13,930 - $259.8 -
1983 $13,477 - $376 -
1982 $12,527 - $482 -
1981 $12,379 - $456 -
1980 $11,208 - $539 -
1979 $10,078 - $582 -
1978 $9,154 - $615 -
1977 $8,949 - $509 -
1976 $8,839 - $408 -
1975 $7,537 - $445 -
1974 $7,057 - $428 -
1973 $5,858 - $361 -
1972 $5,107 - $290.5 -
1971 $4,535 - $270.3 -
1970 $4,136 - $242.2 -
1969 $3,776 - $257.1 -
1968 $3,473 - $205.6 -
1967 $3,226 - $183.3 -
1966 $3,055 - $252.8 -
1965 $2,777 - $232 -
1964 $2,562 - $169.9 -
1963 $2,380 - $376 -
1962 $2,274 - $235.1 -
1961 $2,246 - $197.1 -
1960 $2,265 - $220.1 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/dr-congo | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $55,698, ranking 23/197, compared to $807 in the DR Congo, ranking 187/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while the DR Congo ranks 190th at $1,821.

Economic indicators

Canada DR Congo
Gross domestic product
$2.32T
2025
$91B
2025
GDP rank
10/197
2025
81/197
2025
GDP growth
1.74%
2024-2025
5.76%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$55,698
2025
$807
2025
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2025
187/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$1,821
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
190/197
2024
Government debt
$2.63T
2025
$18.4B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.5%
2025
20.2%
2025
Government debt per person
$63,220
2025
$163
2025
Government debt per person rank
5/185
2025
183/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,531
2026
$2,203
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.62T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
82
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.6%
2022
35.7%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
2.1%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44%
2025
17.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.07%
2024-2025
2.89%
2015-2016
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
13.5%
2026
Unemployment rate
6.82%
2025
1.47%
2020
Population
42199836
118386491

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
DR Congo
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada DR Congo
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44% 113.5% 17.2% 20.2%
2024 44.3% 110% 16.5% 15.8%
2023 41.8% 105.1% 15.9% 15.7%
2022 40.4% 103.5% 17.1% 14.7%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 13.5% 14%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 13.4% 11.6%
2019 40.6% 90.1% 15.2% 9.72%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 12.2% 9.19%
2017 40.5% 91% 11.2% 8.42%
2016 40.8% 92.5% 14.3% 10.6%
2015 40% 92.3% 15.9% 10.2%
2014 38.4% 85.8% 13.5% 8.74%
2013 40% 87.7% 11.7% 8.26%
2012 40.9% 87% 13.2% 7.58%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 13.5% 7.81%
2010 43.1% 84% 15.2% 31.8%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 12.3% 91.6%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 9.94% 80.3%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 7.98% 85.1%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 7.35% 107.5%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 7.5% 112%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 7.18% 164.1%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 8.87% 114.5%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 4.17% 136%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 4.16% 185.4%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 2.49% 135%
1999 41.8% 89% 2.15% -
1998 43.4% 93.3% 2.78% -
1997 43.5% 95.3% 2.51% -
1996 45.9% 100.2% 2.17% -
1995 47.7% 100.1% - -
1994 49% 97.5% - -
1993 51.5% 94.7% - -
1992 52.5% 88.2% - -
1991 51.4% 81.7% - -
1990 48.1% 73.7% - -
1989 45.8% 72.2% - -
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/dr-congo | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government spending was $1.02T, accounting for 44% of its GDP, while the DR Congo spent $15.6B, or 17.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.5% in Canada and 20.2% in the DR Congo, ranking 14/185 and 173/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

DR Congo
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada DR Congo
2025 -1.77% -2.75%
2024 -2.12% -1.66%
2023 -0.16% -1.59%
2022 0.62% -0.87%
2021 -3.06% -1.58%
2020 -10.9% -3.49%
2019 -0.02% -3.41%
2018 0.36% -1.35%
2017 -0.11% -0.01%
2016 -0.45% -0.91%
2015 -0.06% -1.2%
2014 0.17% 3.87%
2013 -1.49% 3.5%
2012 -2.52% 1.93%
2011 -3.31% -0.71%
2010 -4.74% -0.8%
2009 -3.88% 1.04%
2008 0.18% -0.28%
2007 1.82% 1.21%
2006 1.83% 2.09%
2005 1.55% 1.38%
2004 0.77% -0.17%
2003 -0.13% -3.92%
2002 -0.23% 0.89%
2001 0.53% -1.13%
2000 2.64% -1.85%
1999 1.66% -1.35%
1998 0.14% -1.55%
1997 0.04% -1.06%
1996 -3.05% -0.56%
1995 -5.49% -
1994 -6.94% -
1993 -8.93% -
1992 -9.2% -
1991 -8.36% -
1990 -5.91% -
1989 -4.6% -
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/dr-congo | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $41B, equivalent to 1.77% of GDP. This compares to the DR Congo's deficit of $2.51B, or 2.75% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while the DR Congo ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 0.86% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.54% of GDP for the DR Congo.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

DR Congo
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada DR Congo
2025 2.07% -
2024 2.38% -
2023 3.88% -
2022 6.8% -
2021 3.4% -
2020 0.72% -
2019 1.95% -
2018 2.27% -
2017 1.6% -
2016 1.43% 2.89%
2015 1.13% 0.74%
2014 1.91% 1.24%
2013 0.94% 0.81%
2012 1.52% 9.72%
2011 2.91% 15.3%
2010 1.78% 7.1%
2009 0.3% 2.8%
2008 2.37% 17.3%
2007 2.14% 16.9%
2006 2% 13.1%
2005 2.21% 21.3%
2004 1.86% 3.99%
2003 2.76% 12.9%
2002 2.26% 31.5%
2001 2.53% 360%
2000 2.72% 514%
1999 1.73% 284.9%
1998 1% 29.1%
1997 1.62% 198.5%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/dr-congo | CC BY

Over the past 20 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.85%, compared with 77.2% in the DR Congo. In 2016, inflation was 2.07% in Canada and 2.89% in the DR Congo.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $16.3M
Animal & marine products $1.83M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.47M
Metals $1.24M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $607K
Miscellaneous $539K
Raw agricultural goods $205K
Raw materials & minerals $185K
Chemicals & pharma $129K
Precious metals & jewellery $30K
DR Congo
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $69.1M
Wood & paper products $761K
Metals $316K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $272K
Machinery & equipment $139K
Raw agricultural goods $95K
Miscellaneous $80K
Textiles & consumer goods $24K
Precious metals & jewellery $20K
Animal & marine products $16K

Balance of trade

Canada DR Congo
Current account balance
-$22B
2025
-$3.94B
2025
Current account balance ranking
184/190
2025
157/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.95%
2025
-4.33%
2025
Goods imports
$577B
2025
$33B
2025
Goods exports
$555B
2025
$35.9B
2025
Service imports
$169B
2025
$5.02B
2025
Service exports
$172B
2025
$548M
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
43.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.3%
2025
43.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada DR Congo
Economic freedom 75.6 47
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 176/197
Property rights 85.9 15.4
Government integrity 85.5 12.8
Judicial effectiveness 96 11.7
Tax burden 74.7 73.8
Government spending 45.9 91.2
Fiscal health 79.7 95.9
Business freedom 84.2 32.3
Labor freedom 68.3 54.2
Monetary freedom 73.8 58.6
Trade freedom 83.2 68.2
Investment freedom 60 30
Financial freedom 70 20

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
DR Congo
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada DR Congo
2026 75.6 47
2025 75.5 47.3
2024 72.4 47.6
2023 73.7 47.9
2022 76.6 47.6
2021 77.9 49
2020 78.2 49.5
2019 77.7 50.3
2018 77.7 52.1
2017 78.5 56.4
2016 78 46.4
2015 79.1 45
2014 80.2 40.6
2013 79.4 39.6
2012 79.9 41.1
2011 80.8 40.7
2010 80.4 41.4
2009 80.5 42.8
2008 80.2 -
2007 78 -
2006 77.4 -
2005 75.8 -
2004 75.3 -
2003 74.8 -
2002 74.6 -
2001 71.2 -
2000 70.5 34.8
1999 69.3 34
1998 68.5 40.6
1997 67.9 39.5
1996 70.3 39.5
1995 69.4 41.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/dr-congo | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 47 for the DR Congo, ranking 176/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada DR Congo
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2022
48%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
27.4%
2022
39.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.93%
2022
8.93%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.35T
2025
$81.3B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$66,820
2025
$1,850
2025
Total reserves including gold
$126B
2025
$5.1B
2023
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2025
102/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
-$11.9B
2025
-$1.87B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$2.92B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$198M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
0.64%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
56.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
31.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/dr-congo | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.