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Economy of Canada vs Israel compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Canada has a GDP of $2.24T compared to $540B for Israel, ranking 9/197 and 29/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.5T in government debt (111.3% of GDP), compared to $366B (67.6% of GDP) in Israel.

Canada vs Israel GDP by year

Canada
Israel
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Israel
2024 $2,243,636,826,634 $540,379,921,262
2023 $2,173,339,670,064 $512,184,638,999
2022 $2,190,411,080,134 $525,181,008,026
2021 $2,022,378,748,423 $489,851,549,972
2020 $1,655,684,730,000 $410,768,352,658
2019 $1,743,725,183,673 $400,645,216,359
2018 $1,725,329,192,783 $376,299,083,108
2017 $1,649,265,644,244 $358,451,839,053
2016 $1,527,994,741,907 $321,940,971,558
2015 $1,556,508,816,217 $303,469,434,072
2014 $1,805,749,878,440 $315,017,088,117
2013 $1,846,597,421,835 $298,478,070,673
2012 $1,828,366,481,522 $263,589,172,712
2011 $1,793,326,630,175 $268,094,998,225
2010 $1,617,343,367,486 $239,679,036,634
2009 $1,374,625,142,157 $213,403,181,853
2008 $1,552,989,690,722 $221,231,658,863
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $184,681,214,673
2006 $1,319,264,809,591 $158,900,547,825
2005 $1,173,108,598,779 $147,519,922,009
2004 $1,026,690,238,278 $140,047,984,605
2003 $895,540,646,635 $131,408,914,824
2002 $760,649,334,098 $125,332,331,884
2001 $738,981,792,355 $135,002,039,613
2000 $744,773,415,932 $136,512,300,542
1999 $678,412,196,271 $121,417,185,062
1998 $634,000,000,000 $120,547,409,279
1997 $654,986,999,856 $119,459,826,347
1996 $630,607,994,133 $115,116,595,545
1995 $605,961,090,061 $105,497,418,059
1994 $579,944,346,807 $90,740,103,829
1993 $579,053,561,739 $79,855,877,174
1992 $594,387,358,319 $79,457,685,757
1991 $612,527,712,316 $70,998,755,007
1990 $596,075,591,361 $62,016,729,541
1989 $567,211,993,243 $52,443,479,454
1988 $509,380,027,627 $52,650,948,910
1987 $433,134,238,311 $43,049,543,635
1986 $379,006,836,992 $35,834,154,874
1985 $366,186,012,450 $28,905,736,367
1984 $356,718,400,124 $30,645,607,293
1983 $341,866,277,183 $32,675,755,462
1982 $314,647,807,409 $29,255,285,401
1981 $307,246,642,756 $26,882,009,819
1980 $274,776,566,028 $25,395,256,478
1979 $243,891,124,296 $22,609,741,060
1978 $219,369,542,386 $17,701,286,907
1977 $212,325,176,305 $18,257,113,904
1976 $207,271,612,576 $15,956,349,550
1975 $174,419,757,177 $16,141,767,373
1974 $160,949,188,139 $17,172,607,138
1973 $131,764,343,566 $11,902,574,259
1972 $113,463,848,874 $9,222,557,539
1971 $99,606,454,744 $7,052,544,000
1970 $88,192,257,632 $7,406,712,876
1969 $79,405,011,125 $6,297,852,761
1968 $72,048,833,006 $5,458,427,928
1967 $65,856,924,424 $4,762,386,783
1966 $61,252,415,405 $4,703,300,098
1965 $54,649,410,479 $4,329,084,429
1964 $49,503,663,836 $4,024,344,853
1963 $45,140,337,827 $3,535,949,089
1962 $42,336,211,556 $2,966,154,031
1961 $41,038,192,838 $3,708,586,471
1960 $40,563,768,947 $3,070,585,807

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/israel | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Israel by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Israel
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Israel
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $54,340 $64,610 $54,177 $57,236
2023 $54,220 $64,219 $52,004 $55,171
2022 $56,257 $63,944 $54,950 $53,619
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $52,271 $46,162
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $44,576 $40,955
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $44,251 $41,325
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $42,363 $40,190
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $41,138 $39,471
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $37,672 $38,189
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $36,213 $35,871
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $38,343 $34,816
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $37,034 $34,827
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $33,321 $32,484
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $34,523 $31,314
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $31,439 $29,456
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $28,508 $28,087
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $30,269 $28,084
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $25,721 $28,307
2006 $40,504 $38,123 $22,527 $26,385
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $21,287 $25,701
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $20,568 $26,078
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $19,643 $24,702
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $19,076 $26,101
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $20,966 $25,806
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $21,707 $25,766
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $19,823 $23,415
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $20,189 $22,927
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $20,469 $22,279
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $20,224 $21,672
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $19,026 $20,642
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $16,807 $19,478
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $15,179 $18,218
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $15,510 $17,553
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $14,346 $16,486
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $13,308 $15,721
1989 $20,795 - $11,608 -
1988 $19,013 - $11,853 -
1987 $16,378 - $9,853 -
1986 $14,521 - $8,335 -
1985 $14,170 - $6,829 -
1984 $13,930 - $7,369 -
1983 $13,477 - $7,960 -
1982 $12,527 - $7,258 -
1981 $12,379 - $6,795 -
1980 $11,208 - $6,549 -
1979 $10,078 - $5,972 -
1978 $9,154 - $4,797 -
1977 $8,949 - $5,053 -
1976 $8,839 - $4,516 -
1975 $7,537 - $4,672 -
1974 $7,057 - $5,085 -
1973 $5,858 - $3,631 -
1972 $5,107 - $2,930 -
1971 $4,535 - $2,298 -
1970 $4,136 - $2,490 -
1969 $3,776 - $2,189 -
1968 $3,473 - $1,947 -
1967 $3,226 - $1,735 -
1966 $3,055 - $1,789 -
1965 $2,777 - $1,689 -
1964 $2,562 - $1,626 -
1963 $2,380 - $1,486 -
1962 $2,274 - $1,294 -
1961 $2,246 - $1,697 -
1960 $2,265 - $1,452 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/israel | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $54,340, ranking 20/197, compared to $54,177 in Israel, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Israel ranks 36th at $57,236.

Economic indicators

Canada Israel
Gross domestic product
$2.24T
2024
$540B
2024
GDP rank
9/197
2024
29/197
2024
GDP growth
1.55%
2023-2024
0.87%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,340
2024
$54,177
2024
GDP per capita rank
20/197
2024
21/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$57,236
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
36/197
2024
Government debt
$2.5T
2024
$366B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.3%
2024
67.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$60,482
2024
$36,645
2024
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2024
18/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,320
2026
$43,003
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.37T
2024
$331B
2024
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2025
179,905
2025
Number of billionaires
76
2025
41
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2021
26.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.3%
2021
2%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2024
43.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.38%
2023-2024
3.07%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
4.5%
2024
Unemployment rate
6.35%
2024
2.9%
2024
Population
42181965
10290887

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Israel
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Israel
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44.7% 111.3% 43.8% 67.6%
2023 42.1% 107.7% 39.3% 61.3%
2022 40.6% 104.2% 36.9% 60.3%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 40% 67.7%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 44.8% 71.1%
2019 40.6% 90.2% 38.7% 59.3%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 39.2% 60.1%
2017 40.5% 90.9% 38.3% 59.8%
2016 40.8% 92.4% 37.9% 61.7%
2015 40% 92% 37.6% 62.8%
2014 38.4% 85.5% 38.3% 64.9%
2013 40% 87.6% 39.7% 66%
2012 40.9% 87.2% 39.6% 66.9%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 39.3% 67.2%
2010 43.1% 84% 39.7% 69%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 41.4% 72.6%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 41.2% 70.2%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 40.2% 70.8%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 41.6% 77.7%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 42.3% 85.2%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 43% 88.3%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 45.4% 89.7%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 50% 87.2%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 46.1% 81.1%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 43.4% 77.2%
1999 41.8% 89% 53.6% 94.8%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 55% 101%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 52.6% 99.3%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 53.2% 100.3%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 52.8% 102.3%
1994 49% 97.5% 41.7% 110.2%
1993 51.5% 94.7% 42.2% 118.3%
1992 52.5% 88.2% 44.1% 119.6%
1991 51.4% 81.7% 34.4% 123.7%
1990 48.1% 73.7% 46.8% 138.3%
1989 45.8% 72.2% 47.5% 147.4%
1988 45.4% 71.1% 46.5% 145.4%
1987 46.1% 71.4% 52.8% 143.2%
1986 47.6% 71% 55.7% 162.5%
1985 48.3% 66.9% 65.2% 199%
1984 47.5% 61.7% - 284%
1983 47.9% 58.4% - 260.5%
1982 47.3% 52.7% 69.7% -
1981 42.5% 46.9% 71.8% -
1980 41.6% 45.6% 69.4% 154.3%
1979 40% 45.3% 70.1% 155.5%
1978 41.6% 48% 62.2% 133.6%
1977 41.4% 45.1% 69.1% 142%
1976 40.2% 43.6% 66.3% 97.4%
1975 41.1% 45.2% 62% 85.1%
1974 37.6% 45.8% - 79.8%
1973 36% 48% - 62.1%
1972 37.5% 53.5% - 63.9%
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% 41.6% -
1969 33.9% 53% 41.1% -
1968 33.8% 55.9% 39.4% -
1967 32.9% 56.9% 33.9% -
1966 30.8% 56.6% 29.6% -
1965 29.8% 60.1% 27.8% -
1964 29.7% 63.7% 28.2% -
1963 30.3% 67% 26.9% -
1962 30.6% 67.2% 27.7% -
1961 30.6% 68.2% 30.3% -
1960 14.9% 66.1% 30.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/israel | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government spending was $1T, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Israel spent $237B, or 43.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.3% in Canada and 67.6% in Israel, ranking 15/185 and 62/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Israel
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Israel
2024 -2.01% -8.26%
2023 0.07% -5.06%
2022 0.56% 0.32%
2021 -3.06% -3.37%
2020 -10.9% -10.7%
2019 -0.02% -3.79%
2018 0.36% -3.56%
2017 -0.11% -1.13%
2016 -0.45% -1.79%
2015 -0.06% -1.21%
2014 0.17% -2.29%
2013 -1.49% -4.06%
2012 -2.52% -4.46%
2011 -3.31% -3.43%
2010 -4.74% -3.72%
2009 -3.88% -6.53%
2008 0.18% -3.5%
2007 1.82% -0.43%
2006 1.83% -0.95%
2005 1.55% -2.74%
2004 0.77% -3.4%
2003 -0.13% -5.03%
2002 -0.23% -8.22%
2001 0.53% -4.06%
2000 2.64% -0.8%
1999 1.66% -6.26%
1998 0.14% -7.99%
1997 0.04% -4.84%
1996 -3.05% -5.97%
1995 -5.49% -4.28%
1994 -6.94% -5.62%
1993 -8.93% -5.62%
1992 -9.2% -8%
1991 -8.36% -7.04%
1990 -5.91% -9.67%
1989 -4.6% -9.03%
1988 -4.33% -7.57%
1987 -5.42% -7.47%
1986 -7.14% -7.51%
1985 -8.59% -14.2%
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -13.8%
1981 -2.83% -23.5%
1980 -4.07% -19.6%
1979 -3.41% -16.7%
1978 -4.77% -14.7%
1977 -4.1% -20.3%
1976 -2.78% -19.4%
1975 -3.54% -19.6%
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -16%
1969 1.2% -15.3%
1968 -0.45% -11.7%
1967 -0.82% -7.68%
1966 -0.07% -4.35%
1965 -0.25% -2.72%
1964 -0.68% -3.65%
1963 -2.31% -4.41%
1962 -2.6% -4.09%
1961 -2.75% -5.86%
1960 -0.85% -6.62%
1959 -1.08% -7.23%
1958 -1.69% -8.31%
1957 -0.11% -7.17%
1956 0.77% -9.3%
1955 -0.11% -4.3%
1954 -0.57% -7.84%
1953 0.3% -8.32%
1952 0.09% -7.19%
1951 1.1% -8.13%
1950 1.09% -10.7%
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/israel | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $45.2B, equivalent to 2.01% of GDP. This compares to Israel's deficit of $44.6B, or 8.26% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 48 of those years, while Israel ran a deficit in 58 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 2.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of 7.34% of GDP for Israel.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Israel
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Israel
2024 2.38% 3.07%
2023 3.88% 4.23%
2022 6.8% 4.41%
2021 3.4% 1.48%
2020 0.72% -0.58%
2019 1.95% 0.82%
2018 2.27% 0.81%
2017 1.6% 0.25%
2016 1.43% -0.54%
2015 1.13% -0.62%
2014 1.91% 0.47%
2013 0.94% 1.59%
2012 1.52% 1.68%
2011 2.91% 3.49%
2010 1.78% 2.7%
2009 0.3% 3.37%
2008 2.37% 4.53%
2007 2.14% 0.47%
2006 2% 2.05%
2005 2.21% 1.34%
2004 1.86% -0.42%
2003 2.76% 0.71%
2002 2.26% 5.8%
2001 2.53% 1.12%
2000 2.72% 1.03%
1999 1.73% 5.19%
1998 1% 5.49%
1997 1.62% 8.95%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/israel | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.15%, compared with 2.25% in Israel. In 2024, inflation was 2.38% in Canada and 3.07% in Israel.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $160M
Business & finance services $70.6M
Raw agricultural goods $67.9M
IT & IP services $48.6M
Transport & tourism services $46.2M
Chemicals & pharma $42M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $25.5M
Wood & paper products $18.2M
Raw materials & minerals $7.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.49M
Israel
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $542M
IT & IP services $284M
Chemicals & pharma $120M
Textiles & consumer goods $46M
Manufacturing & construction services $33.7M
Raw agricultural goods $29.4M
Raw materials & minerals $26.3M
Metals $24.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $19M
Precious metals & jewellery $16.7M

Balance of trade

Canada Israel
Current account balance
-$10.3B
2024
$15.5B
2024
Current account balance ranking
177/190
2024
21/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.46%
2024
+2.86%
2024
Goods imports
$574B
2024
$96.3B
2024
Goods exports
$569B
2024
$70B
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$44.4B
2024
Service exports
$159B
2024
$83.7B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.7%
2024
26%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.4%
2024
28.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Israel
Economic freedom 75.6 68.4
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 47/197
Property rights 85.9 73.1
Government integrity 85.5 66.2
Judicial effectiveness 96 68.1
Tax burden 74.7 60.2
Government spending 45.9 52
Fiscal health 79.7 60.8
Business freedom 84.2 72.4
Labor freedom 68.3 56.8
Monetary freedom 73.8 78.2
Trade freedom 83.2 82.8
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 70 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Israel
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Israel
2026 75.6 68.4
2025 75.5 69.9
2024 72.4 70.1
2023 73.7 68.9
2022 76.6 68
2021 77.9 73.8
2020 78.2 74
2019 77.7 72.8
2018 77.7 72.2
2017 78.5 69.7
2016 78 70.7
2015 79.1 70.5
2014 80.2 68.4
2013 79.4 66.9
2012 79.9 67.8
2011 80.8 68.5
2010 80.4 67.7
2009 80.5 67.6
2008 80.2 66.3
2007 78 64.8
2006 77.4 64.4
2005 75.8 62.6
2004 75.3 61.4
2003 74.8 62.7
2002 74.6 66.9
2001 71.2 66.1
2000 70.5 65.5
1999 69.3 68.3
1998 68.5 68
1997 67.9 62.7
1996 70.3 62
1995 69.4 61.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/israel | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 68.4 for Israel, ranking 47/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Israel
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2021
72.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2021
17.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.6%
2021
1.28%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.2T
2024
$528B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,630
2024
$56,790
2024
Total reserves including gold
$120B
2024
$215B
2024
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2024
18/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$27.8B
2024
-$4.86B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$14.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$9.92B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
22%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
23.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  8. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  9. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.