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Economy of Canada vs Uruguay compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Canada has a GDP of $2.24T compared to $81B for Uruguay, ranking 9/197 and 81/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.5T in government debt (111.3% of GDP), compared to $55.6B (68.7% of GDP) in Uruguay.

Canada vs Uruguay GDP by year

Canada
Uruguay
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Uruguay
2024 $2,243,636,826,634 $80,961,511,074
2023 $2,173,339,670,064 $77,991,666,838
2022 $2,190,411,080,134 $70,594,110,920
2021 $2,022,378,748,423 $60,739,084,241
2020 $1,655,684,730,000 $53,559,359,262
2019 $1,743,725,183,673 $62,222,313,619
2018 $1,725,329,192,783 $65,344,577,416
2017 $1,649,265,644,244 $65,005,997,963
2016 $1,527,994,741,907 $57,480,787,465
2015 $1,556,508,816,217 $57,680,327,999
2014 $1,805,749,878,440 $61,496,186,974
2013 $1,846,597,421,835 $61,337,621,934
2012 $1,828,366,481,522 $54,232,266,359
2011 $1,793,326,630,175 $50,342,406,067
2010 $1,617,343,367,486 $41,950,361,212
2009 $1,374,625,142,157 $32,708,319,078
2008 $1,552,989,690,722 $31,119,602,539
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $23,797,773,024
2006 $1,319,264,809,591 $19,741,420,740
2005 $1,173,108,598,779 $17,362,857,684
2004 $1,026,690,238,278 $13,686,329,890
2003 $895,540,646,635 $12,045,638,352
2002 $760,649,334,098 $13,606,515,723
2001 $738,981,792,355 $20,898,761,742
2000 $744,773,415,932 $22,823,270,892
1999 $678,412,196,271 $23,983,945,191
1998 $634,000,000,000 $25,385,886,978
1997 $654,986,999,856 $23,969,739,234
1996 $630,607,994,133 $20,515,458,114
1995 $605,961,090,061 $19,297,663,097
1994 $579,944,346,807 $17,474,588,896
1993 $579,053,561,739 $15,002,136,971
1992 $594,387,358,319 $12,878,148,791
1991 $612,527,712,316 $11,206,176,651
1990 $596,075,591,361 $9,298,807,850
1989 $567,211,993,243 $8,438,951,476
1988 $509,380,027,627 $8,213,538,369
1987 $433,134,238,311 $7,367,494,080
1986 $379,006,836,992 $5,880,112,788
1985 $366,186,012,450 $4,732,017,873
1984 $356,718,400,124 $4,850,238,550
1983 $341,866,277,183 $5,102,276,308
1982 $314,647,807,409 $9,178,780,077
1981 $307,246,642,756 $11,048,301,421
1980 $274,776,566,028 $10,163,020,116
1979 $243,891,124,296 $7,181,182,224
1978 $219,369,542,386 $4,910,254,566
1977 $212,325,176,305 $4,114,670,014
1976 $207,271,612,576 $3,667,161,241
1975 $174,419,757,177 $3,538,278,047
1974 $160,949,188,139 $4,090,209,682
1973 $131,764,343,566 $3,964,296,443
1972 $113,463,848,874 $2,189,418,689
1971 $99,606,454,744 $2,807,258,065
1970 $88,192,257,632 $2,137,096,774
1969 $79,405,011,125 $2,004,435,484
1968 $72,048,833,006 $1,593,674,185
1967 $65,856,924,424 $1,597,713,469
1966 $61,252,415,405 $1,809,185,094
1965 $54,649,410,479 $1,890,767,156
1964 $49,503,663,836 $1,975,701,816
1963 $45,140,337,827 $1,539,681,491
1962 $42,336,211,556 $1,710,004,407
1961 $41,038,192,838 $1,547,388,781
1960 $40,563,768,947 $1,242,289,239

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uruguay | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Uruguay by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uruguay
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Uruguay
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $54,340 $64,610 $23,907 $36,418
2023 $54,220 $64,219 $23,019 $34,471
2022 $56,257 $63,944 $20,819 $33,001
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $17,882 $29,432
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $15,758 $25,725
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $18,316 $25,783
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $19,250 $24,386
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $19,185 $23,607
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $17,010 $22,841
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $17,126 $22,169
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $18,322 $21,868
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $18,335 $20,661
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $16,260 $19,495
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $15,132 $19,135
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $12,641 $17,873
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $9,881 $16,422
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $9,424 $15,694
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $7,222 $14,397
2006 $40,504 $38,123 $6,001 $13,179
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $5,284 $12,296
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $4,169 $11,103
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $3,671 $10,303
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $4,150 $10,030
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $6,383 $10,719
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $6,988 $10,929
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $7,371 $10,938
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $7,837 $11,002
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $7,436 $10,461
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $6,398 $9,524
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $6,050 $8,906
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $5,508 $8,897
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $4,753 $8,162
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $4,102 $7,808
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $3,589 $7,112
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $2,995 $6,683
1989 $20,795 - $2,734 -
1988 $19,013 - $2,677 -
1987 $16,378 - $2,416 -
1986 $14,521 - $1,939 -
1985 $14,170 - $1,568 -
1984 $13,930 - $1,615 -
1983 $13,477 - $1,707 -
1982 $12,527 - $3,085 -
1981 $12,379 - $3,728 -
1980 $11,208 - $3,443 -
1979 $10,078 - $2,443 -
1978 $9,154 - $1,678 -
1977 $8,949 - $1,414 -
1976 $8,839 - $1,268 -
1975 $7,537 - $1,232 -
1974 $7,057 - $1,433 -
1973 $5,858 - $1,397 -
1972 $5,107 - $776 -
1971 $4,535 - $1,000 -
1970 $4,136 - $766 -
1969 $3,776 - $723 -
1968 $3,473 - $579 -
1967 $3,226 - $585 -
1966 $3,055 - $668 -
1965 $2,777 - $705 -
1964 $2,562 - $745 -
1963 $2,380 - $587 -
1962 $2,274 - $659 -
1961 $2,246 - $604 -
1960 $2,265 - $491 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uruguay | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $54,340, ranking 20/197, compared to $23,907 in Uruguay, ranking 52/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Uruguay ranks 61st at $36,418.

Economic indicators

Canada Uruguay
Gross domestic product
$2.24T
2024
$81B
2024
GDP rank
9/197
2024
81/197
2024
GDP growth
1.55%
2023-2024
3.11%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,340
2024
$23,907
2024
GDP per capita rank
20/197
2024
52/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$36,418
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
61/197
2024
Government debt
$2.5T
2024
$55.6B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.3%
2024
68.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$60,482
2024
$16,421
2024
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2024
38/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,320
2026
$12,433
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.37T
2024
$284M
1996
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
76
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2021
30%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
3.3%
2021
2.2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2024
31.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.38%
2023-2024
4.85%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
8.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.35%
2024
8.21%
2024
Population
42181965
3382789

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Uruguay
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Uruguay
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44.7% 111.3% 31.1% 68.7%
2023 42.1% 107.7% 30.5% 64%
2022 40.6% 104.2% 30% 59.9%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 30.2% 64.1%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 32.8% 68.2%
2019 40.6% 90.2% 30.6% 59.6%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 30.3% 57.9%
2017 40.5% 90.9% 29.7% 55.8%
2016 40.8% 92.4% 29.7% 56.4%
2015 40% 92% 28.4% 57.8%
2014 38.4% 85.5% 29.1% 51.1%
2013 40% 87.6% 28.8% 50%
2012 40.9% 87.2% 27.7% 49.8%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 26.3% 41.3%
2010 43.1% 84% 27.4% 40.9%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 27.2% 46.2%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 26.3% 46.2%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 26.8% 52.8%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 26.8% 61.1%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 26.3% 66.2%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 26.6% 73.7%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 27.7% 91.9%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 27.6% 90.1%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 27.8% 39.4%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 26.6% 30.5%
1999 41.8% 89% 27.2% 24.1%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 27.3% 19.4%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 27.6% 18.8%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 26.5% 18.3%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 26.2% 18.5%
1994 49% 97.5% 29.5% 19.3%
1993 51.5% 94.7% 27.7% 20%
1992 52.5% 88.2% 23.6% 22.2%
1991 51.4% 81.7% 22.2% 20.4%
1990 48.1% 73.7% 21.1% 26.2%
1989 45.8% 72.2% 37% -
1988 45.4% 71.1% 26% 34.8%
1987 46.1% 71.4% 24.4% 37.3%
1986 47.6% 71% 25.1% 34.6%
1985 48.3% 66.9% 24.6% 29%
1984 47.5% 61.7% 25.6% 39.5%
1983 47.9% 58.4% 26.5% 21.2%
1982 47.3% 52.7% 29.5% 13.5%
1981 42.5% 46.9% 25% 4.32%
1980 41.6% 45.6% 21.8% 4.59%
1979 40% 45.3% 20.2% 3.98%
1978 41.6% 48% 22.9% 5.64%
1977 41.4% 45.1% 23.5% 7.26%
1976 40.2% 43.6% 24.2% 8.67%
1975 41.1% 45.2% 23% 8.13%
1974 37.6% 45.8% 23.8% 7.61%
1973 36% 48% 22.6% 7%
1972 37.5% 53.5% 24.6% 9.12%
1971 37.3% 55.3% 20.1% 9.3%
1970 36% 54.3% 15.1% 6.11%
1969 33.9% 53% 14.6% -
1968 33.8% 55.9% 14.1% -
1967 32.9% 56.9% 14.7% -
1966 30.8% 56.6% 14.1% -
1965 29.8% 60.1% 15.6% -
1964 29.7% 63.7% 14.3% -
1963 30.3% 67% 14.6% -
1962 30.6% 67.2% 16% -
1961 30.6% 68.2% 13% -
1960 14.9% 66.1% 9.9% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1998, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uruguay | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government spending was $1T, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Uruguay spent $25.2B, or 31.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.3% in Canada and 68.7% in Uruguay, ranking 15/185 and 59/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Uruguay
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Uruguay
2024 -2.01% -3.22%
2023 0.07% -3.13%
2022 0.56% -2.52%
2021 -3.06% -2.61%
2020 -10.9% -4.64%
2019 -0.02% -2.71%
2018 0.36% -1.89%
2017 -0.11% -2.51%
2016 -0.45% -2.68%
2015 -0.06% -1.86%
2014 0.17% -2.6%
2013 -1.49% -1.72%
2012 -2.52% -2.17%
2011 -3.31% -0.33%
2010 -4.74% -0.39%
2009 -3.88% -1.39%
2008 0.18% -1.31%
2007 1.82% -0.16%
2006 1.83% -0.64%
2005 1.55% -0.28%
2004 0.77% -0.87%
2003 -0.13% -2.19%
2002 -0.23% -3.19%
2001 0.53% -2.85%
2000 2.64% -2.76%
1999 1.66% -2.76%
1998 0.14% -0.76%
1997 0.04% -0.97%
1996 -3.05% -1.32%
1995 -5.49% -1.08%
1994 -6.94% -2.37%
1993 -8.93% -0.47%
1992 -9.2% 0.6%
1991 -8.36% 0.88%
1990 -5.91% 0.49%
1989 -4.6% -13.1%
1988 -4.33% -1.47%
1987 -5.42% -0.66%
1986 -7.14% -0.34%
1985 -8.59% -1.88%
1984 -7.78% -4.94%
1983 -8.17% -3.54%
1982 -7.03% -8.22%
1981 -2.83% -1.15%
1980 -4.07% 0.43%
1979 -3.41% 0.99%
1978 -4.77% -0.47%
1977 -4.1% -0.69%
1976 -2.78% -2.01%
1975 -3.54% -4.38%
1974 1.1% -3.74%
1973 0.6% -1.09%
1972 -0.97% -2.25%
1971 -1.02% -5.86%
1970 -0.36% -1.33%
1969 1.2% -2.37%
1968 -0.45% -2.93%
1967 -0.82% -4.12%
1966 -0.07% -2.01%
1965 -0.25% -5.14%
1964 -0.68% -3.61%
1963 -2.31% -4.4%
1962 -2.6% -5.02%
1961 -2.75% -0.86%
1960 -0.85% 0.79%
1959 -1.08% 0.64%
1958 -1.69% -1.38%
1957 -0.11% -0.72%
1956 0.77% 0.04%
1955 -0.11% -1.24%
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1998, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uruguay | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $45.2B, equivalent to 2.01% of GDP. This compares to Uruguay's deficit of $2.6B, or 3.22% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 48 of those years, while Uruguay ran a deficit in 59 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 2.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.21% of GDP for Uruguay.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Uruguay
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Uruguay
2024 2.38% 4.85%
2023 3.88% 5.87%
2022 6.8% 9.1%
2021 3.4% 7.75%
2020 0.72% 9.76%
2019 1.95% 7.88%
2018 2.27% 7.61%
2017 1.6% 6.22%
2016 1.43% 9.64%
2015 1.13% 8.67%
2014 1.91% 8.88%
2013 0.94% 8.58%
2012 1.52% 8.1%
2011 2.91% 8.09%
2010 1.78% 6.7%
2009 0.3% 7.06%
2008 2.37% 7.88%
2007 2.14% 8.11%
2006 2% 6.4%
2005 2.21% 4.7%
2004 1.86% 9.16%
2003 2.76% 19.4%
2002 2.26% 14%
2001 2.53% 4.36%
2000 2.72% 4.76%
1999 1.73% 5.66%
1998 1% 10.8%
1997 1.62% 19.8%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uruguay | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.15%, compared with 8.56% in Uruguay. In 2024, inflation was 2.38% in Canada and 4.85% in Uruguay.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $34.7M
Machinery & equipment $20.9M
Transport & tourism services $6M
Chemicals & pharma $5.95M
Business & finance services $4.8M
IT & IP services $4M
Wood & paper products $1.28M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.09M
Metals $999K
Animal & marine products $833K
Uruguay
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $44.2M
Raw agricultural goods $1.77M
Wood & paper products $1.51M
Machinery & equipment $723K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $281K
Textiles & consumer goods $269K
Chemicals & pharma $133K
Precious metals & jewellery $99K
Raw materials & minerals $10K
Metals $2K

Balance of trade

Canada Uruguay
Current account balance
-$10.3B
2024
-$633M
2024
Current account balance ranking
177/190
2024
111/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.46%
2024
-0.78%
2024
Goods imports
$574B
2024
$13B
2024
Goods exports
$569B
2024
$16.3B
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$6.22B
2024
Service exports
$159B
2024
$7.1B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.7%
2024
23.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.4%
2024
28.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Uruguay
Economic freedom 75.6 69.8
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 39/197
Property rights 85.9 87.4
Government integrity 85.5 79
Judicial effectiveness 96 80.9
Tax burden 74.7 73.3
Government spending 45.9 72
Fiscal health 79.7 76.6
Business freedom 84.2 83.8
Labor freedom 68.3 61.7
Monetary freedom 73.8 70.2
Trade freedom 83.2 73.2
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 70 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Uruguay
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Uruguay
2026 75.6 69.8
2025 75.5 70.2
2024 72.4 69.8
2023 73.7 70.2
2022 76.6 70
2021 77.9 69.3
2020 78.2 69.1
2019 77.7 68.6
2018 77.7 69.2
2017 78.5 69.7
2016 78 68.8
2015 79.1 68.6
2014 80.2 69.3
2013 79.4 69.7
2012 79.9 69.9
2011 80.8 70
2010 80.4 69.8
2009 80.5 69.1
2008 80.2 67.9
2007 78 68.4
2006 77.4 65.3
2005 75.8 66.9
2004 75.3 66.7
2003 74.8 69.8
2002 74.6 68.7
2001 71.2 70.7
2000 70.5 69.3
1999 69.3 68.5
1998 68.5 68.6
1997 67.9 67.5
1996 70.3 63.7
1995 69.4 62.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uruguay | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 69.8 for Uruguay, ranking 39/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Uruguay
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2021
65.3%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2021
16.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.6%
2021
6.42%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.2T
2024
$73.3B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,630
2024
$34,170
2024
Total reserves including gold
$120B
2024
$17.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2024
66/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$27.8B
2024
$2.58B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
-$3.94B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
-$1.37B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
17.3%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
15.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/uruguay | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1998, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.