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Economy of Canada vs Czech Republic compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Canada has a GDP of $2.32T compared to $391B for the Czech Republic, ranking 10/197 and 42/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.63T in government debt (113.5% of GDP), compared to $174B (44.6% of GDP) in the Czech Republic.

Canada vs Czech Republic GDP by year

Canada
Czech Republic
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Czech Republic
2025 $2,319,899,772,426 $391,026,962,800
2024 $2,270,076,189,683 $347,082,562,221
2023 $2,196,593,836,347 $345,059,295,660
2022 $2,200,562,785,046 $301,831,228,326
2021 $2,022,377,950,897 $290,972,714,482
2020 $1,655,686,966,882 $251,109,660,603
2019 $1,743,728,952,157 $256,794,209,029
2018 $1,725,330,736,238 $251,992,360,762
2017 $1,649,269,496,515 $221,563,575,696
2016 $1,527,996,250,641 $198,160,659,304
2015 $1,556,510,380,200 $189,107,698,562
2014 $1,805,751,688,809 $210,911,285,078
2013 $1,846,583,831,414 $213,024,360,541
2012 $1,828,359,477,072 $210,363,223,088
2011 $1,793,335,727,901 $231,429,378,717
2010 $1,617,349,192,091 $211,168,667,286
2009 $1,374,627,766,600 $206,971,882,705
2008 $1,552,993,439,550 $236,506,264,754
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $190,040,702,287
2006 $1,319,291,255,289 $156,236,258,387
2005 $1,173,118,501,403 $137,264,185,596
2004 $1,026,691,006,918 $120,147,899,984
2003 $895,542,074,085 $100,435,924,705
2002 $760,650,608,552 $82,607,869,610
2001 $738,981,792,355 $68,135,304,464
2000 $744,773,415,932 $62,175,642,238
1999 $678,414,215,521 $65,586,562,605
1998 $633,999,325,918 $67,187,217,328
1997 $654,987,722,086 $62,539,765,163
1996 $630,607,994,133 $67,804,105,330
1995 $605,961,090,061 $60,572,381,311
1994 $579,944,346,807 $48,188,478,339
1993 $579,053,561,739 $41,155,654,032
1992 $594,387,358,319 $35,051,065,440
1991 $612,527,712,316 $30,071,014,282
1990 $596,075,591,361 $41,016,881,802
1989 $567,211,993,243 -
1988 $509,380,027,627 -
1987 $433,134,238,311 -
1986 $379,006,836,992 -
1985 $366,186,012,450 -
1984 $356,718,400,124 -
1983 $341,866,277,183 -
1982 $314,647,807,409 -
1981 $307,246,642,756 -
1980 $274,776,566,028 -
1979 $243,891,124,296 -
1978 $219,369,542,386 -
1977 $212,325,176,305 -
1976 $207,271,612,576 -
1975 $174,419,757,177 -
1974 $160,949,188,139 -
1973 $131,764,343,566 -
1972 $113,463,848,874 -
1971 $99,606,454,744 -
1970 $88,192,257,632 -
1969 $79,405,011,125 -
1968 $72,048,833,006 -
1967 $65,856,924,424 -
1966 $61,252,415,405 -
1965 $54,649,410,479 -
1964 $49,503,663,836 -
1963 $45,140,337,827 -
1962 $42,336,211,556 -
1961 $41,038,192,838 -
1960 $40,563,768,947 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/czech-republic | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Czech Republic by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Czech Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Czech Republic
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $55,698 - $35,917 -
2024 $55,016 $64,610 $31,828 $57,285
2023 $54,848 $64,219 $31,762 $55,761
2022 $56,497 $63,944 $28,282 $52,947
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $27,696 $47,796
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $23,473 $44,839
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $24,063 $45,614
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $23,706 $41,638
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $20,913 $39,346
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $18,754 $36,445
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $17,932 $34,093
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $20,038 $32,743
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $20,260 $31,013
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $20,014 $29,466
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $22,049 $29,237
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $20,160 $28,154
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $19,817 $27,713
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $22,775 $27,938
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $18,453 $26,268
2006 $40,505 $38,123 $15,259 $23,914
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $13,442 $22,115
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $11,783 $20,988
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $9,852 $19,604
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $8,101 $18,344
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $6,669 $17,709
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $6,063 $16,332
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $6,378 $15,494
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $6,527 $15,064
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $6,069 $14,911
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $6,573 $14,781
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $5,865 $13,957
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $4,663 $12,862
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $3,984 $12,242
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $3,397 $11,963
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $2,917 $11,768
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $3,969 $12,848
1989 $20,795 - - -
1988 $19,013 - - -
1987 $16,378 - - -
1986 $14,521 - - -
1985 $14,170 - - -
1984 $13,930 - - -
1983 $13,477 - - -
1982 $12,527 - - -
1981 $12,379 - - -
1980 $11,208 - - -
1979 $10,078 - - -
1978 $9,154 - - -
1977 $8,949 - - -
1976 $8,839 - - -
1975 $7,537 - - -
1974 $7,057 - - -
1973 $5,858 - - -
1972 $5,107 - - -
1971 $4,535 - - -
1970 $4,136 - - -
1969 $3,776 - - -
1968 $3,473 - - -
1967 $3,226 - - -
1966 $3,055 - - -
1965 $2,777 - - -
1964 $2,562 - - -
1963 $2,380 - - -
1962 $2,274 - - -
1961 $2,246 - - -
1960 $2,265 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/czech-republic | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $55,698, ranking 23/197, compared to $35,917 in the Czech Republic, ranking 35/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while the Czech Republic ranks 35th at $57,285.

Economic indicators

Canada Czech Republic
Gross domestic product
$2.32T
2025
$391B
2025
GDP rank
10/197
2025
42/197
2025
GDP growth
1.74%
2024-2025
2.58%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$55,698
2025
$35,917
2025
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2025
35/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$57,285
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
35/197
2024
Government debt
$2.63T
2025
$174B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.5%
2025
44.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$63,220
2025
$16,026
2025
Government debt per person rank
5/185
2025
42/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,531
2026
$22,312
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.62T
2025
$55.4B
2025
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
82
2026
11
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.6%
2022
21.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
3.8%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44%
2025
43.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.07%
2024-2025
2.46%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
3.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.82%
2025
2.8%
2025
Population
42199836
10742283

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Czech Republic
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Czech Republic
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44% 113.5% 43.5% 44.6%
2024 44.3% 110% 42.9% 43.3%
2023 41.8% 105.1% 43.7% 42.2%
2022 40.4% 103.5% 43% 42.5%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 45% 40.7%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 46.3% 36.9%
2019 40.6% 90.1% 40.4% 29.6%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 40.1% 31.7%
2017 40.5% 91% 38.5% 33.8%
2016 40.8% 92.5% 39.4% 36.2%
2015 40% 92.3% 41.7% 39.5%
2014 38.4% 85.8% 42.3% 41.5%
2013 40% 87.7% 42.4% 44.1%
2012 40.9% 87% 44.4% 43.8%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 42.8% 39.4%
2010 43.1% 84% 43.2% 36.7%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 44.5% 33.4%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 40.9% 28.2%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 40.5% 27.3%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 41.5% 27.6%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 42.3% 27.7%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 42.2% 28.3%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 49% 28.1%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 44.4% 25.7%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 43.1% 22.6%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 40.6% 16.9%
1999 41.8% 89% 40.9% 15.1%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 41.6% 13.9%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 41.3% 12.1%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 41.4% 11.5%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 52.8% 13.5%
1994 49% 97.5% - -
1993 51.5% 94.7% - -
1992 52.5% 88.2% - -
1991 51.4% 81.7% - -
1990 48.1% 73.7% - -
1989 45.8% 72.2% - -
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/czech-republic | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government spending was $1.02T, accounting for 44% of its GDP, while the Czech Republic spent $170B, or 43.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.5% in Canada and 44.6% in the Czech Republic, ranking 14/185 and 119/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Czech Republic
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Czech Republic
2025 -1.77% -2.03%
2024 -2.12% -2.03%
2023 -0.16% -3.73%
2022 0.62% -3.07%
2021 -3.06% -4.95%
2020 -10.9% -5.65%
2019 -0.02% 0.28%
2018 0.36% 0.88%
2017 -0.11% 1.46%
2016 -0.45% 0.68%
2015 -0.06% -0.67%
2014 0.17% -2.09%
2013 -1.49% -1.3%
2012 -2.52% -3.92%
2011 -3.31% -2.71%
2010 -4.74% -4.14%
2009 -3.88% -5.46%
2008 0.18% -2%
2007 1.82% -0.68%
2006 1.83% -2.19%
2005 1.55% -3.06%
2004 0.77% -2.4%
2003 -0.13% -6.87%
2002 -0.23% -6.34%
2001 0.53% -5.76%
2000 2.64% -3.55%
1999 1.66% -3.08%
1998 0.14% -4.14%
1997 0.04% -3.14%
1996 -3.05% -2.98%
1995 -5.49% -12.3%
1994 -6.94% -
1993 -8.93% -
1992 -9.2% -
1991 -8.36% -
1990 -5.91% -
1989 -4.6% -
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/czech-republic | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $41B, equivalent to 1.77% of GDP. This compares to the Czech Republic's deficit of $7.92B, or 2.03% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while the Czech Republic ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 1.01% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.13% of GDP for the Czech Republic.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Czech Republic
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Czech Republic
2025 2.07% 2.46%
2024 2.38% 2.44%
2023 3.88% 10.7%
2022 6.8% 15.1%
2021 3.4% 3.84%
2020 0.72% 3.16%
2019 1.95% 2.85%
2018 2.27% 2.15%
2017 1.6% 2.45%
2016 1.43% 0.68%
2015 1.13% 0.31%
2014 1.91% 0.34%
2013 0.94% 1.44%
2012 1.52% 3.29%
2011 2.91% 1.92%
2010 1.78% 1.47%
2009 0.3% 1.02%
2008 2.37% 6.36%
2007 2.14% 2.85%
2006 2% 2.53%
2005 2.21% 1.86%
2004 1.86% 2.76%
2003 2.76% 0.12%
2002 2.26% 1.9%
2001 2.53% 4.66%
2000 2.72% 3.78%
1999 1.73% 2.14%
1998 1% 10.7%
1997 1.62% 8.6%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/czech-republic | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.14%, compared with 3.58% in the Czech Republic. In 2025, inflation was 2.07% in Canada and 2.46% in the Czech Republic.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $149M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $22.3M
Weapons & explosives $21.5M
Chemicals & pharma $21.3M
Raw agricultural goods $16.4M
IT & IP services $13.6M
Business & finance services $11.1M
Wood & paper products $6.63M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.1M
Miscellaneous $4.02M
Czech Republic
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $293M
Transport & tourism services $99.9M
Chemicals & pharma $93.6M
Metals $61.5M
Textiles & consumer goods $54.4M
IT & IP services $42.5M
Raw materials & minerals $34.4M
Business & finance services $13.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $12.8M
Wood & paper products $10.2M

Balance of trade

Canada Czech Republic
Current account balance
-$22B
2025
$2.44B
2025
Current account balance ranking
184/190
2025
41/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.95%
2025
+0.62%
2025
Goods imports
$577B
2025
$197B
2025
Goods exports
$555B
2025
$215B
2025
Service imports
$169B
2025
$42.9B
2025
Service exports
$172B
2025
$47.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
61.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.3%
2025
66.9%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Czech Republic
Economic freedom 75.6 73.2
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 25/197
Property rights 85.9 89.8
Government integrity 85.5 64.7
Judicial effectiveness 96 92.1
Tax burden 74.7 78.8
Government spending 45.9 44.2
Fiscal health 79.7 82.5
Business freedom 84.2 76.8
Labor freedom 68.3 55.1
Monetary freedom 73.8 75
Trade freedom 83.2 79.4
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Czech Republic
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Czech Republic
2026 75.6 73.2
2025 75.5 72.9
2024 72.4 70.2
2023 73.7 71.9
2022 76.6 74.4
2021 77.9 73.8
2020 78.2 74.8
2019 77.7 73.7
2018 77.7 74.2
2017 78.5 73.3
2016 78 73.2
2015 79.1 72.5
2014 80.2 72.2
2013 79.4 70.9
2012 79.9 69.9
2011 80.8 70.4
2010 80.4 69.8
2009 80.5 69.4
2008 80.2 68.1
2007 78 67.4
2006 77.4 66.4
2005 75.8 64.6
2004 75.3 67
2003 74.8 67.5
2002 74.6 66.5
2001 71.2 70.2
2000 70.5 68.6
1999 69.3 69.7
1998 68.5 68.4
1997 67.9 68.8
1996 70.3 68.1
1995 69.4 67.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/czech-republic | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 73.2 for the Czech Republic, ranking 25/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Czech Republic
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2022
60.8%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
27.4%
2022
28.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.93%
2022
1.95%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.35T
2025
$359B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$66,820
2025
$57,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$126B
2025
$176B
2025
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2025
21/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$11.9B
2025
-$1.88B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$13.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$12.9B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
10.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
26.8%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/czech-republic | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.