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Economy of New Zealand vs Senegal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

New Zealand has a GDP of $260B compared to $32.3B for Senegal, ranking 53/197 and 110/197 by economy size, respectively.

New Zealand has $133B in government debt (55.3% of GDP), compared to $36.7B (111.4% of GDP) in Senegal.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

New Zealand
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Senegal
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
New Zealand Senegal
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $5,536,098,360 $42,169,502,939 $1,003,692,370 $3,845,391,102
1961 $5,721,994,864 $43,567,695,918 $1,058,975,257 $3,960,500,895
1962 $6,133,158,532 $44,909,961,496 $1,085,475,791 $3,955,105,292
1963 $6,699,741,645 $47,650,420,052 $1,122,139,862 $4,028,847,383
1964 $7,340,766,415 $50,558,660,811 $1,188,930,645 $4,185,324,878
1965 $5,706,251,400 $53,648,670,594 $1,210,058,228 $4,241,081,336
1966 $5,917,437,693 $57,000,887,530 $1,246,908,186 $4,363,087,109
1967 $6,016,017,227 $54,384,875,095 $1,246,480,766 $4,309,866,484
1968 $5,228,045,415 $54,358,308,884 $1,309,384,862 $4,580,990,424
1969 $5,814,357,709 $59,899,960,124 $1,245,234,931 $4,280,745,764
1970 $6,495,605,331 $59,062,793,729 $1,297,407,655 $4,647,265,165
1971 $7,911,136,757 $61,298,590,947 $1,339,549,033 $4,640,738,107
1972 $9,567,331,065 $64,436,532,490 $1,620,857,104 $4,936,966,115
1973 $12,802,281,898 $69,462,760,982 $1,863,398,590 $4,661,323,443
1974 $13,940,981,798 $73,625,970,474 $2,099,325,229 $4,857,135,178
1975 $12,861,983,284 $72,351,001,836 $2,830,388,405 $5,223,152,496
1976 $13,604,832,424 $73,023,006,890 $2,869,777,884 $5,689,084,008
1977 $15,446,825,318 $70,148,574,828 $2,938,046,463 $5,536,451,272
1978 $18,530,518,395 $70,372,042,491 $3,280,354,921 $5,317,543,794
1979 $20,731,243,113 $71,914,438,834 $4,084,877,823 $5,689,861,493
1980 $23,244,547,385 $72,838,001,601 $4,510,108,291 $5,916,759,626
1981 $24,417,617,184 $76,229,086,932 $4,095,892,781 $6,223,261,363
1982 $24,164,603,059 $76,937,776,426 $4,013,951,443 $6,721,768,519
1983 $24,309,279,706 $79,624,078,134 $3,569,356,125 $6,342,159,312
1984 $21,665,975,319 $83,440,220,877 $3,485,165,432 $6,591,776,710
1985 $24,679,795,396 $84,788,059,636 $3,818,944,918 $6,820,055,505
1986 $30,604,668,357 $87,082,121,111 $5,392,093,446 $7,033,317,655
1987 $40,376,354,070 $87,927,548,030 $6,487,353,103 $7,473,312,401
1988 $45,176,811,594 $87,616,568,095 $6,418,419,389 $7,412,287,163
1989 $43,920,222,525 $87,757,994,040 $6,366,039,373 $7,706,835,394
1990 $45,495,129,385 $87,892,387,206 $7,390,967,360 $7,649,320,651
1991 $42,745,329,732 $86,933,663,001 $7,255,210,470 $7,852,789,724
1992 $41,649,829,860 $87,884,573,621 $7,769,817,840 $7,956,464,848
1993 $46,775,620,817 $93,501,741,195 $7,367,986,241 $8,064,689,718
1994 $55,314,732,279 $98,288,327,599 $5,034,588,196 $8,060,857,301
1995 $63,918,703,507 $102,929,582,187 $6,326,342,633 $8,501,672,123
1996 $70,140,835,299 $106,647,274,008 $6,559,712,166 $8,673,403,962
1997 $66,075,143,415 $108,864,761,861 $6,041,478,726 $8,937,561,243
1998 $56,227,169,851 $109,799,263,892 $6,505,607,909 $9,464,741,444
1999 $58,762,260,626 $115,703,970,647 $6,592,834,933 $10,059,440,324
2000 $52,623,281,957 $119,024,733,715 $6,013,185,004 $10,450,471,991
2001 $53,872,425,917 $123,084,659,196 $6,507,824,829 $10,900,976,316
2002 $66,627,729,311 $128,886,227,124 $7,006,402,320 $10,908,464,913
2003 $88,250,885,550 $134,980,022,138 $8,768,721,563 $11,518,679,089
2004 $103,905,210,084 $140,497,957,985 $10,076,816,667 $12,053,525,217
2005 $114,720,129,550 $145,208,752,801 $11,009,033,438 $12,573,060,905
2006 $111,538,810,713 $149,245,237,528 $11,697,918,243 $12,866,110,160
2007 $137,188,946,866 $153,806,793,429 $13,994,218,413 $13,229,850,431
2008 $133,437,126,590 $152,242,519,171 $16,853,989,628 $13,719,774,159
2009 $121,663,439,315 $152,185,479,818 $16,145,867,495 $14,097,356,679
2010 $146,887,902,524 $154,405,312,545 $16,121,315,909 $14,575,382,432
2011 $168,484,908,960 $157,637,781,921 $17,814,283,639 $14,769,831,309
2012 $176,560,711,239 $161,367,975,233 $17,660,870,412 $15,361,066,999
2013 $191,012,364,177 $165,546,666,710 $18,918,667,725 $15,731,635,117
2014 $201,518,402,787 $171,881,119,397 $19,797,253,440 $16,710,783,797
2015 $178,224,167,088 $178,224,167,088 $17,774,766,696 $17,774,766,696
2016 $189,100,085,275 $184,959,455,627 $19,040,312,333 $18,904,543,056
2017 $206,745,969,246 $191,208,740,301 $20,996,562,944 $20,304,894,471
2018 $211,985,631,173 $197,844,796,499 $23,116,701,556 $21,565,674,311
2019 $213,006,341,102 $202,429,793,154 $23,403,995,992 $22,560,634,320
2020 $213,029,554,654 $201,807,833,898 $24,530,513,038 $22,863,414,676
2021 $253,977,931,815 $210,960,637,813 $27,520,784,130 $24,359,596,784
2022 $249,509,991,440 $218,336,637,843 $27,783,332,223 $25,297,546,479
2023 $255,194,972,673 $221,380,800,380 $30,696,331,296 $26,374,572,022
2024 $260,235,932,559 $221,100,836,866 $32,267,254,425 $28,192,309,478

Economic indicators

New Zealand Senegal
Gross domestic product
$260B
2024
$32.3B
2024
GDP rank
53/197
2024
110/197
2024
GDP growth
1.98%
2023-2024
5.12%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$48,747
2024
$1,744
2024
GDP per capita rank
26/197
2024
160/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$55,094
2024
$5,110
2024
Government debt
$133B
2024
$36.7B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
55.3%
2025
111.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$24,936
2024
$1,982
2024
Government debt per person rank
28/185
2024
119/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,132
2025
$1,890
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$92.9B
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
5
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10% n/a
28.8%
2021
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
43%
2025
29%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.92%
2023-2024
0.8%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.72%
2024
5.78%
2024
Population
5406623
19281054

GDP per capita in New Zealand vs Senegal

New Zealand's GDP per capita is $48,747, ranking 26/197, compared to $1,744 in Senegal, ranking 160/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), New Zealand ranks 37th at $55,094, while Senegal ranks 157th at $5,110.

New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Senegal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
New Zealand Senegal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $2,334 - $300 -
1961 $2,365 - $308 -
1962 $2,471 - $307 -
1963 $2,646 - $309 -
1964 $2,839 - $318 -
1965 $2,171 - $314 -
1966 $2,211 - $315 -
1967 $2,208 - $305 -
1968 $1,902 - $311 -
1969 $2,097 - $287.3 -
1970 $2,311 - $290.5 -
1971 $2,773 - $291.1 -
1972 $3,295 - $342 -
1973 $4,323 - $381 -
1974 $4,611 - $417 -
1975 $4,172 - $547 -
1976 $4,374 - $541 -
1977 $4,951 - $540 -
1978 $5,937 - $589 -
1979 $6,668 - $716 -
1980 $7,467 - $772 -
1981 $7,814 - $683 -
1982 $7,656 - $652 -
1983 $7,598 - $564 -
1984 $6,714 - $536 -
1985 $7,601 - $571 -
1986 $9,428 - $784 -
1987 $12,331 - $916 -
1988 $13,759 - $880 -
1989 $13,312 - $849 -
1990 $13,663 $14,871 $957 $1,513
1991 $12,230 $14,560 $913 $1,561
1992 $11,793 $14,937 $951 $1,573
1993 $13,094 $15,964 $878 $1,588
1994 $15,280 $17,111 $584 $1,578
1995 $17,400 $17,885 $715 $1,656
1996 $18,794 $18,442 $723 $1,679
1997 $17,474 $19,127 $651 $1,719
1998 $14,738 $19,320 $685 $1,798
1999 $15,322 $20,579 $678 $1,893
2000 $13,641 $21,501 $603 $1,963
2001 $13,883 $22,521 $637 $2,044
2002 $16,874 $23,306 $669 $2,027
2003 $21,914 $23,987 $818 $2,131
2004 $25,420 $25,097 $918 $2,236
2005 $27,751 $25,677 $980 $2,350
2006 $26,655 $27,744 $1,017 $2,422
2007 $32,480 $29,354 $1,189 $2,499
2008 $31,325 $29,896 $1,399 $2,581
2009 $28,277 $30,756 $1,309 $2,606
2010 $33,762 $31,293 $1,276 $2,663
2011 $38,432 $32,739 $1,375 $2,685
2012 $40,054 $33,055 $1,327 $2,764
2013 $43,000 $36,263 $1,380 $2,769
2014 $44,618 $37,331 $1,399 $2,854
2015 $38,665 $37,578 $1,218 $2,994
2016 $40,114 $39,989 $1,266 $3,101
2017 $42,950 $42,244 $1,357 $3,234
2018 $43,257 $42,527 $1,453 $3,380
2019 $42,779 $45,198 $1,431 $3,648
2020 $41,851 $45,354 $1,461 $3,753
2021 $49,689 $47,997 $1,598 $4,174
2022 $48,760 $53,647 $1,574 $4,530
2023 $48,655 $53,854 $1,698 $4,778
2024 $48,747 $55,094 $1,744 $5,110

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, New Zealand's government spending was $111B, accounting for 43% of its GDP, while Senegal's spent $10B, or 29% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.3% in New Zealand and 111.4% in Senegal, ranking 95/185 and 14/185, respectively.

New Zealand
Government spending

Government debt
Senegal
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
New Zealand Senegal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 25.3% 68.1% - -
1961 21.1% 64.6% - -
1962 21.6% 65% - -
1963 19.4% 64.5% - -
1964 19.4% 61.8% - -
1965 24.9% 59.6% - -
1966 25% 58.2% - -
1967 26% 59.7% - -
1968 26.2% 86.5% - -
1969 25.9% 85.8% - -
1970 24.8% 76.5% - -
1971 26.8% 71.3% - -
1972 26.4% 46% - -
1973 27.1% 44% - -
1974 27.3% 39.6% - -
1975 30.1% 41.4% - -
1976 31.6% 47.6% - -
1977 30% 44.6% - -
1978 36.6% 50% - -
1979 38.4% 52% - -
1980 38% 52.2% - -
1981 39.1% 50.5% - -
1982 39.9% 51.5% - -
1983 41.4% 59.6% - -
1984 40.7% 62.8% - -
1985 46.1% 64.1% - -
1986 46.9% 68.5% - -
1987 46.1% 62.9% - -
1988 46.1% 54.7% - -
1989 47.9% 55% - -
1990 49.6% 55.5% - -
1991 53% 58% - -
1992 52.5% 58.7% - -
1993 46.8% 54.6% - -
1994 42.8% 48.9% 15.9% 77.3%
1995 41.6% 43.5% 14.4% 65.3%
1996 39.9% 37.3% 15.4% 0.07%
1997 39.3% 34.6% 14.1% 67.8%
1998 40.1% 34.5% 13.5% 18.8%
1999 39.3% 32% 14.6% 15%
2000 38.3% 30% 14% 57.5%
2001 37.2% 28.2% 15.7% 53.2%
2002 36.8% 26.4% 15.5% 52%
2003 36.7% 24.7% 17.1% 42.9%
2004 36.2% 22.5% 18.1% 38%
2005 37.1% 20.8% 18.7% 36.1%
2006 37.9% 18.4% 21.3% 17.5%
2007 37.1% 16.3% 22.2% 19%
2008 38.5% 19% 20.9% 19.1%
2009 40.3% 24.3% 21.1% 29.9%
2010 42.9% 29.6% 21.7% 34.6%
2011 42.4% 34.7% 23.3% 32.9%
2012 39.7% 35.7% 23% 34.5%
2013 38.6% 34.5% 22.1% 36.9%
2014 37.7% 34.2% 23.1% 42.4%
2015 37.2% 34.2% 22.9% 44.5%
2016 36.4% 33.3% 24% 47.5%
2017 35.6% 31.1% 22.5% 61.1%
2018 36.1% 28.1% 22.6% 61.5%
2019 38.8% 31.8% 30.2% 72.1%
2020 42% 43.2% 29.4% 81.6%
2021 41.9% 47.5% 31% 89.4%
2022 41.8% 46.9% 32.5% 94.6%
2023 41.3% 47% 33.3% 107.4%
2024 42.7% 51.2% 31.1% 113.7%
2025 43% 55.3% 29% 111.4%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, New Zealand's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$11.4B, equivalent to -4.38% of GDP. This compares to Senegal's deficit of -$3.79B, or -11.7% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, New Zealand recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 of those years, while Senegal ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, New Zealand posted an annual surplus equal to +0.01% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.43% of GDP for Senegal.

Deficit/surplus
New Zealand

Senegal
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
New Zealand Senegal
1876 -5.28% -
1877 -2.53% -
1878 -0.85% -
1879 -0.55% -
1880 -2.39% -
1881 -2.33% -
1882 0.18% -
1883 0.38% -
1884 -0.1% -
1885 -0.47% -
1886 -0.53% -
1887 -1.63% -
1888 -1.64% -
1889 0.59% -
1890 0.05% -
1891 0.46% -
1892 0.09% -
1893 1.14% -
1894 0.76% -
1895 0.32% -
1896 0.65% -
1897 0.86% -
1898 1.38% -
1899 1.15% -
1900 1.59% -
1901 1.11% -
1902 0.63% -
1903 0.55% -
1904 1.42% -
1905 1.41% -
1906 0.97% -
1907 1.13% -
1908 1.26% -
1909 0.31% -
1910 0.36% -
1911 1.24% -
1912 0.89% -
1913 0.79% -
1914 0.45% -
1915 0.06% -
1916 1.46% -
1917 3.89% -
1918 4.35% -
1919 2.9% -
1920 1.51% -
1921 3.55% -
1922 -0.2% -
1923 0.95% -
1924 1.2% -
1925 0.78% -
1926 0.72% -
1927 0.4% -
1928 0.12% -
1929 -0.37% -
1930 0.09% -
1931 -1.12% -
1932 -1.77% -
1933 0.02% -
1934 -0.55% -
1935 1.19% -
1936 0.17% -
1937 0.23% -
1938 0.38% -
1939 0.34% -
1940 0.13% -
1941 0.64% -
1942 0.56% -
1943 1.24% -
1944 0.59% -
1945 0.32% -
1946 0.31% -
1947 1.07% -
1948 0.36% -
1949 0.53% -
1950 0.78% -
1951 1.17% -
1952 1.73% -
1953 0.43% -
1954 0.22% -
1955 0.73% -
1956 1.33% -
1957 0.32% -
1958 -0.02% -
1959 0.03% -
1960 0.05% -
1961 0.03% -
1962 0.02% -
1963 -0.26% -
1964 -0.08% -
1965 0.26% -
1966 0.09% -
1967 0.02% -
1968 0.03% -
1969 0.17% -
1970 -0.05% -
1971 0.09% -
1972 0.12% -
1973 -0.07% -
1974 0.03% -
1975 0.11% -
1976 -2.07% -
1977 -1.09% -
1978 -3.41% -
1979 -6.55% -
1980 -4.9% -
1981 -6.02% -
1982 -6.26% -
1983 -6.64% -
1984 -8.68% -
1985 -6.97% -
1986 -5.33% -
1987 -3.43% -
1988 -1.88% -
1989 -2.16% -
1990 -2.74% -
1991 -6.14% -
1992 -6.27% -
1993 -1.53% -
1994 1.99% 5.9%
1995 3.7% 2.41%
1996 2.58% 0.92%
1997 1.23% 0.98%
1998 -0.48% 0.93%
1999 -1.11% -0.62%
2000 0.17% 0.78%
2001 1.29% -1.44%
2002 2.55% 0.19%
2003 3.68% -0.52%
2004 4.49% 0.18%
2005 5.13% -0.26%
2006 4.62% -3.67%
2007 3.6% -2.8%
2008 1.47% -3.53%
2009 -1.81% -3.66%
2010 -5.51% -3.94%
2011 -4.96% -4.92%
2012 -2.19% -4.18%
2013 -1.29% -4.34%
2014 -0.34% -3.9%
2015 0.36% -3.66%
2016 0.98% -3.27%
2017 1.36% -2.97%
2018 1.27% -3.66%
2019 -2.5% -9.88%
2020 -4.35% -9.28%
2021 -3.5% -11.5%
2022 -4.16% -12.6%
2023 -3.54% -12.3%
2024 -4.38% -11.7%
2025 -5.18% -7.25%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, New Zealand has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.37%, compared with 2.04% in Senegal. In 2024, inflation was 2.92% in New Zealand and 0.8% in Senegal.

Inflation
New Zealand

Senegal
Year Inflation
New Zealand Senegal New Zealand Senegal
1996 2.29% 2.75%
1997 1.19% 1.75%
1998 1.27% 1.16%
1999 -0.11% 0.83%
2000 2.62% 0.73%
2001 2.63% 2.97%
2002 2.68% 2.34%
2003 1.75% -0.05%
2004 2.29% 0.51%
2005 3.04% 1.71%
2006 3.37% 2.11%
2007 2.38% 5.85%
2008 3.96% 7.35%
2009 2.12% -2.25%
2010 2.3% 1.23%
2011 4.03% 3.4%
2012 1.06% 1.42%
2013 1.13% 0.71%
2014 1.23% -1.09%
2015 0.29% 0.14%
2016 0.65% 0.84%
2017 1.85% 1.32%
2018 1.6% 0.46%
2019 1.62% 1.76%
2020 1.71% 2.54%
2021 3.94% 2.18%
2022 7.17% 9.7%
2023 5.73% 5.94%
2024 2.92% 0.8%

Top exports between countries

New Zealand
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.73M
Animal & marine products $1.3M
Transport & tourism services $100K
Machinery & equipment $88K
Wood & paper products $44K
Chemicals & pharma $22K
Raw materials & minerals $20K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K
Senegal
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $1.81M

Balance of trade

New Zealand Senegal
Current account balance
-$15.8B
2024
-$6.07B
2023
Current account balance ranking
178/189
2024
172/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-6.09%
2024
-19.8%
2023
Goods imports
$48.6B
2024
$10.8B
2023
Goods exports
$43.3B
2024
$5.52B
2023
Service imports
$19.4B
2024
$4.08B
2023
Service exports
$18.5B
2024
$1.48B
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
26.7%
2023
43.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.7%
2023
28.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

New Zealand Senegal
Economic freedom 78.1 56.4
Economic freedom ranking 12/197 119/197
Property rights 87.5 57.2
Government integrity 91.3 45.2
Judicial effectiveness 93.9 50.3
Tax burden 65.4 69.4
Government spending 47.8 79.7
Fiscal health 77.7 30.5
Business freedom 88.7 54.3
Labor freedom 69.7 54.3
Monetary freedom 74.6 68.8
Trade freedom 90.4 67.2
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for New Zealand is 78.1, ranking 12/197, compared to 56.4 for Senegal, ranking 119/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

New Zealand
Senegal
Year Economic freedom index
New Zealand Senegal
1996 78.1 58.2
1997 79 58.1
1998 79.2 59.7
1999 81.7 60.6
2000 80.9 58.9
2001 81.1 58.7
2002 80.7 58.6
2003 81.1 58.1
2004 81.5 58.9
2005 82.3 57.9
2006 82 56.2
2007 81.4 58.1
2008 80.7 58.3
2009 82 56.3
2010 82.1 54.6
2011 82.3 55.7
2012 82.1 55.4
2013 81.4 55.5
2014 81.2 55.4
2015 82.1 57.8
2016 81.6 58.1
2017 83.7 55.9
2018 84.2 55.7
2019 84.4 56.3
2020 84.1 58
2021 83.9 58
2022 80.6 60
2023 78.9 57.7
2024 77.8 55.4
2025 78.1 56.4

More economic indicators

New Zealand Senegal
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2022
49.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2022
25.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.57%
2022
15.5%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$247B
2024
$31B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$53,160
2024
$4,960
2024
Total reserves including gold
$22.1B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
59/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.17B
2024
-$4.72B
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$3.37B
2024
$2.02B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.2B
2024
$48.1M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
9.05%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
37.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.8%
2023
32.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Economy vs New Zealand vs Senegal
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.