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Economy of New Zealand vs Togo compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

New Zealand has a GDP of $260B compared to $10.7B for Togo, ranking 52/197 and 154/197 by economy size, respectively.

New Zealand has $133B in government debt (58.4% of GDP), compared to $7.52B (67.7% of GDP) in Togo.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

New Zealand
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Togo
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
New Zealand Togo
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $5,536,098,360 $42,169,502,939 $171,057,069 $751,799,609
1961 $5,721,994,864 $43,567,695,918 $178,497,098 $843,288,489
1962 $6,133,158,532 $44,909,961,496 $186,745,758 $875,111,269
1963 $6,699,741,645 $47,650,420,052 $202,305,865 $918,864,157
1964 $7,340,766,415 $50,558,660,811 $234,572,186 $1,050,133,194
1965 $5,706,251,400 $53,648,670,594 $264,505,506 $1,212,480,769
1966 $5,917,437,693 $57,000,887,530 $305,227,595 $1,326,559,679
1967 $6,016,017,227 $54,384,875,095 $327,215,844 $1,399,525,390
1968 $5,228,045,415 $54,358,308,884 $341,691,567 $1,469,833,233
1969 $5,814,357,709 $59,899,960,124 $378,091,810 $1,629,028,935
1970 $6,495,605,331 $59,062,793,729 $358,665,754 $1,670,150,556
1971 $7,911,136,757 $61,298,590,947 $404,648,368 $1,670,150,556
1972 $9,567,331,065 $64,436,532,490 $474,043,922 $1,797,502,167
1973 $12,802,281,898 $69,462,760,982 $574,030,984 $1,866,481,025
1974 $13,940,981,798 $73,625,970,474 $791,450,308 $1,956,685,237
1975 $12,861,983,284 $72,351,001,836 $871,781,687 $2,004,438,946
1976 $13,604,832,424 $73,023,006,890 $874,681,612 $1,963,317,428
1977 $15,446,825,318 $70,148,574,828 $1,097,893,826 $2,099,946,364
1978 $18,530,518,395 $70,372,042,491 $1,164,025,637 $2,331,894,564
1979 $20,731,243,113 $71,914,438,834 $1,259,365,712 $2,211,388,255
1980 $23,244,547,385 $72,838,001,601 $1,604,836,916 $2,533,741,350
1981 $24,417,617,184 $76,229,086,932 $1,359,026,709 $2,449,743,109
1982 $24,164,603,059 $76,937,776,426 $1,160,337,039 $2,361,983,450
1983 $24,309,279,706 $79,624,078,134 $1,081,387,265 $2,234,105,482
1984 $21,665,975,319 $83,440,220,877 $1,014,170,069 $2,358,222,442
1985 $24,679,795,396 $84,788,059,636 $1,076,604,520 $2,489,234,720
1986 $30,604,668,357 $87,082,121,111 $1,498,219,579 $2,528,726,536
1987 $40,376,354,070 $87,927,548,030 $1,763,978,066 $2,541,627,142
1988 $45,176,811,594 $87,616,568,095 $1,947,208,354 $2,710,451,415
1989 $43,920,222,525 $87,757,994,040 $1,910,635,575 $2,820,496,330
1990 $45,495,129,385 $87,892,387,206 $2,299,665,506 $2,813,624,018
1991 $42,745,329,732 $86,933,663,001 $2,262,767,860 $2,793,929,564
1992 $41,649,829,860 $87,884,573,621 $2,390,796,916 $2,682,711,979
1993 $46,775,620,817 $93,501,741,195 $1,741,944,426 $2,277,734,407
1994 $55,314,732,279 $98,288,327,599 $1,387,662,121 $2,618,994,013
1995 $63,918,703,507 $102,929,582,187 $1,849,110,468 $2,824,475,892
1996 $70,140,835,299 $106,647,274,008 $2,069,506,014 $3,074,052,559
1997 $66,075,143,415 $108,864,761,861 $2,116,818,623 $3,516,020,702
1998 $56,227,169,851 $109,799,263,892 $2,241,650,112 $3,435,156,566
1999 $58,762,260,626 $115,703,970,647 $2,226,577,204 $3,520,408,613
2000 $52,623,281,957 $119,024,733,715 $2,106,848,752 $3,492,826,930
2001 $53,872,425,917 $123,084,659,196 $2,093,498,674 $3,521,588,220
2002 $66,627,729,311 $128,886,227,124 $2,410,199,032 $3,656,346,110
2003 $88,250,885,550 $134,980,022,138 $2,987,984,051 $3,902,058,837
2004 $103,905,210,084 $140,497,957,985 $3,191,561,509 $3,863,870,739
2005 $114,720,129,550 $145,208,752,801 $3,221,910,408 $3,683,570,963
2006 $111,538,810,713 $149,245,237,528 $3,320,907,722 $3,781,190,459
2007 $137,188,946,866 $153,806,793,429 $3,759,962,853 $3,736,756,295
2008 $133,437,126,590 $152,242,519,171 $4,578,847,113 $3,887,557,324
2009 $121,663,439,315 $152,185,479,818 $4,721,888,275 $4,099,577,351
2010 $146,887,902,524 $154,405,312,545 $4,746,386,893 $4,339,580,302
2011 $168,484,908,960 $157,637,781,921 $5,422,439,152 $4,592,285,182
2012 $176,560,711,239 $161,367,975,233 $5,413,541,649 $4,881,723,795
2013 $191,012,364,177 $165,546,666,710 $6,021,729,630 $5,166,047,627
2014 $201,518,402,787 $171,881,119,397 $6,393,314,708 $5,457,063,354
2015 $178,224,167,088 $178,224,167,088 $5,755,457,836 $5,755,457,836
2016 $189,100,085,275 $184,959,455,627 $6,071,167,584 $5,998,044,851
2017 $206,745,969,246 $191,208,740,301 $6,387,424,240 $6,238,441,246
2018 $211,985,631,173 $197,844,796,499 $7,029,215,766 $6,537,585,941
2019 $213,006,341,102 $202,429,793,154 $6,992,654,019 $6,859,420,393
2020 $213,029,554,654 $201,807,833,898 $7,486,031,562 $7,007,740,719
2021 $253,977,931,815 $210,960,637,813 $8,541,668,141 $7,367,160,813
2022 $249,509,991,440 $218,336,637,843 $8,646,453,099 $7,830,882,103
2023 $255,194,972,673 $221,380,800,380 $9,816,236,303 $8,315,779,389
2024 $260,172,385,098 $224,233,557,754 $10,651,180,147 $8,858,969,845

Economic indicators

New Zealand Togo
Gross domestic product
$260B
2024
$10.7B
2024
GDP rank
52/197
2024
154/197
2024
GDP growth
1.95%
2023-2024
8.51%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$49,205
2024
$1,119
2024
GDP per capita rank
26/197
2024
172/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$55,625
2024
$3,365
2024
Government debt
$133B
2024
$7.52B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
58.4%
2026
67.7%
2026
Government debt per person
$25,170
2024
$790
2024
Government debt per person rank
28/185
2024
151/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,132
2026
$1,736
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$92.9B
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
5
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10% n/a
29.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.8%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
41.9%
2026
22%
2026
Consumer prices inflation
2.92%
2023-2024
2.86%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.72%
2024
1.97%
2022
Population
5362441
9933235

GDP per capita in New Zealand vs Togo

New Zealand's GDP per capita is $49,205, ranking 26/197, compared to $1,119 in Togo, ranking 172/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), New Zealand ranks 38th at $55,625, while Togo ranks 173rd at $3,365.

New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Togo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
New Zealand Togo
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $2,334 - $102.2 -
1961 $2,365 - $104.8 -
1962 $2,471 - $107.8 -
1963 $2,646 - $114.6 -
1964 $2,839 - $130.1 -
1965 $2,171 - $142.7 -
1966 $2,211 - $159.1 -
1967 $2,208 - $163.9 -
1968 $1,902 - $164.3 -
1969 $2,097 - $174.7 -
1970 $2,311 - $159.8 -
1971 $2,773 - $174.6 -
1972 $3,295 - $198.8 -
1973 $4,323 - $234.4 -
1974 $4,611 - $315 -
1975 $4,172 - $339 -
1976 $4,374 - $332 -
1977 $4,951 - $406 -
1978 $5,937 - $421 -
1979 $6,668 - $443 -
1980 $7,467 - $549 -
1981 $7,814 - $451 -
1982 $7,656 - $372 -
1983 $7,598 - $336 -
1984 $6,714 - $304 -
1985 $7,601 - $313 -
1986 $9,428 - $422 -
1987 $12,331 - $482 -
1988 $13,759 - $517 -
1989 $13,312 - $492 -
1990 $13,663 $14,871 $575 $1,110
1991 $12,230 $14,560 $550 $1,107
1992 $11,793 $14,937 $565 $1,057
1993 $13,094 $15,964 $414 $925
1994 $15,280 $17,111 $329 $1,082
1995 $17,400 $17,885 $419 $1,140
1996 $18,794 $18,442 $452 $1,218
1997 $17,474 $19,127 $448 $1,373
1998 $14,738 $19,320 $461 $1,318
1999 $15,322 $20,579 $445 $1,332
2000 $13,641 $21,501 $410 $1,315
2001 $13,883 $22,521 $397 $1,320
2002 $16,874 $23,306 $445 $1,357
2003 $21,914 $23,987 $538 $1,440
2004 $25,420 $25,097 $560 $1,427
2005 $27,751 $25,677 $551 $1,368
2006 $26,655 $27,744 $553 $1,407
2007 $32,480 $29,354 $608 $1,387
2008 $31,325 $29,896 $719 $1,429
2009 $28,277 $30,756 $721 $1,474
2010 $33,762 $31,293 $705 $1,537
2011 $38,432 $32,739 $784 $1,616
2012 $40,054 $33,055 $762 $1,645
2013 $43,000 $36,263 $827 $1,715
2014 $44,618 $37,331 $856 $1,803
2015 $38,665 $37,578 $751 $1,880
2016 $40,114 $39,989 $773 $1,933
2017 $42,950 $42,244 $793 $1,986
2018 $43,257 $42,527 $851 $2,067
2019 $42,856 $45,278 $826 $2,215
2020 $41,998 $45,513 $863 $2,384
2021 $49,950 $48,249 $962 $2,639
2022 $49,100 $54,021 $951 $2,935
2023 $49,076 $54,320 $1,055 $3,154
2024 $49,205 $55,625 $1,119 $3,365

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, New Zealand's government spending was $111B, accounting for 41.9% of its GDP, while Togo's spent $2.53B, or 22% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.4% in New Zealand and 67.7% in Togo, ranking 84/185 and 60/185, respectively.

New Zealand
Government spending

Government debt
Togo
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
New Zealand Togo
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 25.3% 68.1% - -
1961 21.1% 64.6% - -
1962 21.6% 65% - -
1963 19.4% 64.5% - -
1964 19.4% 61.8% - -
1965 24.9% 59.6% - -
1966 25% 58.2% - -
1967 26% 59.7% - -
1968 26.2% 86.5% - -
1969 25.9% 85.8% - -
1970 24.8% 76.5% - -
1971 26.8% 71.3% - -
1972 26.4% 46% - -
1973 27.1% 44% - -
1974 27.3% 39.6% - -
1975 30.1% 41.4% - -
1976 31.6% 47.6% - -
1977 30% 44.6% - -
1978 36.6% 50% - -
1979 38.4% 52% - -
1980 38% 52.2% - -
1981 39.1% 50.5% - -
1982 39.9% 51.5% - -
1983 41.4% 59.6% - -
1984 40.7% 62.8% - -
1985 46.1% 64.1% - -
1986 46.9% 68.5% - -
1987 46.1% 62.9% - -
1988 46.1% 54.7% - -
1989 47.9% 55% 16.9% 46.3%
1990 49.6% 55.5% 16.8% 44.7%
1991 53% 58% 14.6% 46.9%
1992 52.5% 58.7% 12.6% 45%
1993 46.8% 54.6% 14.8% 58.3%
1994 42.8% 48.9% 13.2% 79%
1995 41.6% 43.5% 12.7% 64.8%
1996 39.9% 37.3% 12.4% 60.4%
1997 39.3% 34.6% 10.6% 54.4%
1998 40.1% 34.5% 12.8% 62.8%
1999 39.3% 32% 11.9% 59.9%
2000 38.3% 30% 11.9% 66.5%
2001 37.2% 28.2% 10.9% 68.5%
2002 36.8% 26.4% 8.42% 54.8%
2003 36.7% 24.7% 8.88% 50%
2004 36.2% 22.5% 10.6% 48.7%
2005 37.1% 20.8% 13.3% 63.1%
2006 37.9% 18.4% 14.7% 67.7%
2007 37.1% 16.3% 13.7% 70.5%
2008 38.5% 19% 12.4% 67.3%
2009 40.3% 24.3% 14.3% 57.6%
2010 42.9% 29.6% 15.1% 33.5%
2011 42.4% 34.7% 18.2% 33.8%
2012 39.7% 35.7% 19.1% 34.3%
2013 38.6% 34.5% 20.5% 41.1%
2014 37.7% 34.2% 21.9% 44.9%
2015 37.2% 34.2% 22.9% 52.4%
2016 36.4% 33.3% 22.9% 59.9%
2017 35.6% 31.1% 16.3% 57.1%
2018 36.1% 28.1% 18.8% 58%
2019 38.8% 31.8% 16.6% 54.9%
2020 42% 43.2% 23.7% 62.2%
2021 41.9% 47.5% 21.8% 64.9%
2022 41.8% 46.9% 26% 67.4%
2023 41.3% 47% 26.6% 68%
2024 42.7% 51.2% 23.7% 70.6%
2025 43% 55.3% 21.6% 69.5%
2026 41.9% 58.4% 22% 67.7%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, New Zealand's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$11.4B, equivalent to -4.38% of GDP. This compares to Togo's deficit of -$519M, or -4.88% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, New Zealand recorded a fiscal deficit in 19 of those years, while Togo ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, New Zealand posted an annual deficit equal to -0.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.18% of GDP for Togo.

Deficit/surplus
New Zealand

Togo
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
New Zealand Togo
1876 -5.28% -
1877 -2.53% -
1878 -0.85% -
1879 -0.55% -
1880 -2.39% -
1881 -2.33% -
1882 0.18% -
1883 0.38% -
1884 -0.1% -
1885 -0.47% -
1886 -0.53% -
1887 -1.63% -
1888 -1.64% -
1889 0.59% -
1890 0.05% -
1891 0.46% -
1892 0.09% -
1893 1.14% -
1894 0.76% -
1895 0.32% -
1896 0.65% -
1897 0.86% -
1898 1.38% -
1899 1.15% -
1900 1.59% -
1901 1.11% -
1902 0.63% -
1903 0.55% -
1904 1.42% -
1905 1.41% -
1906 0.97% -
1907 1.13% -
1908 1.26% -
1909 0.31% -
1910 0.36% -
1911 1.24% -
1912 0.89% -
1913 0.79% -
1914 0.45% -
1915 0.06% -
1916 1.46% -
1917 3.89% -
1918 4.35% -
1919 2.9% -
1920 1.51% -
1921 3.55% -
1922 -0.2% -
1923 0.95% -
1924 1.2% -
1925 0.78% -
1926 0.72% -
1927 0.4% -
1928 0.12% -
1929 -0.37% -
1930 0.09% -
1931 -1.12% -
1932 -1.77% -
1933 0.02% -
1934 -0.55% -
1935 1.19% -
1936 0.17% -
1937 0.23% -
1938 0.38% -
1939 0.34% -
1940 0.13% -
1941 0.64% -
1942 0.56% -
1943 1.24% -
1944 0.59% -
1945 0.32% -
1946 0.31% -
1947 1.07% -
1948 0.36% -
1949 0.53% -
1950 0.78% -
1951 1.17% -
1952 1.73% -
1953 0.43% -
1954 0.22% -
1955 0.73% -
1956 1.33% -
1957 0.32% -
1958 -0.02% -
1959 0.03% -
1960 0.05% -
1961 0.03% -
1962 0.02% -
1963 -0.26% -
1964 -0.08% -
1965 0.26% -
1966 0.09% -
1967 0.02% -
1968 0.03% -
1969 0.17% -
1970 -0.05% -
1971 0.09% -
1972 0.12% -
1973 -0.07% -
1974 0.03% -
1975 0.11% -
1976 -2.07% -
1977 -1.09% -
1978 -3.41% -
1979 -6.55% -
1980 -4.9% -
1981 -6.02% -
1982 -6.26% -
1983 -6.64% -
1984 -8.68% -
1985 -6.97% -
1986 -5.33% -
1987 -3.43% -
1988 -1.88% -
1989 -2.16% -2.18%
1990 -2.74% -1.65%
1991 -6.14% -3.52%
1992 -6.27% -2.27%
1993 -1.53% -8.46%
1994 1.99% -5.37%
1995 3.7% -2.97%
1996 2.58% -3.26%
1997 1.23% -0.98%
1998 -0.48% -3.25%
1999 -1.11% -1.76%
2000 0.17% -3.45%
2001 1.29% -0.72%
2002 2.55% -0.28%
2003 3.68% 1.43%
2004 4.49% 0.61%
2005 5.13% -1.67%
2006 4.62% -1.94%
2007 3.6% -1.83%
2008 1.47% -0.59%
2009 -1.81% -2.63%
2010 -5.51% -1.66%
2011 -4.96% -4.48%
2012 -2.19% -4.63%
2013 -1.29% -5.08%
2014 -0.34% -7.11%
2015 0.36% -7.04%
2016 0.98% -7.02%
2017 1.36% -0.21%
2018 1.27% -0.59%
2019 -2.5% 1.67%
2020 -4.35% -7.05%
2021 -3.5% -4.65%
2022 -4.16% -8.33%
2023 -3.54% -6.73%
2024 -4.38% -4.88%
2025 -5.18% -2.97%
2026 -3.97% -2.98%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 28 years, New Zealand has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.37%, compared with 2.72% in Togo. In 2024, inflation was 2.92% in New Zealand and 2.86% in Togo.

Inflation
New Zealand

Togo
Year Inflation
New Zealand Togo
1997 1.19% 8.25%
1998 1.27% 0.98%
1999 -0.11% -0.05%
2000 2.62% 1.86%
2001 2.63% 3.92%
2002 2.68% 3.06%
2003 1.75% -0.93%
2004 2.29% 0.39%
2005 3.04% 6.78%
2006 3.37% 2.23%
2007 2.38% 0.95%
2008 3.96% 8.69%
2009 2.12% 3.71%
2010 2.3% 1.45%
2011 4.03% 3.56%
2012 1.06% 2.58%
2013 1.13% 1.83%
2014 1.23% 0.19%
2015 0.29% 2.59%
2016 0.65% 1.29%
2017 1.85% -0.98%
2018 1.6% 0.93%
2019 1.62% 0.67%
2020 1.71% 1.7%
2021 3.94% 4.19%
2022 7.17% 7.97%
2023 5.73% 5.49%
2024 2.92% 2.86%

Top exports between countries

New Zealand
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $9.96M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $159K
Transport & tourism services $100K
Machinery & equipment $28K
Togo
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $12.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $34K

Balance of trade

New Zealand Togo
Current account balance
-$12.1B
2024
-$20.7M
2020
Current account balance ranking
178/190
2024
79/190
2020
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.65%
2024
-0.28%
2020
Goods imports
$47.3B
2024
$1.95B
2020
Goods exports
$43.3B
2024
$1.21B
2020
Service imports
$19.5B
2024
$438M
2020
Service exports
$18.9B
2024
$514M
2020
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
26.4%
2024
38.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.8%
2024
24.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

New Zealand Togo
Economic freedom 78.1 52.3
Economic freedom ranking 12/197 147/197
Property rights 87.5 37
Government integrity 91.3 31.6
Judicial effectiveness 93.9 37.1
Tax burden 65.4 70.5
Government spending 47.8 81.6
Fiscal health 77.7 21.7
Business freedom 88.7 59.9
Labor freedom 69.7 51.9
Monetary freedom 74.6 69.8
Trade freedom 90.4 66.8
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for New Zealand is 78.1, ranking 12/197, compared to 52.3 for Togo, ranking 147/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

New Zealand
Togo
Year Economic freedom index
New Zealand Togo
1996 78.1 -
1997 79 -
1998 79.2 -
1999 81.7 48.2
2000 80.9 46.4
2001 81.1 45.3
2002 80.7 45.2
2003 81.1 46.8
2004 81.5 47
2005 82.3 48.2
2006 82 47.3
2007 81.4 49.7
2008 80.7 48.9
2009 82 48.7
2010 82.1 47.1
2011 82.3 49.1
2012 82.1 48.3
2013 81.4 48.8
2014 81.2 49.9
2015 82.1 53
2016 81.6 53.6
2017 83.7 53.2
2018 84.2 47.8
2019 84.4 50.3
2020 84.1 54.1
2021 83.9 57.5
2022 80.6 57.2
2023 78.9 55.3
2024 77.8 50.9
2025 78.1 52.3

More economic indicators

New Zealand Togo
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2022
49.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2022
20.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.57%
2022
21.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$252B
2024
$10.3B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$53,670
2024
$3,380
2024
Total reserves including gold
$22.1B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
59/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
-$878M
2024
-$53.1M
2020
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.76B
2024
$83.8M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$882M
2024
-$73.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
3.21%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
43.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.5%
2024
20.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs New Zealand vs Togo
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.