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Economy of Angola vs New Zealand compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Angola has a GDP of $80.4B compared to $260B for New Zealand, ranking 81/197 and 53/197 by economy size, respectively.

Angola has $50.2B in government debt (64.5% of GDP), compared to $133B (55.3% of GDP) in New Zealand.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Angola
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
New Zealand
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Angola New Zealand
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 - - $5,536,098,360 $42,169,502,939
1961 - - $5,721,994,864 $43,567,695,918
1962 - - $6,133,158,532 $44,909,961,496
1963 - - $6,699,741,645 $47,650,420,052
1964 - - $7,340,766,415 $50,558,660,811
1965 - - $5,706,251,400 $53,648,670,594
1966 - - $5,917,437,693 $57,000,887,530
1967 - - $6,016,017,227 $54,384,875,095
1968 - - $5,228,045,415 $54,358,308,884
1969 - - $5,814,357,709 $59,899,960,124
1970 - - $6,495,605,331 $59,062,793,729
1971 - - $7,911,136,757 $61,298,590,947
1972 - - $9,567,331,065 $64,436,532,490
1973 - - $12,802,281,898 $69,462,760,982
1974 - - $13,940,981,798 $73,625,970,474
1975 - - $12,861,983,284 $72,351,001,836
1976 - - $13,604,832,424 $73,023,006,890
1977 - - $15,446,825,318 $70,148,574,828
1978 - - $18,530,518,395 $70,372,042,491
1979 - - $20,731,243,113 $71,914,438,834
1980 $5,930,503,401 $23,063,262,074 $23,244,547,385 $72,838,001,601
1981 $5,550,483,036 $22,048,478,262 $24,417,617,184 $76,229,086,932
1982 $5,550,483,036 $22,048,478,262 $24,164,603,059 $76,937,776,426
1983 $5,784,341,596 $22,974,514,664 $24,309,279,706 $79,624,078,134
1984 $6,131,475,065 $24,352,986,041 $21,665,975,319 $83,440,220,877
1985 $7,554,065,410 $25,205,340,428 $24,679,795,396 $84,788,059,636
1986 $7,072,536,109 $25,936,295,740 $30,604,668,357 $87,082,121,111
1987 $8,084,412,414 $26,995,209,500 $40,376,354,070 $87,927,548,030
1988 $8,769,836,769 $28,649,716,325 $45,176,811,594 $87,616,568,095
1989 $10,201,780,977 $28,661,640,755 $43,920,222,525 $87,757,994,040
1990 $11,229,515,599 $27,672,785,865 $45,495,129,385 $87,892,387,206
1991 $10,603,784,541 $27,947,122,601 $42,745,329,732 $86,933,663,001
1992 $8,307,810,974 $26,315,491,127 $41,649,829,860 $87,884,573,621
1993 $5,768,720,422 $20,004,137,038 $46,775,620,817 $93,501,741,195
1994 $4,438,321,017 $20,272,065,135 $55,314,732,279 $98,288,327,599
1995 $5,538,749,260 $23,312,874,912 $63,918,703,507 $102,929,582,187
1996 $7,526,421,519 $26,470,456,890 $70,140,835,299 $106,647,274,008
1997 $7,648,380,196 $28,395,991,341 $66,075,143,415 $108,864,761,861
1998 $6,506,221,616 $29,728,088,881 $56,227,169,851 $109,799,263,892
1999 $6,152,923,310 $30,376,604,084 $58,762,260,626 $115,703,970,647
2000 $9,129,594,970 $31,304,495,194 $52,623,281,957 $119,024,733,715
2001 $8,936,079,118 $32,621,161,810 $53,872,425,917 $123,084,659,196
2002 $15,285,592,370 $37,079,068,253 $66,627,729,311 $128,886,227,124
2003 $17,812,704,586 $38,187,732,393 $88,250,885,550 $134,980,022,138
2004 $23,552,057,679 $42,369,289,093 $103,905,210,084 $140,497,957,985
2005 $36,970,900,884 $48,737,393,240 $114,720,129,550 $145,208,752,801
2006 $52,381,025,141 $54,366,562,158 $111,538,810,713 $149,245,237,528
2007 $65,266,415,494 $61,983,317,521 $137,188,946,866 $153,806,793,429
2008 $88,538,665,085 $68,906,854,084 $133,437,126,590 $152,242,519,171
2009 $70,307,196,182 $69,499,453,031 $121,663,439,315 $152,185,479,818
2010 $83,799,474,070 $72,556,300,250 $146,887,902,524 $154,405,312,545
2011 $111,789,747,671 $75,075,493,557 $168,484,908,960 $157,637,781,921
2012 $128,052,915,766 $81,488,522,604 $176,560,711,239 $161,367,975,233
2013 $132,339,109,040 $85,525,963,564 $191,012,364,177 $165,546,666,710
2014 $135,966,802,587 $89,650,503,848 $201,518,402,787 $171,881,119,397
2015 $90,496,420,507 $90,496,420,507 $178,224,167,088 $178,224,167,088
2016 $52,761,617,226 $88,161,567,931 $189,100,085,275 $184,959,455,627
2017 $73,690,154,991 $88,031,782,694 $206,745,969,246 $191,208,740,301
2018 $79,450,688,259 $86,872,966,033 $211,985,631,173 $197,844,796,499
2019 $70,897,962,732 $86,262,880,685 $213,006,341,102 $202,429,793,154
2020 $48,501,561,204 $81,399,194,251 $213,029,554,654 $201,807,833,898
2021 $66,505,129,988 $82,375,341,953 $253,977,931,815 $210,960,637,813
2022 $104,399,746,853 $84,883,445,838 $249,509,991,440 $218,336,637,843
2023 $84,875,162,197 $85,798,573,860 $255,194,972,673 $221,380,800,380
2024 $80,396,942,242 $89,594,220,855 $260,235,932,559 $221,100,836,866

Economic indicators

Angola New Zealand
Gross domestic product
$80.4B
2024
$260B
2024
GDP rank
81/197
2024
53/197
2024
GDP growth
-5.28%
2023-2024
1.98%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,122
2024
$48,747
2024
GDP per capita rank
156/197
2024
26/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$8,348
2024
$55,094
2024
Government debt
$50.2B
2024
$133B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
64.5%
2025
55.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,326
2024
$24,936
2024
Government debt per person rank
135/185
2024
28/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$33,074
2025
$36,132
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$92.9B
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
5
2025
Income share by richest 10%
39.6%
2018
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2018
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.3%
2025
43%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
21.6%
2024-2025
2.92%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
18%
2023
3%
2025
Unemployment rate
14.1%
2022
4.72%
2024
Population
39983997
5406623

GDP per capita in Angola vs New Zealand

Angola's GDP per capita is $2,122, ranking 156/197, compared to $48,747 in New Zealand, ranking 26/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Angola ranks 136th at $8,348, while New Zealand ranks 37th at $55,094.

Angola
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Angola New Zealand
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 - - $2,334 -
1961 - - $2,365 -
1962 - - $2,471 -
1963 - - $2,646 -
1964 - - $2,839 -
1965 - - $2,171 -
1966 - - $2,211 -
1967 - - $2,208 -
1968 - - $1,902 -
1969 - - $2,097 -
1970 - - $2,311 -
1971 - - $2,773 -
1972 - - $3,295 -
1973 - - $4,323 -
1974 - - $4,611 -
1975 - - $4,172 -
1976 - - $4,374 -
1977 - - $4,951 -
1978 - - $5,937 -
1979 - - $6,668 -
1980 $729 - $7,467 -
1981 $658 - $7,814 -
1982 $634 - $7,656 -
1983 $637 - $7,598 -
1984 $650 - $6,714 -
1985 $772 - $7,601 -
1986 $698 - $9,428 -
1987 $770 - $12,331 -
1988 $807 - $13,759 -
1989 $908 - $13,312 -
1990 $966 $3,341 $13,663 $14,871
1991 $882 $3,373 $12,230 $14,560
1992 $669 $3,143 $11,793 $14,937
1993 $450 $2,369 $13,094 $15,964
1994 $335 $2,374 $15,280 $17,111
1995 $404 $2,696 $17,400 $17,885
1996 $531 $3,013 $18,794 $18,442
1997 $522 $3,178 $17,474 $19,127
1998 $429 $3,254 $14,738 $19,320
1999 $393 $3,263 $15,322 $20,579
2000 $564 $3,327 $13,641 $21,501
2001 $534 $3,428 $13,883 $22,521
2002 $882 $3,824 $16,874 $23,306
2003 $993 $3,879 $21,914 $23,987
2004 $1,266 $4,263 $25,420 $25,097
2005 $1,916 $4,876 $27,751 $25,677
2006 $2,617 $5,404 $26,655 $27,744
2007 $3,141 $6,096 $32,480 $29,354
2008 $4,103 $6,651 $31,325 $29,896
2009 $3,137 $6,498 $28,277 $30,756
2010 $3,597 $6,607 $33,762 $31,293
2011 $4,616 $6,711 $38,432 $32,739
2012 $5,086 $7,355 $40,054 $33,055
2013 $5,058 $7,561 $43,000 $36,263
2014 $5,006 $7,990 $44,618 $37,331
2015 $3,214 $7,120 $38,665 $37,578
2016 $1,808 $6,844 $40,114 $39,989
2017 $2,437 $6,993 $42,950 $42,244
2018 $2,539 $7,348 $43,257 $42,527
2019 $2,190 $7,528 $42,779 $45,198
2020 $1,450 $6,451 $41,851 $45,354
2021 $1,926 $7,408 $49,689 $47,997
2022 $2,930 $7,925 $48,760 $53,647
2023 $2,310 $8,047 $48,655 $53,854
2024 $2,122 $8,348 $48,747 $55,094

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Angola's government spending was $14.1B, accounting for 17.3% of its GDP, while New Zealand's spent $111B, or 43% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 64.5% in Angola and 55.3% in New Zealand, ranking 67/185 and 95/185, respectively.

Angola
Government spending

Government debt
New Zealand
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Angola New Zealand
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 25.3% 68.1%
1961 - - 21.1% 64.6%
1962 - - 21.6% 65%
1963 - - 19.4% 64.5%
1964 - - 19.4% 61.8%
1965 - - 24.9% 59.6%
1966 - - 25% 58.2%
1967 - - 26% 59.7%
1968 - - 26.2% 86.5%
1969 - - 25.9% 85.8%
1970 - - 24.8% 76.5%
1971 - - 26.8% 71.3%
1972 - - 26.4% 46%
1973 - - 27.1% 44%
1974 - - 27.3% 39.6%
1975 - - 30.1% 41.4%
1976 - - 31.6% 47.6%
1977 - - 30% 44.6%
1978 - - 36.6% 50%
1979 - - 38.4% 52%
1980 - - 38% 52.2%
1981 - - 39.1% 50.5%
1982 - - 39.9% 51.5%
1983 - - 41.4% 59.6%
1984 - - 40.7% 62.8%
1985 - - 46.1% 64.1%
1986 - - 46.9% 68.5%
1987 - - 46.1% 62.9%
1988 - - 46.1% 54.7%
1989 - - 47.9% 55%
1990 - - 49.6% 55.5%
1991 - - 53% 58%
1992 - - 52.5% 58.7%
1993 - - 46.8% 54.6%
1994 - - 42.8% 48.9%
1995 - - 41.6% 43.5%
1996 25.2% 92% 39.9% 37.3%
1997 26.8% 73.5% 39.3% 34.6%
1998 26.1% 96.3% 40.1% 34.5%
1999 39.4% 104.8% 39.3% 32%
2000 35.8% 118.2% 38.3% 30%
2001 30.3% 100.2% 37.2% 28.2%
2002 27.6% 65.1% 36.8% 26.4%
2003 30.1% 50.8% 36.7% 24.7%
2004 26% 41.6% 36.2% 22.5%
2005 23.7% 29.9% 37.1% 20.8%
2006 27.3% 16.7% 37.9% 18.4%
2007 34.1% 18.8% 37.1% 16.3%
2008 47.2% 28.1% 38.5% 19%
2009 38.7% 48.4% 40.3% 24.3%
2010 34.6% 32.6% 42.9% 29.6%
2011 33.3% 26.3% 42.4% 34.7%
2012 33.2% 23.8% 39.7% 35.7%
2013 32.9% 29.5% 38.6% 34.5%
2014 32.3% 35.3% 37.7% 34.2%
2015 23.9% 50.4% 37.2% 34.2%
2016 19.4% 66.7% 36.4% 33.3%
2017 21% 60.5% 35.6% 31.1%
2018 18.3% 82.5% 36.1% 28.1%
2019 18.2% 101.4% 38.8% 31.8%
2020 20% 119.1% 42% 43.2%
2021 17.3% 74.3% 41.9% 47.5%
2022 19.5% 56.1% 41.8% 46.9%
2023 19.2% 71.4% 41.3% 47%
2024 17.5% 62.5% 42.7% 51.2%
2025 17.3% 64.5% 43% 55.3%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Angola's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$818M, equivalent to -1.02% of GDP. This compares to New Zealand's deficit of -$11.4B, or -4.38% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Angola recorded a fiscal deficit in 15 of those years, while New Zealand ran a deficit in 14 years. On average, Angola posted an annual deficit equal to -0.1% of GDP, compared to deficit of -0.18% of GDP for New Zealand.

Deficit/surplus
Angola

New Zealand
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Angola New Zealand
1876 - -5.28%
1877 - -2.53%
1878 - -0.85%
1879 - -0.55%
1880 - -2.39%
1881 - -2.33%
1882 - 0.18%
1883 - 0.38%
1884 - -0.1%
1885 - -0.47%
1886 - -0.53%
1887 - -1.63%
1888 - -1.64%
1889 - 0.59%
1890 - 0.05%
1891 - 0.46%
1892 - 0.09%
1893 - 1.14%
1894 - 0.76%
1895 - 0.32%
1896 - 0.65%
1897 - 0.86%
1898 - 1.38%
1899 - 1.15%
1900 - 1.59%
1901 - 1.11%
1902 - 0.63%
1903 - 0.55%
1904 - 1.42%
1905 - 1.41%
1906 - 0.97%
1907 - 1.13%
1908 - 1.26%
1909 - 0.31%
1910 - 0.36%
1911 - 1.24%
1912 - 0.89%
1913 - 0.79%
1914 - 0.45%
1915 - 0.06%
1916 - 1.46%
1917 - 3.89%
1918 - 4.35%
1919 - 2.9%
1920 - 1.51%
1921 - 3.55%
1922 - -0.2%
1923 - 0.95%
1924 - 1.2%
1925 - 0.78%
1926 - 0.72%
1927 - 0.4%
1928 - 0.12%
1929 - -0.37%
1930 - 0.09%
1931 - -1.12%
1932 - -1.77%
1933 - 0.02%
1934 - -0.55%
1935 - 1.19%
1936 - 0.17%
1937 - 0.23%
1938 - 0.38%
1939 - 0.34%
1940 - 0.13%
1941 - 0.64%
1942 - 0.56%
1943 - 1.24%
1944 - 0.59%
1945 - 0.32%
1946 - 0.31%
1947 - 1.07%
1948 - 0.36%
1949 - 0.53%
1950 - 0.78%
1951 - 1.17%
1952 - 1.73%
1953 - 0.43%
1954 - 0.22%
1955 - 0.73%
1956 - 1.33%
1957 - 0.32%
1958 - -0.02%
1959 - 0.03%
1960 - 0.05%
1961 - 0.03%
1962 - 0.02%
1963 - -0.26%
1964 - -0.08%
1965 - 0.26%
1966 - 0.09%
1967 - 0.02%
1968 - 0.03%
1969 - 0.17%
1970 - -0.05%
1971 - 0.09%
1972 - 0.12%
1973 - -0.07%
1974 - 0.03%
1975 - 0.11%
1976 - -2.07%
1977 - -1.09%
1978 - -3.41%
1979 - -6.55%
1980 - -4.9%
1981 - -6.02%
1982 - -6.26%
1983 - -6.64%
1984 - -8.68%
1985 - -6.97%
1986 - -5.33%
1987 - -3.43%
1988 - -1.88%
1989 - -2.16%
1990 - -2.74%
1991 - -6.14%
1992 - -6.27%
1993 - -1.53%
1994 - 1.99%
1995 - 3.7%
1996 4.49% 2.58%
1997 -0.23% 1.23%
1998 -5.1% -0.48%
1999 -8.1% -1.11%
2000 2.02% 0.17%
2001 2.8% 1.29%
2002 -2.24% 2.55%
2003 -4.1% 3.68%
2004 1.03% 4.49%
2005 6.4% 5.13%
2006 8.42% 4.62%
2007 3.85% 3.6%
2008 -3.8% 1.47%
2009 -6.8% -1.81%
2010 2.98% -5.51%
2011 7.2% -4.96%
2012 3.68% -2.19%
2013 -0.27% -1.29%
2014 -5.07% -0.34%
2015 -2.57% 0.36%
2016 -3.98% 0.98%
2017 -5.75% 1.36%
2018 2.03% 1.27%
2019 0.69% -2.5%
2020 -1.66% -4.35%
2021 3.4% -3.5%
2022 0.58% -4.16%
2023 -1.88% -3.54%
2024 -1.02% -4.38%
2025 -2.31% -5.18%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Angola has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 199.9%, compared with 2.37% in New Zealand. In 2024, inflation was 21.6% in Angola and 2.92% in New Zealand.

Inflation
Angola

New Zealand
Year Inflation
Angola New Zealand Angola New Zealand
1996 4,146% 2.29%
1997 221.5% 1.19%
1998 107.4% 1.27%
1999 248.2% -0.11%
2000 325% 2.62%
2001 152.6% 2.63%
2002 108.9% 2.68%
2003 98.2% 1.75%
2004 43.5% 2.29%
2005 23% 3.04%
2006 13.3% 3.37%
2007 12.2% 2.38%
2008 12.5% 3.96%
2009 13.7% 2.12%
2010 14.5% 2.3%
2011 13.5% 4.03%
2012 10.3% 1.06%
2013 8.8% 1.13%
2014 7.3% 1.23%
2015 9.2% 0.29%
2016 30.7% 0.65%
2017 29.8% 1.85%
2018 19.6% 1.6%
2019 17.1% 1.62%
2020 22.3% 1.71%
2021 25.8% 3.94%
2022 21.4% 7.17%
2023 13.6% 5.73%
2024 28.2% 2.92%
2025 21.6% -

Top exports between countries

Angola
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $880K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K
Metals $1K
New Zealand
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $4.12M
Machinery & equipment $289K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $112K
Metals $103K
Transport & tourism services $100K
Textiles & consumer goods $59K
Raw materials & minerals $15K

Balance of trade

Angola New Zealand
Current account balance
$6.31B
2024
-$15.8B
2024
Current account balance ranking
30/189
2024
178/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+7.85%
2024
-6.09%
2024
Goods imports
$14.2B
2024
$48.6B
2024
Goods exports
$36.8B
2024
$43.3B
2024
Service imports
$8.49B
2024
$19.4B
2024
Service exports
$129M
2024
$18.5B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.4%
2024
26.7%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.9%
2024
23.7%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Angola New Zealand
Economic freedom 55 78.1
Economic freedom ranking 130/197 12/197
Property rights 39.9 87.5
Government integrity 28.2 91.3
Judicial effectiveness 25.7 93.9
Tax burden 86.9 65.4
Government spending 89.5 47.8
Fiscal health 89.1 77.7
Business freedom 45.2 88.7
Labor freedom 50.8 69.7
Monetary freedom 64.2 74.6
Trade freedom 70.4 90.4
Investment freedom 30 70
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Angola is 55, ranking 130/197, compared to 78.1 for New Zealand, ranking 12/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Angola
New Zealand
Year Economic freedom index
Angola New Zealand
1995 27.4 -
1996 24.4 78.1
1997 24.2 79
1998 24.9 79.2
1999 23.7 81.7
2000 24.3 80.9
2001 - 81.1
2002 - 80.7
2003 - 81.1
2004 - 81.5
2005 - 82.3
2006 43.5 82
2007 44.7 81.4
2008 46.9 80.7
2009 47 82
2010 48.4 82.1
2011 46.2 82.3
2012 46.7 82.1
2013 47.3 81.4
2014 47.7 81.2
2015 47.9 82.1
2016 48.9 81.6
2017 48.5 83.7
2018 48.6 84.2
2019 50.6 84.4
2020 52.2 84.1
2021 54.2 83.9
2022 52.6 80.6
2023 53 78.9
2024 54.3 77.8
2025 55 78.1

More economic indicators

Angola New Zealand
Services, % of GDP
39.3%
2024
67.4%
2022
Industry, % of GDP
44.2%
2024
19.6%
2022
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.4%
2024
4.57%
2022
GNI, Atlas method
$84B
2024
$247B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,660
2024
$53,160
2024
Total reserves including gold
$14.2B
2024
$22.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
69/177
2024
59/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$1.14B
2024
-$1.17B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.11B
2024
$3.37B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$33.1M
2024
$2.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
16.3%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.6%
2020
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25%
2024
23.8%
2023

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.