Skip to content

Economy of Angola vs New Zealand compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Angola has a GDP of $122B compared to $264B for New Zealand, ranking 68/197 and 53/197 by economy size, respectively.

Angola has $62.7B in government debt (51.3% of GDP), compared to $145B (54.7% of GDP) in New Zealand.

Angola vs New Zealand GDP by year

Angola
New Zealand
1x
Year GDP, current $
Angola New Zealand
2025 $122,174,889,424 $264,057,413,740
2024 $103,080,538,044 $261,497,198,364
2023 $106,042,349,567 $256,372,177,758
2022 $128,233,959,333 $249,723,029,451
2021 $78,283,923,544 $253,732,493,988
2020 $58,512,033,806 $213,318,129,989
2019 $81,193,813,808 $213,088,034,258
2018 $90,506,061,877 $211,726,161,989
2017 $85,629,598,654 $206,561,943,051
2016 $60,770,049,747 $188,980,351,891
2015 $102,543,067,841 $178,147,457,243
2014 $153,449,860,496 $201,435,445,068
2013 $148,845,200,696 $190,943,478,290
2012 $143,572,907,528 $176,508,049,114
2011 $125,551,634,705 $168,458,838,711
2010 $95,546,919,754 $146,887,902,524
2009 $81,705,175,409 $121,663,439,315
2008 $98,790,432,989 $133,437,126,590
2007 $73,037,821,926 $137,188,946,866
2006 $58,653,659,980 $111,538,810,713
2005 $41,396,636,384 $114,720,129,550
2004 $26,997,977,896 $103,905,210,084
2003 $20,342,128,112 $88,250,885,550
2002 $17,311,512,433 $66,627,729,311
2001 $8,936,079,118 $53,872,425,917
2000 $9,129,594,970 $52,623,281,957
1999 $6,152,923,310 $58,762,260,626
1998 $6,506,221,616 $56,227,169,851
1997 $7,648,380,196 $66,075,143,415
1996 $7,526,421,519 $70,140,835,299
1995 $5,538,749,260 $63,918,703,507
1994 $4,438,321,017 $55,314,732,279
1993 $5,768,720,422 $46,775,620,817
1992 $8,307,810,974 $41,649,829,860
1991 $10,603,784,541 $42,745,329,732
1990 $11,229,515,599 $45,495,129,385
1989 $10,201,780,977 $43,920,222,525
1988 $8,769,836,769 $45,176,811,594
1987 $8,084,412,414 $40,376,354,070
1986 $7,072,536,109 $30,604,668,357
1985 $7,554,065,410 $24,679,795,396
1984 $6,131,475,065 $21,665,975,319
1983 $5,784,341,596 $24,309,279,706
1982 $5,550,483,036 $24,164,603,059
1981 $5,550,483,036 $24,417,617,184
1980 $5,930,503,401 $23,244,547,385
1979 - $20,731,243,113
1978 - $18,530,518,395
1977 - $15,446,825,318
1976 - $13,604,832,424
1975 - $12,861,983,284
1974 - $13,940,981,798
1973 - $12,802,281,898
1972 - $9,567,331,065
1971 - $7,911,136,757
1970 - $6,495,605,331
1969 - $5,814,357,709
1968 - $5,228,045,415
1967 - $6,016,017,227
1966 - $5,917,437,693
1965 - $5,706,251,400
1964 - $7,340,766,415
1963 - $6,699,741,645
1962 - $6,133,158,532
1961 - $5,721,994,864
1960 - $5,536,098,360

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/new-zealand | CC BY

GDP per capita in Angola vs New Zealand by year

Angola
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Angola New Zealand
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $3,129 - $49,591 -
2024 $2,721 $10,119 $49,432 $55,551
2023 $2,886 $9,754 $49,302 $54,697
2022 $3,599 $9,588 $49,142 $54,034
2021 $2,267 $8,862 $49,902 $48,249
2020 $1,749 $7,827 $42,055 $45,513
2019 $2,508 $8,573 $42,872 $45,278
2018 $2,892 $8,278 $43,204 $42,527
2017 $2,832 $8,007 $42,912 $42,244
2016 $2,082 $7,767 $40,088 $39,989
2015 $3,642 $8,067 $38,649 $37,513
2014 $5,650 $9,018 $44,600 $37,331
2013 $5,689 $8,504 $42,985 $36,263
2012 $5,702 $8,246 $40,042 $33,055
2011 $5,184 $7,538 $38,426 $32,739
2010 $4,102 $7,412 $33,762 $31,305
2009 $3,645 $7,228 $28,277 $30,746
2008 $4,578 $7,316 $31,325 $29,896
2007 $3,515 $6,728 $32,480 $29,331
2006 $2,930 $6,018 $26,655 $27,732
2005 $2,146 $5,416 $27,751 $25,677
2004 $1,451 $4,771 $25,420 $25,124
2003 $1,134 $4,322 $21,914 $23,996
2002 $999 $4,241 $16,874 $23,306
2001 $534 $3,802 $13,883 $22,511
2000 $564 $3,690 $13,641 $21,500
1999 $393 $3,619 $15,322 $20,579
1998 $429 $3,609 $14,738 $19,323
1997 $522 $3,525 $17,474 $19,100
1996 $531 $3,342 $18,794 $18,392
1995 $404 $2,990 $17,400 $17,864
1994 $335 $2,633 $15,280 $17,108
1993 $450 $2,628 $13,094 $15,900
1992 $669 $3,486 $11,793 $14,877
1991 $882 $3,740 $12,230 $14,501
1990 $966 $3,705 $13,663 $14,812
1989 $908 - $13,312 -
1988 $807 - $13,759 -
1987 $770 - $12,331 -
1986 $698 - $9,428 -
1985 $772 - $7,601 -
1984 $650 - $6,714 -
1983 $637 - $7,598 -
1982 $634 - $7,656 -
1981 $658 - $7,814 -
1980 $729 - $7,467 -
1979 - - $6,668 -
1978 - - $5,937 -
1977 - - $4,951 -
1976 - - $4,374 -
1975 - - $4,172 -
1974 - - $4,611 -
1973 - - $4,323 -
1972 - - $3,295 -
1971 - - $2,773 -
1970 - - $2,311 -
1969 - - $2,097 -
1968 - - $1,902 -
1967 - - $2,208 -
1966 - - $2,211 -
1965 - - $2,171 -
1964 - - $2,839 -
1963 - - $2,646 -
1962 - - $2,471 -
1961 - - $2,365 -
1960 - - $2,334 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/new-zealand | CC BY

Angola's GDP per capita is $3,129, ranking 142/197, compared to $49,591 in New Zealand, ranking 26/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Angola ranks 133rd at $10,119, while New Zealand ranks 38th at $55,551.

Economic indicators

Angola New Zealand
Gross domestic product
$122B
2025
$264B
2025
GDP rank
68/197
2025
53/197
2025
GDP growth
3.13%
2024-2025
0.46%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$3,129
2025
$49,591
2025
GDP per capita rank
142/197
2025
26/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$10,119
2024
$55,551
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
133/197
2024
38/197
2024
Government debt
$62.7B
2025
$145B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
51.3%
2025
54.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,606
2025
$27,139
2025
Government debt per person rank
127/185
2025
27/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,550
2026
$36,222
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$103B
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
5
2026
Income share by richest 10%
39.6%
2018
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2018
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
18.9%
2025
41.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
20.2%
2024-2025
2.84%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
17.5%
2026
2.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
10.4%
2025
5.26%
2025
Population
40839390
5380024

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Angola
Spending

Debt
New Zealand
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Angola New Zealand
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 18.9% 51.3% 41.6% 54.7%
2024 19% 57.1% 41.7% 51.4%
2023 23.3% 75.7% 41% 47.3%
2022 24.8% 57.4% 41.7% 46.9%
2021 22.8% 75.5% 41.8% 47.5%
2020 24.4% 119.8% 41.9% 43.2%
2019 20.9% 100.8% 38.7% 31.8%
2018 17.8% 81.6% 36.1% 28.1%
2017 20.7% 59.6% 35.6% 31.1%
2016 19.1% 65.7% 36.4% 33.4%
2015 23.9% 50.4% 37.2% 34.2%
2014 32.3% 35.3% 37.6% 34.2%
2013 32.9% 29.5% 38.6% 34.6%
2012 33.2% 23.8% 39.7% 35.7%
2011 33.3% 26.3% 42.3% 34.7%
2010 34.6% 32.6% 42.9% 29.6%
2009 38.7% 48.4% 40.3% 24.3%
2008 47.2% 28.1% 38.4% 19%
2007 34.1% 18.8% 37% 16.3%
2006 27.3% 16.7% 37.8% 18.4%
2005 23.7% 29.9% 37.1% 20.8%
2004 26% 41.6% 36.1% 22.5%
2003 30.1% 50.8% 36.6% 24.7%
2002 27.6% 65.1% 36.7% 26.4%
2001 30.3% 100.2% 37.2% 28.2%
2000 35.8% 118.2% 38.2% 30%
1999 45.7% 104.8% 39.2% 32%
1998 30.3% 96.3% 40.1% 34.5%
1997 31.1% 73.5% 39.3% 34.6%
1996 29.3% 92% 39.8% 37.3%
1995 - - 41.6% 43.5%
1994 - - 42.7% 48.9%
1993 - - 46.7% 54.6%
1992 - - 52.4% 58.7%
1991 - - 52.9% 58%
1990 - - 49.5% 55.5%
1989 - - 47.8% 54.9%
1988 - - 46.1% 54.7%
1987 - - 46.1% 62.9%
1986 - - 46.9% 68.5%
1985 - - 46.2% 64.1%
1984 - - 40.7% 62.8%
1983 - - 41.4% 59.6%
1982 - - 39.9% 51.5%
1981 - - 39.1% 50.5%
1980 - - 38% 52.2%
1979 - - 38.4% 52%
1978 - - 36.6% 50%
1977 - - 30% 44.6%
1976 - - 31.6% 47.6%
1975 - - 30.1% 41.4%
1974 - - 27.3% 39.6%
1973 - - 27.1% 44%
1972 - - 26.4% 46%
1971 - - 26.8% 71.3%
1970 - - 24.8% 76.5%
1969 - - 25.9% 85.8%
1968 - - 26.2% 86.5%
1967 - - 26% 59.7%
1966 - - 25% 58.2%
1965 - - 24.9% 59.6%
1964 - - 19.4% 61.8%
1963 - - 19.4% 64.5%
1962 - - 21.6% 65%
1961 - - 21.1% 64.6%
1960 - - 25.3% 68.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/new-zealand | CC BY

In 2025, Angola's government spending was $23B, accounting for 18.9% of its GDP, while New Zealand spent $110B, or 41.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 51.3% in Angola and 54.7% in New Zealand, ranking 103/185 and 91/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Angola

New Zealand
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Angola New Zealand
2025 -4.07% -3.86%
2024 -1.19% -3.21%
2023 -2.49% -3.22%
2022 1.78% -3.96%
2021 1.35% -3.35%
2020 -3.05% -4.21%
2019 -0.2% -2.44%
2018 2% 1.31%
2017 -5.68% 1.38%
2016 -3.93% 0.98%
2015 -2.58% 0.37%
2014 -5.08% -0.33%
2013 -0.28% -1.28%
2012 3.67% -2.18%
2011 7.17% -4.94%
2010 2.96% -5.49%
2009 -6.83% -1.8%
2008 -3.82% 1.48%
2007 3.81% 3.6%
2006 8.42% 4.62%
2005 6.4% 5.13%
2004 1.03% 4.49%
2003 -4.1% 3.69%
2002 -2.24% 2.56%
2001 2.8% 1.29%
2000 2.02% 0.18%
1999 -9.4% -1.1%
1998 -5.92% -0.47%
1997 -0.27% 1.24%
1996 5.22% 2.58%
1995 - 3.7%
1994 - 2%
1993 - -1.51%
1992 - -6.25%
1991 - -6.12%
1990 - -2.72%
1989 - -2.16%
1988 - -1.88%
1987 - -3.43%
1986 - -5.33%
1985 - -6.97%
1984 - -8.68%
1983 - -6.64%
1982 - -6.26%
1981 - -6.02%
1980 - -4.9%
1979 - -6.55%
1978 - -3.41%
1977 - -1.09%
1976 - -2.07%
1975 - 0.11%
1974 - 0.03%
1973 - -0.07%
1972 - 0.12%
1971 - 0.09%
1970 - -0.05%
1969 - 0.17%
1968 - 0.03%
1967 - 0.02%
1966 - 0.09%
1965 - 0.26%
1964 - -0.08%
1963 - -0.26%
1962 - 0.02%
1961 - 0.03%
1960 - 0.05%
1959 - 0.03%
1958 - -0.02%
1957 - 0.32%
1956 - 1.33%
1955 - 0.73%
1954 - 0.22%
1953 - 0.43%
1952 - 1.73%
1951 - 1.17%
1950 - 0.78%
1949 - 0.53%
1948 - 0.36%
1947 - 1.07%
1946 - 0.31%
1945 - 0.32%
1944 - 0.59%
1943 - 1.24%
1942 - 0.56%
1941 - 0.64%
1940 - 0.13%
1939 - 0.34%
1938 - 0.38%
1937 - 0.23%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 1.19%
1934 - -0.55%
1933 - 0.02%
1932 - -1.77%
1931 - -1.12%
1930 - 0.09%
1929 - -0.37%
1928 - 0.12%
1927 - 0.4%
1926 - 0.72%
1925 - 0.78%
1924 - 1.2%
1923 - 0.95%
1922 - -0.2%
1921 - 3.55%
1920 - 1.51%
1919 - 2.9%
1918 - 4.35%
1917 - 3.89%
1916 - 1.46%
1915 - 0.06%
1914 - 0.45%
1913 - 0.79%
1912 - 0.89%
1911 - 1.24%
1910 - 0.36%
1909 - 0.31%
1908 - 1.26%
1907 - 1.13%
1906 - 0.97%
1905 - 1.41%
1904 - 1.42%
1903 - 0.55%
1902 - 0.63%
1901 - 1.11%
1900 - 1.59%
1899 - 1.15%
1898 - 1.38%
1897 - 0.86%
1896 - 0.65%
1895 - 0.32%
1894 - 0.76%
1893 - 1.14%
1892 - 0.09%
1891 - 0.46%
1890 - 0.05%
1889 - 0.59%
1888 - -1.64%
1887 - -1.63%
1886 - -0.53%
1885 - -0.47%
1884 - -0.1%
1883 - 0.38%
1882 - 0.18%
1881 - -2.33%
1880 - -2.39%
1879 - -0.55%
1878 - -0.85%
1877 - -2.53%
1876 - -5.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/new-zealand | CC BY

In 2025, Angola's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.97B, equivalent to 4.07% of GDP. This compares to New Zealand's deficit of $10.2B, or 3.86% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Angola recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while New Zealand ran a deficit in 15 years. On average, Angola posted an annual deficit equal to 0.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.23% of GDP for New Zealand.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Angola

New Zealand
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Angola New Zealand
2025 20.2% 2.84%
2024 28.2% 2.92%
2023 13.6% 5.73%
2022 21.4% 7.17%
2021 25.8% 3.94%
2020 22.3% 1.71%
2019 17.1% 1.62%
2018 19.6% 1.6%
2017 29.8% 1.85%
2016 30.7% 0.65%
2015 9.2% 0.29%
2014 7.3% 1.23%
2013 8.8% 1.13%
2012 10.3% 1.06%
2011 13.5% 4.03%
2010 14.5% 2.3%
2009 13.7% 2.12%
2008 12.5% 3.96%
2007 12.2% 2.38%
2006 13.3% 3.37%
2005 23% 3.04%
2004 43.5% 2.29%
2003 98.2% 1.75%
2002 108.9% 2.68%
2001 152.6% 2.63%
2000 325% 2.62%
1999 248.2% -0.11%
1998 107.4% 1.27%
1997 221.5% 1.19%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/new-zealand | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Angola has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 57.7%, compared with 2.39% in New Zealand. In 2025, inflation was 20.2% in Angola and 2.84% in New Zealand.

Top exports between countries

Angola
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $880K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K
Metals $1K
New Zealand
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $5.24M
Machinery & equipment $133K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $112K
Metals $103K
Transport & tourism services $100K
Textiles & consumer goods $59K
Raw materials & minerals $2K

Balance of trade

Angola New Zealand
Current account balance
$536M
2025
-$9.56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
57/190
2025
174/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.44%
2025
-3.62%
2025
Goods imports
$15.5B
2025
$48.2B
2025
Goods exports
$30.6B
2025
$47.2B
2025
Service imports
$8.51B
2025
$20.3B
2025
Service exports
$118M
2025
$19.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
11.7%
2025
26%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
23%
2025
24.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Angola New Zealand
Economic freedom 54.4 77.8
Economic freedom ranking 133/197 13/197
Property rights 36.9 85.4
Government integrity 28.3 90
Judicial effectiveness 26.3 95.9
Tax burden 86.9 66.1
Government spending 89.3 48
Fiscal health 91.9 72.2
Business freedom 42.8 89.1
Labor freedom 50.8 68.6
Monetary freedom 59 77.4
Trade freedom 70.4 90.6
Investment freedom 30 70
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Angola
New Zealand
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Angola New Zealand
2026 54.4 77.8
2025 55 78.1
2024 54.3 77.8
2023 53 78.9
2022 52.6 80.6
2021 54.2 83.9
2020 52.2 84.1
2019 50.6 84.4
2018 48.6 84.2
2017 48.5 83.7
2016 48.9 81.6
2015 47.9 82.1
2014 47.7 81.2
2013 47.3 81.4
2012 46.7 82.1
2011 46.2 82.3
2010 48.4 82.1
2009 47 82
2008 46.9 80.7
2007 44.7 81.4
2006 43.5 82
2005 - 82.3
2004 - 81.5
2003 - 81.1
2002 - 80.7
2001 - 81.1
2000 24.3 80.9
1999 23.7 81.7
1998 24.9 79.2
1997 24.2 79
1996 24.4 78.1
1995 27.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/new-zealand | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Angola is 54.4, ranking 133/197, compared to 77.8 for New Zealand, ranking 13/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Angola New Zealand
Services, % of GDP
46.8%
2025
68.2%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
27.1%
2025
19.4%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
4.01%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$112B
2025
$248B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$9,840
2025
$53,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$13.5B
2025
$28.2B
2025
Total reserves ranking
75/177
2025
59/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.02B
2025
-$3.58B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.11B
2024
$1.76B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$33.1M
2024
$882M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
11.3%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.6%
2020
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
10.6%
2024
23.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/new-zealand | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.