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Economy of Myanmar vs New Zealand compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Myanmar has a GDP of $81.7B compared to $264B for New Zealand, ranking 85/197 and 53/197 by economy size, respectively.

Myanmar has $42.4B in government debt (51.9% of GDP), compared to $145B (54.7% of GDP) in New Zealand.

Myanmar vs New Zealand GDP by year

Myanmar
New Zealand
1x
Year GDP, current $
Myanmar New Zealand
2025 $81,665,773,810 $264,057,413,740
2024 $74,068,349,524 $261,497,198,364
2023 $66,757,619,000 $256,372,177,758
2022 $62,253,049,892 $249,723,029,451
2021 $66,345,291,160 $253,732,493,988
2020 $79,006,113,643 $213,318,129,989
2019 $75,065,106,228 $213,088,034,258
2018 $67,860,515,990 $211,726,161,989
2017 $66,053,040,483 $206,561,943,051
2016 $63,298,361,996 $188,980,351,891
2015 $59,607,290,408 $178,147,457,243
2014 $65,531,374,200 $201,435,445,068
2013 $60,269,732,855 $190,943,478,290
2012 $59,937,796,648 $176,508,049,114
2011 $59,977,326,086 $168,458,838,711
2010 $49,540,813,342 $146,887,902,524
2009 $36,906,181,381 $121,663,439,315
2008 $31,862,554,102 $133,437,126,590
2007 $20,182,477,481 $137,188,946,866
2006 $14,502,553,710 $111,538,810,713
2005 $11,986,972,419 $114,720,129,550
2004 $10,567,354,056 $103,905,210,084
2003 $10,467,109,978 $88,250,885,550
2002 $6,777,632,512 $66,627,729,311
2001 $6,477,790,688 $53,872,425,917
2000 $8,905,066,164 $52,623,281,957
1999 $8,486,832,801 $58,762,260,626
1998 $6,459,461,639 $56,227,169,851
1997 $4,722,288,496 $66,075,143,415
1996 $6,123,556,717 $70,140,835,299
1995 $5,289,174,943 $63,918,703,507
1994 $4,432,257,174 $55,314,732,279
1993 $3,163,020,035 $46,775,620,817
1992 $2,411,552,289 $41,649,829,860
1991 $2,069,832,687 $42,745,329,732
1990 $2,115,193,513 $45,495,129,385
1989 $2,013,448,229 $43,920,222,525
1988 $1,541,088,312 $45,176,811,594
1987 $1,562,448,077 $40,376,354,070
1986 $1,582,873,750 $30,604,668,357
1985 $1,478,908,173 $24,679,795,396
1984 $1,304,063,253 $21,665,975,319
1983 $1,381,573,615 $24,309,279,706
1982 $1,481,165,468 $24,164,603,059
1981 $1,111,000,765 $24,417,617,184
1980 $1,038,225,167 $23,244,547,385
1979 $952,265,043 $20,731,243,113
1978 $935,408,775 $18,530,518,395
1977 $873,579,932 $15,446,825,318
1976 $1,204,699,849 $13,604,832,424
1975 $1,061,107,354 $12,861,983,284
1974 $1,225,589,878 $13,940,981,798
1973 $719,754,655 $12,802,281,898
1972 $662,213,083 $9,567,331,065
1971 $587,448,405 $7,911,136,757
1970 $563,555,631 $6,495,605,331
1969 $571,854,215 $5,814,357,709
1968 $559,956,130 $5,228,045,415
1967 $420,359,036 $6,016,017,227
1966 $293,103,479 $5,917,437,693
1965 $367,053,117 $5,706,251,400
1964 $411,419,906 $7,340,766,415
1963 $598,998,419 $6,699,741,645
1962 $634,528,872 $6,133,158,532
1961 $605,581,577 $5,721,994,864
1960 $545,098,448 $5,536,098,360

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/new-zealand | CC BY

GDP per capita in Myanmar vs New Zealand by year

Myanmar
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Myanmar New Zealand
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $1,489 - $49,591 -
2024 $1,359 $5,997 $49,432 $55,551
2023 $1,233 $5,953 $49,302 $54,697
2022 $1,158 $5,732 $49,142 $54,034
2021 $1,243 $5,178 $49,902 $48,249
2020 $1,490 $5,741 $42,055 $45,513
2019 $1,426 $6,101 $42,872 $45,278
2018 $1,298 $5,581 $43,204 $42,527
2017 $1,273 $4,706 $42,912 $42,244
2016 $1,229 $4,460 $40,088 $39,989
2015 $1,167 $4,459 $38,649 $37,513
2014 $1,293 $4,376 $44,600 $37,331
2013 $1,199 $4,144 $42,985 $36,263
2012 $1,203 $3,845 $40,042 $33,055
2011 $1,214 $3,579 $38,426 $32,739
2010 $1,011 $3,348 $33,762 $31,305
2009 $758 $3,040 $28,277 $30,746
2008 $658 $2,748 $31,325 $29,896
2007 $419 $2,459 $32,480 $29,331
2006 $303 $2,153 $26,655 $27,732
2005 $252.7 $1,860 $27,751 $25,677
2004 $224.5 $1,601 $25,420 $25,124
2003 $224.3 $1,385 $21,914 $23,996
2002 $146.6 $1,204 $16,874 $23,306
2001 $141.5 $1,069 $13,883 $22,511
2000 $196.6 $949 $13,641 $21,500
1999 $189.5 $825 $15,322 $20,579
1998 $146 $742 $14,738 $19,323
1997 $108 $702 $17,474 $19,100
1996 $141.9 $661 $18,794 $18,392
1995 $124.1 $618 $17,400 $17,864
1994 $105.4 $573 $15,280 $17,108
1993 $76.2 $529 $13,094 $15,900
1992 $58.9 $494 $11,793 $14,877
1991 $51.2 $447 $12,230 $14,501
1990 $53.1 $441 $13,663 $14,812
1989 $51.3 - $13,312 -
1988 $39.9 - $13,759 -
1987 $41.1 - $12,331 -
1986 $42.4 - $9,428 -
1985 $40.4 - $7,601 -
1984 $36.3 - $6,714 -
1983 $39.3 - $7,598 -
1982 $43 - $7,656 -
1981 $32.8 - $7,814 -
1980 $31.2 - $7,467 -
1979 $29.2 - $6,668 -
1978 $29.3 - $5,937 -
1977 $27.9 - $4,951 -
1976 $39.2 - $4,374 -
1975 $35.2 - $4,172 -
1974 $41.4 - $4,611 -
1973 $24.8 - $4,323 -
1972 $23.3 - $3,295 -
1971 $21.1 - $2,773 -
1970 $20.7 - $2,311 -
1969 $21.5 - $2,097 -
1968 $21.5 - $1,902 -
1967 $16.5 - $2,208 -
1966 $11.8 - $2,211 -
1965 $15.1 - $2,171 -
1964 $17.3 - $2,839 -
1963 $25.8 - $2,646 -
1962 $27.9 - $2,471 -
1961 $27.3 - $2,365 -
1960 $25.1 - $2,334 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/new-zealand | CC BY

Myanmar's GDP per capita is $1,489, ranking 166/197, compared to $49,591 in New Zealand, ranking 26/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Myanmar ranks 153rd at $5,997, while New Zealand ranks 38th at $55,551.

Economic indicators

Myanmar New Zealand
Gross domestic product
$81.7B
2025
$264B
2025
GDP rank
85/197
2025
53/197
2025
GDP growth
-2.01%
2024-2025
0.46%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$1,489
2025
$49,591
2025
GDP per capita rank
166/197
2025
26/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$5,997
2024
$55,551
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
153/197
2024
38/197
2024
Government debt
$42.4B
2025
$145B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
51.9%
2025
54.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$773
2025
$27,139
2025
Government debt per person rank
152/185
2025
27/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,165
2026
$36,222
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$103B
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
5
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2017
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
3.8%
2017
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
41.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
8.83%
2018-2019
2.84%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
2.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
1.48%
2020
5.26%
2025
Population
55361818
5380024

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Myanmar
Spending

Debt
New Zealand
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Myanmar New Zealand
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 25.2% 51.9% 41.6% 54.7%
2024 25.8% 50.6% 41.7% 51.4%
2023 21.4% 53.2% 41% 47.3%
2022 21.3% 56% 41.7% 46.9%
2021 20.9% 63.4% 41.8% 47.5%
2020 21.3% 49.1% 41.9% 43.2%
2019 20.5% 37.6% 38.7% 31.8%
2018 18.7% 39.9% 36.1% 28.1%
2017 19.7% 41.9% 35.6% 31.1%
2016 21.3% 35.7% 36.4% 33.4%
2015 23.7% 36.6% 37.2% 34.2%
2014 24.7% 34.5% 37.6% 34.2%
2013 23.9% 44.8% 38.6% 34.6%
2012 20% 48% 39.7% 35.7%
2011 15.6% 49.9% 42.3% 34.7%
2010 15.8% 54.4% 42.9% 29.6%
2009 14.4% 56.4% 40.3% 24.3%
2008 14.4% 59.8% 38.4% 19%
2007 15.7% 77.4% 37% 16.3%
2006 15.6% 103.1% 37.8% 18.4%
2005 14.6% 119% 37.1% 20.8%
2004 14.6% 126.6% 36.1% 22.5%
2003 14.3% 146% 36.6% 24.7%
2002 15.3% 190.6% 36.7% 26.4%
2001 19.1% 262% 37.2% 28.2%
2000 21.4% 164.5% 38.2% 30%
1999 22.8% 150.7% 39.2% 32%
1998 25.2% 208.6% 40.1% 34.5%
1997 - - 39.3% 34.6%
1996 - - 39.8% 37.3%
1995 - - 41.6% 43.5%
1994 - - 42.7% 48.9%
1993 - - 46.7% 54.6%
1992 - - 52.4% 58.7%
1991 - - 52.9% 58%
1990 - - 49.5% 55.5%
1989 - - 47.8% 54.9%
1988 - - 46.1% 54.7%
1987 - - 46.1% 62.9%
1986 - - 46.9% 68.5%
1985 - - 46.2% 64.1%
1984 - - 40.7% 62.8%
1983 - - 41.4% 59.6%
1982 - - 39.9% 51.5%
1981 - - 39.1% 50.5%
1980 - - 38% 52.2%
1979 - - 38.4% 52%
1978 - - 36.6% 50%
1977 - - 30% 44.6%
1976 - - 31.6% 47.6%
1975 - - 30.1% 41.4%
1974 - - 27.3% 39.6%
1973 - - 27.1% 44%
1972 - - 26.4% 46%
1971 - - 26.8% 71.3%
1970 - - 24.8% 76.5%
1969 - - 25.9% 85.8%
1968 - - 26.2% 86.5%
1967 - - 26% 59.7%
1966 - - 25% 58.2%
1965 - - 24.9% 59.6%
1964 - - 19.4% 61.8%
1963 - - 19.4% 64.5%
1962 - - 21.6% 65%
1961 - - 21.1% 64.6%
1960 - - 25.3% 68.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/new-zealand | CC BY

In 2025, Myanmar's government spending was $20.6B, accounting for 25.2% of its GDP, while New Zealand spent $110B, or 41.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 51.9% in Myanmar and 54.7% in New Zealand, ranking 101/185 and 91/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Myanmar

New Zealand
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Myanmar New Zealand
2025 -4.94% -3.86%
2024 -4.11% -3.21%
2023 -2.76% -3.22%
2022 -2.75% -3.96%
2021 -2.22% -3.35%
2020 -6.5% -4.21%
2019 -4.7% -2.44%
2018 -2.77% 1.31%
2017 -3.42% 1.38%
2016 -2.53% 0.98%
2015 -4.33% 0.37%
2014 -1.06% -0.33%
2013 -1.53% -1.28%
2012 -2.7% -2.18%
2011 -4.82% -4.94%
2010 -5.4% -5.49%
2009 -3.55% -1.8%
2008 -2.73% 1.48%
2007 -3.52% 3.6%
2006 -3.42% 4.62%
2005 -3.49% 5.13%
2004 -4.62% 4.49%
2003 -4.24% 3.69%
2002 -4.01% 2.56%
2001 -6.34% 1.29%
2000 -6.03% 0.18%
1999 -4.46% -1.1%
1998 -4.89% -0.47%
1997 - 1.24%
1996 - 2.58%
1995 - 3.7%
1994 - 2%
1993 - -1.51%
1992 - -6.25%
1991 - -6.12%
1990 - -2.72%
1989 - -2.16%
1988 - -1.88%
1987 - -3.43%
1986 - -5.33%
1985 - -6.97%
1984 - -8.68%
1983 - -6.64%
1982 - -6.26%
1981 - -6.02%
1980 - -4.9%
1979 - -6.55%
1978 - -3.41%
1977 - -1.09%
1976 - -2.07%
1975 - 0.11%
1974 - 0.03%
1973 - -0.07%
1972 - 0.12%
1971 - 0.09%
1970 - -0.05%
1969 - 0.17%
1968 - 0.03%
1967 - 0.02%
1966 - 0.09%
1965 - 0.26%
1964 - -0.08%
1963 - -0.26%
1962 - 0.02%
1961 - 0.03%
1960 - 0.05%
1959 - 0.03%
1958 - -0.02%
1957 - 0.32%
1956 - 1.33%
1955 - 0.73%
1954 - 0.22%
1953 - 0.43%
1952 - 1.73%
1951 - 1.17%
1950 - 0.78%
1949 - 0.53%
1948 - 0.36%
1947 - 1.07%
1946 - 0.31%
1945 - 0.32%
1944 - 0.59%
1943 - 1.24%
1942 - 0.56%
1941 - 0.64%
1940 - 0.13%
1939 - 0.34%
1938 - 0.38%
1937 - 0.23%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 1.19%
1934 - -0.55%
1933 - 0.02%
1932 - -1.77%
1931 - -1.12%
1930 - 0.09%
1929 - -0.37%
1928 - 0.12%
1927 - 0.4%
1926 - 0.72%
1925 - 0.78%
1924 - 1.2%
1923 - 0.95%
1922 - -0.2%
1921 - 3.55%
1920 - 1.51%
1919 - 2.9%
1918 - 4.35%
1917 - 3.89%
1916 - 1.46%
1915 - 0.06%
1914 - 0.45%
1913 - 0.79%
1912 - 0.89%
1911 - 1.24%
1910 - 0.36%
1909 - 0.31%
1908 - 1.26%
1907 - 1.13%
1906 - 0.97%
1905 - 1.41%
1904 - 1.42%
1903 - 0.55%
1902 - 0.63%
1901 - 1.11%
1900 - 1.59%
1899 - 1.15%
1898 - 1.38%
1897 - 0.86%
1896 - 0.65%
1895 - 0.32%
1894 - 0.76%
1893 - 1.14%
1892 - 0.09%
1891 - 0.46%
1890 - 0.05%
1889 - 0.59%
1888 - -1.64%
1887 - -1.63%
1886 - -0.53%
1885 - -0.47%
1884 - -0.1%
1883 - 0.38%
1882 - 0.18%
1881 - -2.33%
1880 - -2.39%
1879 - -0.55%
1878 - -0.85%
1877 - -2.53%
1876 - -5.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/new-zealand | CC BY

In 2025, Myanmar's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.04B, equivalent to 4.94% of GDP. This compares to New Zealand's deficit of $10.2B, or 3.86% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Myanmar recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while New Zealand ran a deficit in 15 years. On average, Myanmar posted an annual deficit equal to 3.85% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.38% of GDP for New Zealand.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Myanmar

New Zealand
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Myanmar New Zealand
2025 - 2.84%
2024 - 2.92%
2023 - 5.73%
2022 - 7.17%
2021 - 3.94%
2020 - 1.71%
2019 8.83% 1.62%
2018 6.87% 1.6%
2017 4.57% 1.85%
2016 6.93% 0.65%
2015 9.45% 0.29%
2014 4.95% 1.23%
2013 5.64% 1.13%
2012 1.47% 1.06%
2011 5.02% 4.03%
2010 7.72% 2.3%
2009 1.47% 2.12%
2008 26.8% 3.96%
2007 35% 2.38%
2006 20% 3.37%
2005 9.37% 3.04%
2004 4.53% 2.29%
2003 36.6% 1.75%
2002 57.1% 2.68%
2001 21.1% 2.63%
2000 -0.11% 2.62%
1999 18.4% -0.11%
1998 51.5% 1.27%
1997 29.7% 1.19%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/new-zealand | CC BY

Over the past 23 years, Myanmar has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 16.2%, compared with 1.95% in New Zealand. In 2019, inflation was 8.83% in Myanmar and 2.84% in New Zealand.

Top exports between countries

Myanmar
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $896K
Raw agricultural goods $179K
Animal & marine products $131K
Wood & paper products $109K
Metals $57K
Machinery & equipment $29K
Chemicals & pharma $18K
Raw materials & minerals $12K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8K
Miscellaneous $3K
New Zealand
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $2.77M
Transport & tourism services $1.4M
Machinery & equipment $286K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $192K
Wood & paper products $186K
Raw agricultural goods $130K
Chemicals & pharma $127K
Textiles & consumer goods $18K
Raw materials & minerals $9K
Metals $5K

Balance of trade

Myanmar New Zealand
Current account balance
$67.7M
2019
-$9.56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
66/190
2019
174/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.09%
2019
-3.62%
2025
Goods imports
$13.7B
2019
$48.2B
2025
Goods exports
$10.8B
2019
$47.2B
2025
Service imports
$3.66B
2019
$20.3B
2025
Service exports
$6.68B
2019
$19.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP n/a
26%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.3%
2026
24.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Myanmar New Zealand
Economic freedom 44.5 77.8
Economic freedom ranking 180/197 13/197
Property rights 5.7 85.4
Government integrity 18.1 90
Judicial effectiveness 3.9 95.9
Tax burden 88.6 66.1
Government spending 86.6 48
Fiscal health 62.7 72.2
Business freedom 37.9 89.1
Labor freedom 53.2 68.6
Monetary freedom 57.5 77.4
Trade freedom 69.4 90.6
Investment freedom 30 70
Financial freedom 20 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Myanmar
New Zealand
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Myanmar New Zealand
2026 44.5 77.8
2025 43.7 78.1
2024 42.2 77.8
2023 46.5 78.9
2022 49.6 80.6
2021 55.2 83.9
2020 54 84.1
2019 53.6 84.4
2018 53.9 84.2
2017 52.5 83.7
2016 48.7 81.6
2015 46.9 82.1
2014 46.5 81.2
2013 39.2 81.4
2012 38.7 82.1
2011 37.8 82.3
2010 36.7 82.1
2009 37.7 82
2008 39.5 80.7
2007 41 81.4
2006 40 82
2005 40.5 82.3
2004 43.6 81.5
2003 44.9 81.1
2002 45.5 80.7
2001 46.1 81.1
2000 47.9 80.9
1999 46.4 81.7
1998 45.7 79.2
1997 45.4 79
1996 45.1 78.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/new-zealand | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Myanmar is 44.5, ranking 180/197, compared to 77.8 for New Zealand, ranking 13/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Myanmar New Zealand
Services, % of GDP
38.5%
2025
68.2%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
36.2%
2025
19.4%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
25.3%
2025
4.01%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$72.3B
2025
$248B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$5,890
2025
$53,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$9.34B
2023
$28.2B
2025
Total reserves ranking
85/177
2023
59/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.74B
2019
-$3.58B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.1B
2024
$1.76B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
$882M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.31%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
24.8%
2017
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP n/a
23.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/new-zealand | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.