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Economy of Kyrgyzstan vs New Zealand compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Kyrgyzstan has a GDP of $17.5B compared to $260B for New Zealand, ranking 135/197 and 52/197 by economy size, respectively.

Kyrgyzstan has $6.56B in government debt (37.5% of GDP), compared to $131B (50.2% of GDP) in New Zealand.

Kyrgyzstan vs New Zealand GDP by year

Kyrgyzstan
New Zealand
1x
Year GDP, current $
Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
2024 $17,478,259,659 $260,172,385,098
2023 $15,180,842,369 $255,194,972,673
2022 $12,134,931,018 $249,509,991,440
2021 $9,249,133,946 $253,977,931,815
2020 $8,270,468,614 $213,029,554,654
2019 $9,371,275,264 $213,006,341,102
2018 $8,271,106,235 $211,985,631,173
2017 $7,702,938,379 $206,745,969,246
2016 $6,813,095,379 $189,100,085,275
2015 $6,678,177,512 $178,224,167,088
2014 $7,468,102,413 $201,518,402,787
2013 $7,335,033,801 $191,012,364,177
2012 $6,605,142,884 $176,560,711,239
2011 $6,197,765,984 $168,484,908,960
2010 $4,794,361,863 $146,887,902,524
2009 $4,690,061,381 $121,663,439,315
2008 $5,139,958,909 $133,437,126,590
2007 $3,802,570,553 $137,188,946,866
2006 $2,834,168,889 $111,538,810,713
2005 $2,460,246,766 $114,720,129,550
2004 $2,211,534,585 $103,905,210,084
2003 $1,919,008,090 $88,250,885,550
2002 $1,605,643,105 $66,627,729,311
2001 $1,525,116,370 $53,872,425,917
2000 $1,369,688,498 $52,623,281,957
1999 $1,249,061,487 $58,762,260,626
1998 $1,645,963,750 $56,227,169,851
1997 $1,767,864,036 $66,075,143,415
1996 $1,827,570,586 $70,140,835,299
1995 $1,661,147,035 $63,918,703,507
1994 $1,681,780,847 $55,314,732,279
1993 $2,026,019,253 $46,775,620,817
1992 $2,315,346,943 $41,649,829,860
1991 $2,542,256,424 $42,745,329,732
1990 $2,660,202,623 $45,495,129,385
1989 - $43,920,222,525
1988 - $45,176,811,594
1987 - $40,376,354,070
1986 - $30,604,668,357
1985 - $24,679,795,396
1984 - $21,665,975,319
1983 - $24,309,279,706
1982 - $24,164,603,059
1981 - $24,417,617,184
1980 - $23,244,547,385
1979 - $20,731,243,113
1978 - $18,530,518,395
1977 - $15,446,825,318
1976 - $13,604,832,424
1975 - $12,861,983,284
1974 - $13,940,981,798
1973 - $12,802,281,898
1972 - $9,567,331,065
1971 - $7,911,136,757
1970 - $6,495,605,331
1969 - $5,814,357,709
1968 - $5,228,045,415
1967 - $6,016,017,227
1966 - $5,917,437,693
1965 - $5,706,251,400
1964 - $7,340,766,415
1963 - $6,699,741,645
1962 - $6,133,158,532
1961 - $5,721,994,864
1960 - $5,536,098,360

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/new-zealand | CC BY

GDP per capita in Kyrgyzstan vs New Zealand by year

Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,420 $8,012 $49,205 $55,551
2023 $2,138 $7,298 $49,076 $54,697
2022 $1,740 $6,578 $49,100 $54,034
2021 $1,350 $5,736 $49,950 $48,249
2020 $1,230 $5,179 $41,998 $45,513
2019 $1,422 $5,304 $42,856 $45,278
2018 $1,284 $4,778 $43,257 $42,527
2017 $1,221 $4,954 $42,950 $42,244
2016 $1,103 $4,604 $40,114 $39,989
2015 $1,106 $4,153 $38,665 $37,513
2014 $1,265 $4,228 $44,618 $37,331
2013 $1,270 $4,001 $43,000 $36,263
2012 $1,169 $3,589 $40,054 $33,055
2011 $1,117 $3,278 $38,432 $32,739
2010 $877 $3,076 $33,762 $31,305
2009 $870 $3,097 $28,277 $30,746
2008 $966 $3,031 $31,325 $29,896
2007 $722 $2,770 $32,480 $29,331
2006 $543 $2,508 $26,655 $27,732
2005 $477 $2,386 $27,751 $25,677
2004 $433 $2,343 $25,420 $25,124
2003 $381 $2,158 $21,914 $23,996
2002 $322 $1,998 $16,874 $23,306
2001 $308 $1,986 $13,883 $22,511
2000 $279.6 $1,862 $13,641 $21,500
1999 $258 $1,747 $15,322 $20,579
1998 $345 $1,687 $14,738 $19,323
1997 $376 $1,659 $17,474 $19,100
1996 $395 $1,505 $18,794 $18,392
1995 $364 $1,401 $17,400 $17,864
1994 $372 $1,466 $15,280 $17,108
1993 $449 $1,795 $13,094 $15,900
1992 $513 $2,075 $11,793 $14,877
1991 $570 $2,382 $12,230 $14,501
1990 $606 $2,544 $13,663 $14,812
1989 - - $13,312 -
1988 - - $13,759 -
1987 - - $12,331 -
1986 - - $9,428 -
1985 - - $7,601 -
1984 - - $6,714 -
1983 - - $7,598 -
1982 - - $7,656 -
1981 - - $7,814 -
1980 - - $7,467 -
1979 - - $6,668 -
1978 - - $5,937 -
1977 - - $4,951 -
1976 - - $4,374 -
1975 - - $4,172 -
1974 - - $4,611 -
1973 - - $4,323 -
1972 - - $3,295 -
1971 - - $2,773 -
1970 - - $2,311 -
1969 - - $2,097 -
1968 - - $1,902 -
1967 - - $2,208 -
1966 - - $2,211 -
1965 - - $2,171 -
1964 - - $2,839 -
1963 - - $2,646 -
1962 - - $2,471 -
1961 - - $2,365 -
1960 - - $2,334 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/new-zealand | CC BY

Kyrgyzstan's GDP per capita is $2,420, ranking 150/197, compared to $49,205 in New Zealand, ranking 26/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kyrgyzstan ranks 141st at $8,012, while New Zealand ranks 38th at $55,551.

Economic indicators

Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
Gross domestic product
$17.5B
2024
$260B
2024
GDP rank
135/197
2024
52/197
2024
GDP growth
9.04%
2023-2024
1.29%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,420
2024
$49,205
2024
GDP per capita rank
150/197
2024
26/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$8,012
2024
$55,551
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
141/197
2024
38/197
2024
Government debt
$6.56B
2024
$131B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
37.5%
2024
50.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$908
2024
$24,722
2024
Government debt per person rank
144/185
2024
28/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,187
2026
$37,758
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$92.9B
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
5
2025
Income share by richest 10%
23%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
4.3%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
33.7%
2024
41.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5%
2023-2024
2.92%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
10%
2025
2.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.5%
2023
4.76%
2024
Population
7471102
5374272

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Kyrgyzstan
Spending

Debt
New Zealand
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 33.7% 37.5% 41.9% 50.2%
2023 32.9% 42% 41.2% 46.9%
2022 35% 46.8% 41.8% 46.9%
2021 32.1% 56.2% 41.9% 47.5%
2020 32.1% 63.6% 42% 43.2%
2019 30.8% 48.8% 38.8% 31.8%
2018 33.1% 54.8% 36.1% 28.1%
2017 37% 58.8% 35.6% 31.1%
2016 38.9% 59.1% 36.4% 33.3%
2015 38.1% 67.1% 37.2% 34.2%
2014 38.5% 53.6% 37.7% 34.2%
2013 38.1% 47.1% 38.6% 34.5%
2012 40.6% 50.5% 39.7% 35.7%
2011 37.4% 50.1% 42.4% 34.7%
2010 37.1% 59.7% 42.9% 29.6%
2009 32.5% 58.5% 40.3% 24.3%
2008 27.9% 49% 38.5% 19%
2007 29.6% 57.7% 37.1% 16.3%
2006 29.1% 73.4% 37.9% 18.4%
2005 29.1% 85.7% 37.1% 20.8%
2004 28.5% 92.7% 36.2% 22.5%
2003 28.1% 108.2% 36.7% 24.7%
2002 29.3% 107.9% 36.8% 26.4%
2001 28.1% 108.2% 37.2% 28.2%
2000 30.2% 123.3% 38.3% 30%
1999 35.9% 119.6% 39.3% 32%
1998 35.9% 85.1% 40.1% 34.5%
1997 31.1% 64.8% 39.3% 34.6%
1996 28.6% 57.7% 39.9% 37.3%
1995 37.9% 52.4% 41.6% 43.5%
1994 - - 42.8% 48.9%
1993 - - 46.8% 54.6%
1992 - - 52.5% 58.7%
1991 - - 53% 58%
1990 - - 49.6% 55.5%
1989 - - 47.8% 54.9%
1988 - - 46.1% 54.7%
1987 - - 46.1% 62.9%
1986 - - 46.9% 68.5%
1985 - - 46.2% 64.1%
1984 - - 40.7% 62.8%
1983 - - 41.4% 59.6%
1982 - - 39.9% 51.5%
1981 - - 39.1% 50.5%
1980 - - 38% 52.2%
1979 - - 38.4% 52%
1978 - - 36.6% 50%
1977 - - 30% 44.6%
1976 - - 31.6% 47.6%
1975 - - 30.1% 41.4%
1974 - - 27.3% 39.6%
1973 - - 27.1% 44%
1972 - - 26.4% 46%
1971 - - 26.8% 71.3%
1970 - - 24.8% 76.5%
1969 - - 25.9% 85.8%
1968 - - 26.2% 86.5%
1967 - - 26% 59.7%
1966 - - 25% 58.2%
1965 - - 24.9% 59.6%
1964 - - 19.4% 61.8%
1963 - - 19.4% 64.5%
1962 - - 21.6% 65%
1961 - - 21.1% 64.6%
1960 - - 25.3% 68.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/new-zealand | CC BY

In 2024, Kyrgyzstan's government spending was $5.89B, accounting for 33.7% of its GDP, while New Zealand spent $109B, or 41.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 37.5% in Kyrgyzstan and 50.2% in New Zealand, ranking 140/185 and 107/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Kyrgyzstan

New Zealand
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
2024 1.87% -3.61%
2023 1.59% -3.54%
2022 -0.29% -4.16%
2021 -0.71% -3.5%
2020 -3.06% -4.35%
2019 -0.07% -2.5%
2018 -0.59% 1.27%
2017 -3.73% 1.36%
2016 -5.79% 0.98%
2015 -2.52% 0.36%
2014 -3.07% -0.34%
2013 -3.7% -1.29%
2012 -5.86% -2.19%
2011 -4.7% -4.96%
2010 -5.95% -5.51%
2009 0.38% -1.81%
2008 1.92% 1.47%
2007 1.28% 3.6%
2006 -2.1% 4.62%
2005 -3.79% 5.13%
2004 -4.89% 4.49%
2003 -5.17% 3.68%
2002 -5.9% 2.55%
2001 -6.75% 1.29%
2000 -10.7% 0.17%
1999 -13.5% -1.11%
1998 -12% -0.48%
1997 -9.3% 1.23%
1996 -9.1% 2.58%
1995 -13.5% 3.7%
1994 - 1.99%
1993 - -1.53%
1992 - -6.27%
1991 - -6.14%
1990 - -2.74%
1989 - -2.16%
1988 - -1.88%
1987 - -3.43%
1986 - -5.33%
1985 - -6.97%
1984 - -8.68%
1983 - -6.64%
1982 - -6.26%
1981 - -6.02%
1980 - -4.9%
1979 - -6.55%
1978 - -3.41%
1977 - -1.09%
1976 - -2.07%
1975 - 0.11%
1974 - 0.03%
1973 - -0.07%
1972 - 0.12%
1971 - 0.09%
1970 - -0.05%
1969 - 0.17%
1968 - 0.03%
1967 - 0.02%
1966 - 0.09%
1965 - 0.26%
1964 - -0.08%
1963 - -0.26%
1962 - 0.02%
1961 - 0.03%
1960 - 0.05%
1959 - 0.03%
1958 - -0.02%
1957 - 0.32%
1956 - 1.33%
1955 - 0.73%
1954 - 0.22%
1953 - 0.43%
1952 - 1.73%
1951 - 1.17%
1950 - 0.78%
1949 - 0.53%
1948 - 0.36%
1947 - 1.07%
1946 - 0.31%
1945 - 0.32%
1944 - 0.59%
1943 - 1.24%
1942 - 0.56%
1941 - 0.64%
1940 - 0.13%
1939 - 0.34%
1938 - 0.38%
1937 - 0.23%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 1.19%
1934 - -0.55%
1933 - 0.02%
1932 - -1.77%
1931 - -1.12%
1930 - 0.09%
1929 - -0.37%
1928 - 0.12%
1927 - 0.4%
1926 - 0.72%
1925 - 0.78%
1924 - 1.2%
1923 - 0.95%
1922 - -0.2%
1921 - 3.55%
1920 - 1.51%
1919 - 2.9%
1918 - 4.35%
1917 - 3.89%
1916 - 1.46%
1915 - 0.06%
1914 - 0.45%
1913 - 0.79%
1912 - 0.89%
1911 - 1.24%
1910 - 0.36%
1909 - 0.31%
1908 - 1.26%
1907 - 1.13%
1906 - 0.97%
1905 - 1.41%
1904 - 1.42%
1903 - 0.55%
1902 - 0.63%
1901 - 1.11%
1900 - 1.59%
1899 - 1.15%
1898 - 1.38%
1897 - 0.86%
1896 - 0.65%
1895 - 0.32%
1894 - 0.76%
1893 - 1.14%
1892 - 0.09%
1891 - 0.46%
1890 - 0.05%
1889 - 0.59%
1888 - -1.64%
1887 - -1.63%
1886 - -0.53%
1885 - -0.47%
1884 - -0.1%
1883 - 0.38%
1882 - 0.18%
1881 - -2.33%
1880 - -2.39%
1879 - -0.55%
1878 - -0.85%
1877 - -2.53%
1876 - -5.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/new-zealand | CC BY

In 2024, Kyrgyzstan's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $327M, equivalent to 1.87% of GDP. This compares to New Zealand's deficit of $9.38B, or 3.61% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Kyrgyzstan recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while New Zealand ran a deficit in 14 years. On average, Kyrgyzstan posted an annual deficit equal to 4.32% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.03% of GDP for New Zealand.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Kyrgyzstan

New Zealand
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
2024 5% 2.92%
2023 10.8% 5.73%
2022 13.9% 7.17%
2021 11.9% 3.94%
2020 6.3% 1.71%
2019 1.1% 1.62%
2018 1.5% 1.6%
2017 3.2% 1.85%
2016 0.4% 0.65%
2015 6.5% 0.29%
2014 7.5% 1.23%
2013 6.6% 1.13%
2012 2.8% 1.06%
2011 16.6% 4.03%
2010 8% 2.3%
2009 6.8% 2.12%
2008 24.5% 3.96%
2007 10.2% 2.38%
2006 5.6% 3.37%
2005 4.3% 3.04%
2004 4.1% 2.29%
2003 3% 1.75%
2002 2.1% 2.68%
2001 6.9% 2.63%
2000 19.7% 2.62%
1999 35.9% -0.11%
1998 10.5% 1.27%
1997 23.4% 1.19%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/new-zealand | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Kyrgyzstan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 9.25%, compared with 2.37% in New Zealand. In 2024, inflation was 5% in Kyrgyzstan and 2.92% in New Zealand.

Top exports between countries

Kyrgyzstan
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K
Animal & marine products $1K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K
New Zealand
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $985K
Transport & tourism services $100K
Raw materials & minerals $79K
Metals $70K
Weapons & explosives $35K
Chemicals & pharma $5K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5K
Miscellaneous $1K

Balance of trade

Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
Current account balance
-$5.18B
2022
-$12.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
167/190
2022
178/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-42.7%
2022
-4.65%
2024
Goods imports
$9.17B
2022
$47.3B
2024
Goods exports
$2.25B
2022
$43.3B
2024
Service imports
$1.48B
2022
$19.5B
2024
Service exports
$1.37B
2022
$18.9B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
84.2%
2024
26.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.4%
2024
24.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
Economic freedom 56 77.8
Economic freedom ranking 126/197 13/197
Property rights 22.9 85.4
Government integrity 23.9 90
Judicial effectiveness 8.3 95.9
Tax burden 93.2 66.1
Government spending 65.6 48
Fiscal health 97.2 72.2
Business freedom 58.2 89.1
Labor freedom 52.3 68.6
Monetary freedom 68 77.4
Trade freedom 72.6 90.6
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Kyrgyzstan
New Zealand
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
2026 56 77.8
2025 55.6 78.1
2024 55.2 77.8
2023 55.8 78.9
2022 55.8 80.6
2021 63.7 83.9
2020 62.9 84.1
2019 62.3 84.4
2018 62.8 84.2
2017 61.1 83.7
2016 59.6 81.6
2015 61.3 82.1
2014 61.1 81.2
2013 59.6 81.4
2012 60.2 82.1
2011 61.1 82.3
2010 61.3 82.1
2009 61.8 82
2008 61.1 80.7
2007 60.2 81.4
2006 61 82
2005 56.6 82.3
2004 58 81.5
2003 56.8 81.1
2002 51.7 80.7
2001 53.7 81.1
2000 55.7 80.9
1999 54.8 81.7
1998 51.8 79.2
1997 - 79
1996 - 78.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/new-zealand | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Kyrgyzstan is 56, ranking 126/197, compared to 77.8 for New Zealand, ranking 13/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Kyrgyzstan New Zealand
Services, % of GDP
52.1%
2024
67.4%
2022
Industry, % of GDP
24.7%
2024
19.6%
2022
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.61%
2024
4.57%
2022
GNI, Atlas method
$15.8B
2024
$252B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,900
2024
$53,600
2024
Total reserves including gold
$5.09B
2024
$22.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
100/177
2024
59/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$509M
2022
-$878M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$705M
2024
$1.76B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$20M
2024
$882M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
4.74%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
25.7%
2024
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.8%
2024
22.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/new-zealand | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.