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Economy of New Zealand vs Syria compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

New Zealand has a GDP of $260B compared to $20B for Syria, ranking 53/197 and 129/197 by economy size, respectively.

New Zealand has $133B in government debt (55.3% of GDP), compared to $18.4B (30% of GDP) in Syria.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

New Zealand
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Syria
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
New Zealand Syria
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $5,536,098,360 $42,169,502,939 $857,704,413 $2,416,812,218
1961 $5,721,994,864 $43,567,695,918 $945,244,972 $2,678,627,030
1962 $6,133,158,532 $44,909,961,496 $1,110,565,881 $3,335,461,124
1963 $6,699,741,645 $47,650,420,052 $1,200,447,408 $3,046,852,122
1964 $7,340,766,415 $50,558,660,811 $1,339,494,267 $3,329,336,867
1965 $5,706,251,400 $53,648,670,594 $1,472,036,540 $3,405,890,769
1966 $5,917,437,693 $57,000,887,530 $1,342,287,553 $3,145,031,364
1967 $6,016,017,227 $54,384,875,095 $1,580,229,799 $3,404,738,073
1968 $5,228,045,415 $54,358,308,884 $1,753,746,430 $3,531,703,487
1969 $5,814,357,709 $59,899,960,124 $2,245,011,515 $4,194,530,603
1970 $6,495,605,331 $59,062,793,729 $2,140,384,010 $4,119,161,060
1971 $7,911,136,757 $61,298,590,947 $2,589,851,325 $4,488,065,486
1972 $9,567,331,065 $64,436,532,490 $3,059,681,698 $5,639,735,188
1973 $12,802,281,898 $69,462,760,982 $3,239,487,516 $5,049,263,095
1974 $13,940,981,798 $73,625,970,474 $5,159,557,148 $6,351,759,533
1975 $12,861,983,284 $72,351,001,836 $6,826,980,444 $7,390,372,324
1976 $13,604,832,424 $73,023,006,890 $7,633,528,867 $8,296,021,554
1977 $15,446,825,318 $70,148,574,828 $7,696,011,396 $8,146,733,163
1978 $18,530,518,395 $70,372,042,491 $9,275,200,458 $8,956,729,450
1979 $20,731,243,113 $71,914,438,834 $9,929,681,529 $9,036,264,207
1980 $23,244,547,385 $72,838,001,601 $13,062,420,382 $10,347,255,986
1981 $24,417,617,184 $76,229,086,932 $15,518,201,335 $11,149,721,268
1982 $24,164,603,059 $76,937,776,426 $16,298,929,011 $11,460,696,656
1983 $24,309,279,706 $79,624,078,134 $17,589,277,143 $11,726,623,777
1984 $21,665,975,319 $83,440,220,877 $17,503,078,174 $10,834,153,805
1985 $24,679,795,396 $84,788,059,636 $16,403,539,893 $11,847,234,654
1986 $30,604,668,357 $87,082,121,111 $13,293,205,278 $10,905,032,498
1987 $40,376,354,070 $87,927,548,030 $11,356,215,543 $11,088,485,935
1988 $45,176,811,594 $87,616,568,095 $10,577,041,645 $13,085,648,672
1989 $43,920,222,525 $87,757,994,040 $9,853,395,762 $11,299,813,273
1990 $45,495,129,385 $87,892,387,206 $12,308,624,418 $11,722,376,107
1991 $42,745,329,732 $86,933,663,001 $12,981,833,333 $12,621,068,342
1992 $41,649,829,860 $87,884,573,621 $13,253,565,861 $14,258,373,042
1993 $46,775,620,817 $93,501,741,195 $13,695,962,055 $15,135,390,679
1994 $55,314,732,279 $98,288,327,599 $10,122,020,000 $16,227,110,829
1995 $63,918,703,507 $102,929,582,187 $11,396,706,587 $17,367,323,301
1996 $70,140,835,299 $106,647,274,008 $13,789,560,878 $19,073,761,706
1997 $66,075,143,415 $108,864,761,861 $14,505,233,463 $20,031,990,206
1998 $56,227,169,851 $109,799,263,892 $15,200,846,154 $21,391,221,744
1999 $58,762,260,626 $115,703,970,647 $15,873,875,969 $20,631,095,403
2000 $52,623,281,957 $119,024,733,715 $18,937,052,543 $20,770,487,870
2001 $53,872,425,917 $123,084,659,196 $20,237,024,725 $20,988,014,510
2002 $66,627,729,311 $128,886,227,124 $20,669,357,462 $21,818,055,209
2003 $88,250,885,550 $134,980,022,138 $21,828,144,686 $23,389,922,826
2004 $103,905,210,084 $140,497,957,985 $25,086,950,495 $25,004,519,711
2005 $114,720,129,550 $145,208,752,801 $28,858,965,517 $26,558,570,073
2006 $111,538,810,713 $149,245,237,528 $33,751,788,856 $27,898,767,456
2007 $137,188,946,866 $153,806,793,429 $40,465,318,382 $29,481,908,620
2008 $133,437,126,590 $152,242,519,171 $52,557,913,569 $30,801,717,185
2009 $121,663,439,315 $152,185,479,818 $54,111,735,629 $32,622,727,886
2010 $146,887,902,524 $154,405,312,545 $61,390,830,875 $34,316,469,201
2011 $168,484,908,960 $157,637,781,921 $67,539,428,159 $35,294,489,549
2012 $176,560,711,239 $161,367,975,233 $43,190,318,033 $25,998,267,919
2013 $191,012,364,177 $165,546,666,710 $21,361,254,635 $19,160,700,666
2014 $201,518,402,787 $171,881,119,397 $21,502,061,466 $17,185,167,298
2015 $178,224,167,088 $178,224,167,088 $16,466,863,117 $16,466,863,117
2016 $189,100,085,275 $184,959,455,627 $12,597,854,877 $15,412,063,258
2017 $206,745,969,246 $191,208,740,301 $16,369,843,352 $15,300,590,613
2018 $211,985,631,173 $197,844,796,499 $21,497,782,868 $15,513,754,781
2019 $213,006,341,102 $202,429,793,154 $22,583,045,060 $15,703,131,996
2020 $213,029,554,654 $201,807,833,898 $12,047,752,036 $15,593,656,904
2021 $253,977,931,815 $210,960,637,813 $14,353,205,678 $15,882,796,970
2022 $249,509,991,440 $218,336,637,843 $23,622,827,080 $15,999,183,136
2023 $255,194,972,673 $221,380,800,380 $19,993,439,950 $15,806,030,725
2024 $260,235,932,559 $221,100,836,866 - -

Economic indicators

New Zealand Syria
Gross domestic product
$260B
2024
$20B
2023
GDP rank
53/197
2024
129/197
2023
GDP growth
1.98%
2023-2024
-15.4%
2022-2023
GDP per capita
$48,747
2024
$847
2023
GDP per capita rank
26/197
2024
184/197
2023
GDP per capita, PPP
$55,094
2024
$4,650
2023
Government debt
$133B
2024
$18.4B
2010
Debt-to-GDP ratio
55.3%
2025
30%
2010
Government debt per person
$24,936
2024
$820
2010
Government debt per person rank
28/185
2024
148/185
2010
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,132
2025
$731
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$92.9B
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
5
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10% n/a
21.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
3.8%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
43%
2025
28.6%
2010
Consumer prices inflation
2.92%
2023-2024
13.4%
2018-2019
Central bank interest rate
3%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.72%
2024
8.61%
2010
Population
5406623
26304877

GDP per capita in New Zealand vs Syria

New Zealand's GDP per capita is $48,747, ranking 26/197, compared to $847 in Syria, ranking 184/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), New Zealand ranks 37th at $55,094, while Syria ranks 160th at $4,650.

New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Syria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
New Zealand Syria
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $2,334 - $183.5 -
1961 $2,365 - $196.3 -
1962 $2,471 - $223.9 -
1963 $2,646 - $234.9 -
1964 $2,839 - $254.2 -
1965 $2,171 - $270.8 -
1966 $2,211 - $239.3 -
1967 $2,208 - $272.9 -
1968 $1,902 - $293.3 -
1969 $2,097 - $364 -
1970 $2,311 - $335 -
1971 $2,773 - $393 -
1972 $3,295 - $448 -
1973 $4,323 - $459 -
1974 $4,611 - $707 -
1975 $4,172 - $904 -
1976 $4,374 - $976 -
1977 $4,951 - $951 -
1978 $5,937 - $1,108 -
1979 $6,668 - $1,146 -
1980 $7,467 - $1,458 -
1981 $7,814 - $1,676 -
1982 $7,656 - $1,703 -
1983 $7,598 - $1,776 -
1984 $6,714 - $1,706 -
1985 $7,601 - $1,544 -
1986 $9,428 - $1,208 -
1987 $12,331 - $997 -
1988 $13,759 - $898 -
1989 $13,312 - $809 -
1990 $13,663 $14,871 $978 -
1991 $12,230 $14,560 $1,000 -
1992 $11,793 $14,937 $990 -
1993 $13,094 $15,964 $993 -
1994 $15,280 $17,111 $712 -
1995 $17,400 $17,885 $780 -
1996 $18,794 $18,442 $918 -
1997 $17,474 $19,127 $941 -
1998 $14,738 $19,320 $961 -
1999 $15,322 $20,579 $978 -
2000 $13,641 $21,501 $1,138 -
2001 $13,883 $22,521 $1,187 -
2002 $16,874 $23,306 $1,183 -
2003 $21,914 $23,987 $1,220 -
2004 $25,420 $25,097 $1,368 -
2005 $27,751 $25,677 $1,534 -
2006 $26,655 $27,744 $1,719 -
2007 $32,480 $29,354 $1,938 -
2008 $31,325 $29,896 $2,429 -
2009 $28,277 $30,756 $2,462 -
2010 $33,762 $31,293 $2,731 -
2011 $38,432 $32,739 $2,952 -
2012 $40,054 $33,055 $1,898 -
2013 $43,000 $36,263 $986 -
2014 $44,618 $37,331 $1,061 -
2015 $38,665 $37,578 $848 -
2016 $40,114 $39,989 $656 -
2017 $42,950 $42,244 $852 $3,265
2018 $43,257 $42,527 $1,098 $3,456
2019 $42,779 $45,198 $1,110 $3,502
2020 $41,851 $45,354 $572 $3,738
2021 $49,689 $47,997 $664 $4,593
2022 $48,760 $53,647 $1,052 $4,772
2023 $48,655 $53,854 $847 $4,650
2024 $48,747 $55,094 - -

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, New Zealand's government spending was $111B, accounting for 43% of its GDP, while Syria's spent $17.6B, or 28.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.3% in New Zealand and 30% in Syria, ranking 95/185 and 159/185, respectively.

New Zealand
Government spending

Government debt
Syria
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
New Zealand Syria
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 25.3% 68.1% - -
1961 21.1% 64.6% - -
1962 21.6% 65% - -
1963 19.4% 64.5% - -
1964 19.4% 61.8% - -
1965 24.9% 59.6% - -
1966 25% 58.2% - -
1967 26% 59.7% - -
1968 26.2% 86.5% - -
1969 25.9% 85.8% - -
1970 24.8% 76.5% - -
1971 26.8% 71.3% - -
1972 26.4% 46% - -
1973 27.1% 44% - -
1974 27.3% 39.6% - -
1975 30.1% 41.4% - -
1976 31.6% 47.6% - -
1977 30% 44.6% - -
1978 36.6% 50% - -
1979 38.4% 52% - -
1980 38% 52.2% - -
1981 39.1% 50.5% - -
1982 39.9% 51.5% - -
1983 41.4% 59.6% - -
1984 40.7% 62.8% - -
1985 46.1% 64.1% - -
1986 46.9% 68.5% - -
1987 46.1% 62.9% - -
1988 46.1% 54.7% - -
1989 47.9% 55% - -
1990 49.6% 55.5% 28.3% 189.8%
1991 53% 58% 34.3% 182.4%
1992 52.5% 58.7% 34.2% 173.6%
1993 46.8% 54.6% 29.4% 171.9%
1994 42.8% 48.9% 30.3% 163%
1995 41.6% 43.5% 29.8% 152.6%
1996 39.9% 37.3% 27.7% 141.5%
1997 39.3% 34.6% 29% 147.6%
1998 40.1% 34.5% 28.8% 151.2%
1999 39.3% 32% 28% 147.7%
2000 38.3% 30% 27.4% 152.1%
2001 37.2% 28.2% 28% 144.5%
2002 36.8% 26.4% 28.5% 132.4%
2003 36.7% 24.7% 32.6% 133.4%
2004 36.2% 22.5% 31.3% 113%
2005 37.1% 20.8% 28.2% 50.7%
2006 37.9% 18.4% 26.3% 45%
2007 37.1% 16.3% 25.7% 42.7%
2008 38.5% 19% 22.9% 37.3%
2009 40.3% 24.3% 26.7% 31.2%
2010 42.9% 29.6% 28.6% 30%
2011 42.4% 34.7% - -
2012 39.7% 35.7% - -
2013 38.6% 34.5% - -
2014 37.7% 34.2% - -
2015 37.2% 34.2% - -
2016 36.4% 33.3% - -
2017 35.6% 31.1% - -
2018 36.1% 28.1% - -
2019 38.8% 31.8% - -
2020 42% 43.2% - -
2021 41.9% 47.5% - -
2022 41.8% 46.9% - -
2023 41.3% 47% - -
2024 42.7% 51.2% - -
2025 43% 55.3% - -

Government deficit by year

In 2010, New Zealand's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$8.1B, equivalent to -5.51% of GDP. This compares to Syria's deficit of -$4.78B, or -7.79% of GDP.

Over the past 21 years, New Zealand recorded a fiscal deficit in 8 of those years, while Syria ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, New Zealand posted an annual surplus equal to +0.52% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.4% of GDP for Syria.

Deficit/surplus
New Zealand

Syria
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
New Zealand Syria
1876 -5.28% -
1877 -2.53% -
1878 -0.85% -
1879 -0.55% -
1880 -2.39% -
1881 -2.33% -
1882 0.18% -
1883 0.38% -
1884 -0.1% -
1885 -0.47% -
1886 -0.53% -
1887 -1.63% -
1888 -1.64% -
1889 0.59% -
1890 0.05% -
1891 0.46% -
1892 0.09% -
1893 1.14% -
1894 0.76% -
1895 0.32% -
1896 0.65% -
1897 0.86% -
1898 1.38% -
1899 1.15% -
1900 1.59% -
1901 1.11% -
1902 0.63% -
1903 0.55% -
1904 1.42% -
1905 1.41% -
1906 0.97% -
1907 1.13% -
1908 1.26% -
1909 0.31% -
1910 0.36% -
1911 1.24% -
1912 0.89% -
1913 0.79% -
1914 0.45% -
1915 0.06% -
1916 1.46% -
1917 3.89% -
1918 4.35% -
1919 2.9% -
1920 1.51% -
1921 3.55% -
1922 -0.2% -
1923 0.95% -
1924 1.2% -
1925 0.78% -
1926 0.72% -
1927 0.4% -
1928 0.12% -
1929 -0.37% -
1930 0.09% -
1931 -1.12% -
1932 -1.77% -
1933 0.02% -
1934 -0.55% -
1935 1.19% -
1936 0.17% -
1937 0.23% -
1938 0.38% -
1939 0.34% -
1940 0.13% -
1941 0.64% -
1942 0.56% -
1943 1.24% -
1944 0.59% -
1945 0.32% -
1946 0.31% -
1947 1.07% -
1948 0.36% -
1949 0.53% -
1950 0.78% -
1951 1.17% -
1952 1.73% -
1953 0.43% -
1954 0.22% -
1955 0.73% -
1956 1.33% -
1957 0.32% -
1958 -0.02% -
1959 0.03% -
1960 0.05% -
1961 0.03% -
1962 0.02% -
1963 -0.26% -
1964 -0.08% -
1965 0.26% -
1966 0.09% -
1967 0.02% -
1968 0.03% -
1969 0.17% -
1970 -0.05% -
1971 0.09% -
1972 0.12% -
1973 -0.07% -
1974 0.03% -
1975 0.11% -
1976 -2.07% -
1977 -1.09% -
1978 -3.41% -
1979 -6.55% -
1980 -4.9% -
1981 -6.02% -
1982 -6.26% -
1983 -6.64% -
1984 -8.68% -
1985 -6.97% -
1986 -5.33% -
1987 -3.43% -
1988 -1.88% -
1989 -2.16% -
1990 -2.74% -3.92%
1991 -6.14% -6.57%
1992 -6.27% -7.26%
1993 -1.53% -4.96%
1994 1.99% -6%
1995 3.7% -3.81%
1996 2.58% -2.83%
1997 1.23% -1.78%
1998 -0.48% -2.81%
1999 -1.11% -1.47%
2000 0.17% -1.36%
2001 1.29% 2.3%
2002 2.55% -2.02%
2003 3.68% -2.7%
2004 4.49% -4.18%
2005 5.13% -4.41%
2006 4.62% -1.12%
2007 3.6% -2.99%
2008 1.47% -2.86%
2009 -1.81% -2.89%
2010 -5.51% -7.79%
2011 -4.96% -
2012 -2.19% -
2013 -1.29% -
2014 -0.34% -
2015 0.36% -
2016 0.98% -
2017 1.36% -
2018 1.27% -
2019 -2.5% -
2020 -4.35% -
2021 -3.5% -
2022 -4.16% -
2023 -3.54% -
2024 -4.38% -
2025 -5.18% -

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 24 years, New Zealand has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.97%, compared with 11.3% in Syria. In 2019, inflation was 2.92% in New Zealand and 13.4% in Syria.

Inflation
New Zealand

Syria
Year Inflation
New Zealand Syria New Zealand Syria
1996 2.29% 8.25%
1997 1.19% 1.89%
1998 1.27% -0.8%
1999 -0.11% -3.7%
2000 2.62% -3.85%
2001 2.63% 3%
2002 2.68% -0.13%
2003 1.75% 5.8%
2004 2.29% 4.43%
2005 3.04% 7.24%
2006 3.37% 10%
2007 2.38% 3.91%
2008 3.96% 15.7%
2009 2.12% 2.92%
2010 2.3% 4.4%
2011 4.03% 4.75%
2012 1.06% 36.7%
2013 1.13% 40%
2014 1.23% 10.9%
2015 0.29% 38.5%
2016 0.65% 47.7%
2017 1.85% 18.1%
2018 1.6% 0.94%
2019 1.62% 13.4%
2020 1.71% -
2021 3.94% -
2022 7.17% -
2023 5.73% -
2024 2.92% -

Top exports between countries

New Zealand
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.3M
Animal & marine products $1.44M
Transport & tourism services $200K
Chemicals & pharma $54K
Machinery & equipment $3K
Syria
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $97K
Machinery & equipment $14K
Textiles & consumer goods $10K
Chemicals & pharma $9K
Raw agricultural goods $9K
Weapons & explosives $7K
Metals $1K
Miscellaneous $1K

Balance of trade

New Zealand Syria
Current account balance
-$15.8B
2024
-$367M
2010
Current account balance ranking
178/189
2024
100/189
2010
Current account balance, % of GDP
-6.09%
2024
-0.6%
2010
Goods imports
$48.6B
2024
$15.9B
2010
Goods exports
$43.3B
2024
$12.3B
2010
Service imports
$19.4B
2024
$3.53B
2010
Service exports
$18.5B
2024
$7.33B
2010
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
26.7%
2023
28.8%
2022
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.7%
2023
6.81%
2022

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

New Zealand Syria
Economic freedom 78.1 51.2
Economic freedom ranking 12/197 155/197
Property rights 87.5 2.6
Government integrity 91.3 3.3
Judicial effectiveness 93.9 3.7
Tax burden 65.4 86.2
Government spending 47.8 78.5
Fiscal health 77.7 13.8
Business freedom 88.7 35
Labor freedom 69.7 46.5
Monetary freedom 74.6 60.6
Trade freedom 90.4 47
Investment freedom 70 0
Financial freedom 80 20

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for New Zealand is 78.1, ranking 12/197, compared to 51.2 for Syria, ranking 155/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

New Zealand
Syria
Year Economic freedom index
New Zealand Syria
1996 78.1 42.3
1997 79 43
1998 79.2 42.2
1999 81.7 39
2000 80.9 37.2
2001 81.1 36.6
2002 80.7 36.3
2003 81.1 41.3
2004 81.5 40.6
2005 82.3 46.3
2006 82 51.2
2007 81.4 48.3
2008 80.7 47.2
2009 82 51.3
2010 82.1 49.4
2011 82.3 51.3
2012 82.1 51.2
2013 81.4 -
2014 81.2 -
2015 82.1 -
2016 81.6 -
2017 83.7 -
2018 84.2 -
2019 84.4 -
2020 84.1 -
2021 83.9 -
2022 80.6 -
2023 78.9 -
2024 77.8 -
2025 78.1 -

More economic indicators

New Zealand Syria
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2022
44.9%
2022
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2022
12%
2022
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.57%
2022
43.1%
2022
GNI, Atlas method
$247B
2024
$18.2B
2023
GNI per capita, PPP
$53,160
2024
$4,480
2023
Total reserves including gold
$22.1B
2024
$20.6B
2010
Total reserves ranking
59/177
2024
62/177
2010
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.17B
2024
-$1.47B
2010
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$3.37B
2024
$804M
2011
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.2B
2024
$0
1989
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
0.15%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
35.2%
2007
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.8%
2023
16%
1969

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.