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Economy of New Zealand vs Solomon Islands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

New Zealand has a GDP of $260B compared to $1.58B for the Solomon Islands, ranking 52/197 and 182/197 by economy size, respectively.

New Zealand has $131B in government debt (50.2% of GDP), compared to $350M (22.1% of GDP) in the Solomon Islands.

New Zealand vs Solomon Islands GDP by year

New Zealand
Solomon Islands
1x
Year GDP, current $
New Zealand Solomon Islands
2024 $260,172,385,098 $1,583,964,704
2023 $255,194,972,673 $1,506,124,566
2022 $249,509,991,440 $1,466,670,930
2021 $253,977,931,815 $1,558,312,104
2020 $213,029,554,654 $1,536,143,428
2019 $213,006,341,102 $1,619,150,564
2018 $211,985,631,173 $1,615,473,250
2017 $206,745,969,246 $1,469,790,526
2016 $189,100,085,275 $1,379,486,291
2015 $178,224,167,088 $1,307,908,814
2014 $201,518,402,787 $1,335,576,763
2013 $191,012,364,177 $1,285,905,958
2012 $176,560,711,239 $1,185,217,634
2011 $168,484,908,960 $1,063,898,227
2010 $146,887,902,524 $898,128,551
2009 $121,663,439,315 $805,557,289
2008 $133,437,126,590 $776,335,523
2007 $137,188,946,866 $695,291,218
2006 $111,538,810,713 $617,257,458
2005 $114,720,129,550 $552,881,357
2004 $103,905,210,084 $468,000,121
2003 $88,250,885,550 $417,666,639
2002 $66,627,729,311 $346,406,739
2001 $53,872,425,917 $409,508,553
2000 $52,623,281,957 $419,842,674
1999 $58,762,260,626 $488,024,514
1998 $56,227,169,851 $457,579,840
1997 $66,075,143,415 $526,554,006
1996 $70,140,835,299 $510,586,430
1995 $63,918,703,507 $469,443,202
1994 $55,314,732,279 $402,837,005
1993 $46,775,620,817 $300,746,361
1992 $41,649,829,860 $269,034,596
1991 $42,745,329,732 $227,540,473
1990 $45,495,129,385 $214,877,667
1989 $43,920,222,525 $172,882,411
1988 $45,176,811,594 $176,494,394
1987 $40,376,354,070 $155,128,542
1986 $30,604,668,357 $147,620,048
1985 $24,679,795,396 $165,524,943
1984 $21,665,975,319 $181,570,474
1983 $24,309,279,706 $181,220,399
1982 $24,164,603,059 $192,902,019
1981 $24,417,617,184 $193,750,541
1980 $23,244,547,385 $182,852,107
1979 $20,731,243,113 $151,276,496
1978 $18,530,518,395 $111,027,427
1977 $15,446,825,318 $93,145,283
1976 $13,604,832,424 $83,100,834
1975 $12,861,983,284 $74,620,320
1974 $13,940,981,798 $84,539,332
1973 $12,802,281,898 $55,272,109
1972 $9,567,331,065 $40,606,712
1971 $7,911,136,757 $50,056,883
1970 $6,495,605,331 -
1969 $5,814,357,709 $28,606,411
1968 $5,228,045,415 $28,084,253
1967 $6,016,017,227 $25,203,524
1966 $5,917,437,693 -
1965 $5,706,251,400 -
1964 $7,340,766,415 -
1963 $6,699,741,645 -
1962 $6,133,158,532 -
1961 $5,721,994,864 -
1960 $5,536,098,360 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/solomon-islands | CC BY

GDP per capita in New Zealand vs Solomon Islands by year

New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Solomon Islands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
New Zealand Solomon Islands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $49,205 $55,551 $1,934 $2,675
2023 $49,076 $54,697 $1,883 $2,597
2022 $49,100 $54,034 $1,878 $2,496
2021 $49,950 $48,249 $2,043 $2,450
2020 $41,998 $45,513 $2,063 $2,405
2019 $42,856 $45,278 $2,224 $2,512
2018 $43,257 $42,527 $2,278 $2,494
2017 $42,950 $42,244 $2,144 $2,454
2016 $40,114 $39,989 $2,083 $2,421
2015 $38,665 $37,513 $2,045 $2,354
2014 $44,618 $37,331 $2,165 $2,377
2013 $43,000 $36,263 $2,161 $2,394
2012 $40,054 $33,055 $2,066 $2,320
2011 $38,432 $32,739 $1,924 $2,306
2010 $33,762 $31,305 $1,685 $2,182
2009 $28,277 $30,746 $1,555 $2,021
2008 $31,325 $29,896 $1,526 $1,989
2007 $32,480 $29,331 $1,390 $1,869
2006 $26,655 $27,732 $1,256 $1,786
2005 $27,751 $25,677 $1,144 $1,693
2004 $25,420 $25,124 $986 $1,556
2003 $21,914 $23,996 $896 $1,433
2002 $16,874 $23,306 $757 $1,344
2001 $13,883 $22,511 $912 $1,387
2000 $13,641 $21,500 $953 $1,503
1999 $15,322 $20,579 $1,134 $1,754
1998 $14,738 $19,323 $1,092 $1,785
1997 $17,474 $19,100 $1,292 $1,793
1996 $18,794 $18,392 $1,289 $1,830
1995 $17,400 $17,864 $1,220 $1,820
1994 $15,280 $17,108 $1,078 $1,668
1993 $13,094 $15,900 $829 $1,556
1992 $11,793 $14,877 $764 $1,505
1991 $12,230 $14,501 $666 $1,346
1990 $13,663 $14,812 $648 $1,266
1989 $13,312 - $538 -
1988 $13,759 - $567 -
1987 $12,331 - $515 -
1986 $9,428 - $506 -
1985 $7,601 - $586 -
1984 $6,714 - $665 -
1983 $7,598 - $686 -
1982 $7,656 - $756 -
1981 $7,814 - $786 -
1980 $7,467 - $768 -
1979 $6,668 - $658 -
1978 $5,937 - $500 -
1977 $4,951 - $434 -
1976 $4,374 - $401 -
1975 $4,172 - $372 -
1974 $4,611 - $433 -
1973 $4,323 - $291.3 -
1972 $3,295 - $219.5 -
1971 $2,773 - $277.1 -
1970 $2,311 - - -
1969 $2,097 - $165.9 -
1968 $1,902 - $166.9 -
1967 $2,208 - $153.5 -
1966 $2,211 - - -
1965 $2,171 - - -
1964 $2,839 - - -
1963 $2,646 - - -
1962 $2,471 - - -
1961 $2,365 - - -
1960 $2,334 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/solomon-islands | CC BY

New Zealand's GDP per capita is $49,205, ranking 26/197, compared to $1,934 in the Solomon Islands, ranking 157/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), New Zealand ranks 38th at $55,551, while the Solomon Islands ranks 183rd at $2,675.

Economic indicators

New Zealand Solomon Islands
Gross domestic product
$260B
2024
$1.58B
2024
GDP rank
52/197
2024
182/197
2024
GDP growth
1.29%
2023-2024
3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$49,205
2024
$1,934
2024
GDP per capita rank
26/197
2024
157/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$55,551
2024
$2,675
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
38/197
2024
183/197
2024
Government debt
$131B
2024
$350M
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
50.2%
2024
22.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$24,722
2024
$427
2024
Government debt per person rank
28/185
2024
169/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,758
2026
$1,776
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$92.9B
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
5
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10% n/a
29.2%
2012
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.8%
2012
Government expenditure, % of GDP
41.9%
2024
35.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.92%
2023-2024
4.32%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.76%
2024
0.69%
2013
Population
5374272
863951

Spending and national debt comparison by year

New Zealand
Spending

Debt
Solomon Islands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
New Zealand Solomon Islands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 41.9% 50.2% 35.8% 22.1%
2023 41.2% 46.9% 40.1% 20.3%
2022 41.8% 46.9% 40.8% 15.5%
2021 41.9% 47.5% 37.8% 15.9%
2020 42% 43.2% 40.4% 12.8%
2019 38.8% 31.8% 35.6% 7.82%
2018 36.1% 28.1% 34.8% 7.95%
2017 35.6% 31.1% 40.4% 8.77%
2016 36.4% 33.3% 39.6% 7.54%
2015 37.2% 34.2% 41.5% 7.88%
2014 37.7% 34.2% 39.8% 10.1%
2013 38.6% 34.5% 41.8% 11.6%
2012 39.7% 35.7% 29.4% 13.3%
2011 42.4% 34.7% 27% 18.3%
2010 42.9% 29.6% 23.9% 22.9%
2009 40.3% 24.3% 24.8% 18.9%
2008 38.5% 19% 27% 28.9%
2007 37.1% 16.3% 23.7% 33%
2006 37.9% 18.4% 19.9% 42.3%
2005 37.1% 20.8% 17% 44.7%
2004 36.2% 22.5% 14.7% 58.2%
2003 36.7% 24.7% 14.9% 61.3%
2002 36.8% 26.4% 16.7% 65.7%
2001 37.2% 28.2% 18.1% 52.8%
2000 38.3% 30% 18.7% 44.3%
1999 39.3% 32% 18.7% 42%
1998 40.1% 34.5% 15.5% 39.5%
1997 39.3% 34.6% 19.3% 25.9%
1996 39.9% 37.3% 24.2% -
1995 41.6% 43.5% 24.7% -
1994 42.8% 48.9% 30.2% -
1993 46.8% 54.6% 33.2% -
1992 52.5% 58.7% 35.1% -
1991 53% 58% 39.4% -
1990 49.6% 55.5% 30% -
1989 47.8% 54.9% - -
1988 46.1% 54.7% - -
1987 46.1% 62.9% - -
1986 46.9% 68.5% - -
1985 46.2% 64.1% - -
1984 40.7% 62.8% - -
1983 41.4% 59.6% - -
1982 39.9% 51.5% - -
1981 39.1% 50.5% - -
1980 38% 52.2% - -
1979 38.4% 52% - -
1978 36.6% 50% - -
1977 30% 44.6% - -
1976 31.6% 47.6% - -
1975 30.1% 41.4% - -
1974 27.3% 39.6% - -
1973 27.1% 44% - -
1972 26.4% 46% - -
1971 26.8% 71.3% - -
1970 24.8% 76.5% - -
1969 25.9% 85.8% - -
1968 26.2% 86.5% - -
1967 26% 59.7% - -
1966 25% 58.2% - -
1965 24.9% 59.6% - -
1964 19.4% 61.8% - -
1963 19.4% 64.5% - -
1962 21.6% 65% - -
1961 21.1% 64.6% - -
1960 25.3% 68.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/solomon-islands | CC BY

In 2024, New Zealand's government spending was $109B, accounting for 41.9% of its GDP, while the Solomon Islands spent $567M, or 35.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50.2% in New Zealand and 22.1% in the Solomon Islands, ranking 107/185 and 173/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
New Zealand

Solomon Islands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
New Zealand Solomon Islands
2024 -3.61% -3.08%
2023 -3.54% -3.81%
2022 -4.16% -2.51%
2021 -3.5% -1.86%
2020 -4.35% -2.44%
2019 -2.5% -1.52%
2018 1.27% 1.49%
2017 1.36% -2.27%
2016 0.98% -3.56%
2015 0.36% 0.81%
2014 -0.34% 2.13%
2013 -1.29% 3.57%
2012 -2.19% 4.63%
2011 -4.96% 6.22%
2010 -5.51% 6.02%
2009 -1.81% 2.35%
2008 1.47% 1.94%
2007 3.6% 15.3%
2006 4.62% 13%
2005 5.13% 13.4%
2004 4.49% 17%
2003 3.68% 10.6%
2002 2.55% -4.35%
2001 1.29% -2.4%
2000 0.17% -2.93%
1999 -1.11% -0.32%
1998 -0.48% 5.04%
1997 1.23% 2.14%
1996 2.58% 3.73%
1995 3.7% 3.19%
1994 1.99% 4.33%
1993 -1.53% 2.45%
1992 -6.27% 4.13%
1991 -6.14% 0.14%
1990 -2.74% 0.58%
1989 -2.16% -
1988 -1.88% -
1987 -3.43% -
1986 -5.33% -
1985 -6.97% -
1984 -8.68% -
1983 -6.64% -
1982 -6.26% -
1981 -6.02% -
1980 -4.9% -
1979 -6.55% -
1978 -3.41% -
1977 -1.09% -
1976 -2.07% -
1975 0.11% -
1974 0.03% -
1973 -0.07% -
1972 0.12% -
1971 0.09% -
1970 -0.05% -
1969 0.17% -
1968 0.03% -
1967 0.02% -
1966 0.09% -
1965 0.26% -
1964 -0.08% -
1963 -0.26% -
1962 0.02% -
1961 0.03% -
1960 0.05% -
1959 0.03% -
1958 -0.02% -
1957 0.32% -
1956 1.33% -
1955 0.73% -
1954 0.22% -
1953 0.43% -
1952 1.73% -
1951 1.17% -
1950 0.78% -
1949 0.53% -
1948 0.36% -
1947 1.07% -
1946 0.31% -
1945 0.32% -
1944 0.59% -
1943 1.24% -
1942 0.56% -
1941 0.64% -
1940 0.13% -
1939 0.34% -
1938 0.38% -
1937 0.23% -
1936 0.17% -
1935 1.19% -
1934 -0.55% -
1933 0.02% -
1932 -1.77% -
1931 -1.12% -
1930 0.09% -
1929 -0.37% -
1928 0.12% -
1927 0.4% -
1926 0.72% -
1925 0.78% -
1924 1.2% -
1923 0.95% -
1922 -0.2% -
1921 3.55% -
1920 1.51% -
1919 2.9% -
1918 4.35% -
1917 3.89% -
1916 1.46% -
1915 0.06% -
1914 0.45% -
1913 0.79% -
1912 0.89% -
1911 1.24% -
1910 0.36% -
1909 0.31% -
1908 1.26% -
1907 1.13% -
1906 0.97% -
1905 1.41% -
1904 1.42% -
1903 0.55% -
1902 0.63% -
1901 1.11% -
1900 1.59% -
1899 1.15% -
1898 1.38% -
1897 0.86% -
1896 0.65% -
1895 0.32% -
1894 0.76% -
1893 1.14% -
1892 0.09% -
1891 0.46% -
1890 0.05% -
1889 0.59% -
1888 -1.64% -
1887 -1.63% -
1886 -0.53% -
1885 -0.47% -
1884 -0.1% -
1883 0.38% -
1882 0.18% -
1881 -2.33% -
1880 -2.39% -
1879 -0.55% -
1878 -0.85% -
1877 -2.53% -
1876 -5.28% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/solomon-islands | CC BY

In 2024, New Zealand's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $9.38B, equivalent to 3.61% of GDP. This compares to the Solomon Islands' deficit of $48.8M, or 3.08% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, New Zealand recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while the Solomon Islands ran a deficit in 12 years. On average, New Zealand posted an annual deficit equal to 0.44% of GDP, compared to surplus of 2.66% of GDP for the Solomon Islands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
New Zealand

Solomon Islands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
New Zealand Solomon Islands
2024 2.92% 4.32%
2023 5.73% 5.89%
2022 7.17% 5.52%
2021 3.94% -0.12%
2020 1.71% 2.96%
2019 1.62% 1.63%
2018 1.6% 3.46%
2017 1.85% 0.49%
2016 0.65% 0.51%
2015 0.29% -0.57%
2014 1.23% 5.17%
2013 1.13% 5.39%
2012 1.06% 5.91%
2011 4.03% 7.34%
2010 2.3% 1.05%
2009 2.12% 7.09%
2008 3.96% 17.3%
2007 2.38% 7.67%
2006 3.37% 11.2%
2005 3.04% 7.33%
2004 2.29% 6.99%
2003 1.75% 8.27%
2002 2.68% 10.9%
2001 2.63% 6.93%
2000 2.62% 7.89%
1999 -0.11% 8.02%
1998 1.27% 12.4%
1997 1.19% 8.08%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/solomon-islands | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, New Zealand has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.37%, compared with 6.04% in the Solomon Islands. In 2024, inflation was 2.92% in New Zealand and 4.32% in the Solomon Islands.

Top exports between countries

New Zealand
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.98M
Machinery & equipment $5.97M
Transport & tourism services $5.4M
Animal & marine products $4.15M
Metals $1.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.08M
Chemicals & pharma $1.04M
Government & miscellaneous services $700K
Miscellaneous $694K
Raw agricultural goods $636K
Solomon Islands
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $3.37M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $973K
Precious metals & jewellery $107K
Animal & marine products $41K
Metals $7K
Textiles & consumer goods $6K
Machinery & equipment $3K
Chemicals & pharma $2K

Balance of trade

New Zealand Solomon Islands
Current account balance
-$12.1B
2024
-$66.2M
2024
Current account balance ranking
178/190
2024
87/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.65%
2024
-4.18%
2024
Goods imports
$47.3B
2024
$609M
2024
Goods exports
$43.3B
2024
$510M
2024
Service imports
$19.5B
2024
$248M
2024
Service exports
$18.9B
2024
$133M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
26.4%
2024
70.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.8%
2024
40.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

New Zealand Solomon Islands
Economic freedom 77.8 53.7
Economic freedom ranking 13/197 137/197
Property rights 85.4 55.8
Government integrity 90 42.7
Judicial effectiveness 95.9 59.1
Tax burden 66.1 71.3
Government spending 48 54.6
Fiscal health 72.2 83.3
Business freedom 89.1 52.3
Labor freedom 68.6 60.4
Monetary freedom 77.4 76.5
Trade freedom 90.6 43.6
Investment freedom 70 15
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

New Zealand
Solomon Islands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
New Zealand Solomon Islands
2026 77.8 53.7
2025 78.1 56.3
2024 77.8 55
2023 78.9 56.9
2022 80.6 56.5
2021 83.9 56.5
2020 84.1 52.9
2019 84.4 54.6
2018 84.2 57.5
2017 83.7 55
2016 81.6 47
2015 82.1 47
2014 81.2 46.2
2013 81.4 45
2012 82.1 46.2
2011 82.3 45.9
2010 82.1 42.9
2009 82 46
2008 80.7 -
2007 81.4 -
2006 82 -
2005 82.3 -
2004 81.5 -
2003 81.1 -
2002 80.7 -
2001 81.1 -
2000 80.9 -
1999 81.7 -
1998 79.2 -
1997 79 -
1996 78.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/solomon-islands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for New Zealand is 77.8, ranking 13/197, compared to 53.7 for the Solomon Islands, ranking 137/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

New Zealand Solomon Islands
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2022
46.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2022
23.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.57%
2022
29.7%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$252B
2024
$1.57B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$53,600
2024
$2,680
2024
Total reserves including gold
$22.1B
2024
$688M
2023
Total reserves ranking
59/177
2024
149/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
-$878M
2024
$19.9M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.76B
2024
$33M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$882M
2024
$52.9M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
1.64%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
12.7%
2012
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.5%
2024
19.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/solomon-islands | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2017–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.