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Economy of Italy vs Lithuania compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Italy has a GDP of $2.55T compared to $95.2B for Lithuania, ranking 9/197 and 79/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.5T in government debt (137.1% of GDP), compared to $37.9B (39.8% of GDP) in Lithuania.

Italy vs Lithuania GDP by year

Italy
Lithuania
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Lithuania
2025 $2,551,556,954,100 $95,210,150,818
2024 $2,383,435,562,458 $85,503,938,574
2023 $2,316,882,296,366 $80,356,613,555
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $70,639,687,326
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $67,072,165,721
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $57,412,038,533
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $55,122,066,226
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $54,261,795,149
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $47,756,764,508
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $42,970,749,245
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $41,540,954,817
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $48,306,546,657
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $46,303,660,422
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $42,709,372,067
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $43,186,501,863
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $36,638,128,534
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $37,494,380,039
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $47,831,254,208
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $39,729,151,615
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $30,116,192,747
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $26,105,207,115
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $22,743,164,431
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $18,809,197,970
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $14,282,292,665
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $12,260,761,329
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $11,550,695,727
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $11,022,095,814
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $11,289,161,847
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $10,168,271,903
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $8,430,207,164
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $7,921,210,340
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 -
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 -
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 -
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 -
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 -
1989 $930,801,709,004 -
1988 $893,663,934,841 -
1987 $807,570,134,449 -
1986 $641,862,313,287 -
1985 $453,259,761,687 -
1984 $438,896,930,791 -
1983 $444,063,496,940 -
1982 $428,257,421,618 -
1981 $431,695,533,981 -
1980 $478,356,755,596 -
1979 $394,584,507,108 -
1978 $315,784,469,541 -
1977 $258,190,019,750 -
1976 $225,235,205,862 -
1975 $228,220,643,535 -
1974 $200,024,444,775 -
1973 $175,896,529,392 -
1972 $145,594,833,997 -
1971 $124,959,712,859 -
1970 $113,656,669,765 -
1969 $100,996,667,239 -
1968 $91,485,448,148 -
1967 $84,401,995,573 -
1966 $76,622,444,787 -
1965 $70,717,012,186 -
1964 $65,720,771,779 -
1963 $60,035,924,618 -
1962 $52,413,872,628 -
1961 $46,649,487,320 -
1960 $42,012,422,612 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/lithuania | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Lithuania by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Lithuania
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Lithuania
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $43,309 - $32,959 -
2024 $40,430 $62,014 $29,604 $55,286
2023 $39,280 $60,030 $27,983 $52,348
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $24,947 $50,936
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $23,883 $45,874
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $20,429 $41,263
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $19,609 $40,564
2018 $35,062 $43,387 $19,247 $36,492
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $16,800 $31,305
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $14,934 $28,699
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $14,270 $26,949
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $16,446 $26,275
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $15,637 $24,890
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $14,288 $23,275
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $14,262 $21,558
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $11,829 $18,719
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $11,854 $17,055
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $14,956 $19,410
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $12,295 $17,969
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $9,210 $15,522
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $7,857 $13,951
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $6,735 $12,605
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $5,507 $11,660
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $4,148 $10,296
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $3,533 $9,399
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $3,301 $8,475
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $3,128 $7,918
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $3,181 $7,846
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $2,844 $7,167
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $2,341 $6,479
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $2,183 $6,023
1994 $19,382 $21,369 - $5,667
1993 $18,782 $20,485 - $6,107
1992 $23,297 $20,196 - $7,087
1991 $22,007 $19,596 - $8,790
1990 $20,874 $18,680 - $9,030
1989 $16,424 - - -
1988 $15,781 - - -
1987 $14,268 - - -
1986 $11,341 - - -
1985 $8,009 - - -
1984 $7,758 - - -
1983 $7,851 - - -
1982 $7,574 - - -
1981 $7,640 - - -
1980 $8,476 - - -
1979 $7,006 - - -
1978 $5,623 - - -
1977 $4,614 - - -
1976 $4,042 - - -
1975 $4,116 - - -
1974 $3,629 - - -
1973 $3,213 - - -
1972 $2,677 - - -
1971 $2,311 - - -
1970 $2,112 - - -
1969 $1,886 - - -
1968 $1,718 - - -
1967 $1,595 - - -
1966 $1,459 - - -
1965 $1,357 - - -
1964 $1,272 - - -
1963 $1,171 - - -
1962 $1,030 - - -
1961 $923 - - -
1960 $837 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/lithuania | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $43,309, ranking 29/197, compared to $32,959 in Lithuania, ranking 39/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while Lithuania ranks 39th at $55,286.

Economic indicators

Italy Lithuania
Gross domestic product
$2.55T
2025
$95.2B
2025
GDP rank
9/197
2025
79/197
2025
GDP growth
0.54%
2024-2025
2.92%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$43,309
2025
$32,959
2025
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2025
39/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$55,286
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
39/197
2024
Government debt
$3.5T
2025
$37.9B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
137.1%
2025
39.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$59,371
2025
$13,127
2025
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2025
49/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,424
2026
$20,453
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,235,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
89
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
27.3%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
51.1%
2025
41.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.53%
2024-2025
3.79%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
6.1%
2025
6.9%
2025
Population
58708169
2845693

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Lithuania
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Lithuania
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 51.1% 137.1% 41.2% 39.8%
2024 50.4% 134.7% 39.4% 38%
2023 53.6% 133.9% 37.2% 37.1%
2022 54.9% 138.4% 36.6% 38.3%
2021 56% 145.8% 37.3% 43.3%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 42.4% 45.9%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 34.6% 35.6%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 33.8% 33.3%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 33.4% 39.1%
2016 49% 134.2% 34.5% 39.8%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 35.2% 42.4%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 35% 40.7%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 35.7% 38.9%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 36.6% 39.9%
2011 49% 119.1% 40.1% 37.5%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 43% 36.7%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 44.8% 27.9%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 38.2% 14.6%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 35.3% 15.9%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 34.4% 17.3%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 34.1% 17.6%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 33.9% 18.6%
2003 47% 105.1% 32.8% 20.4%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 34.4% 22.1%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 36.5% 22.9%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 38.7% 23.5%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 42.4% 28%
1998 48% 113.9% 39.6% 21.7%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 35.1% -
1996 51.3% 118.9% 34.4% -
1995 51.4% 119.1% 35.5% -
1994 55.1% 130.8% - -
1993 57.8% 124.1% - -
1992 56.8% 113% - -
1991 55.3% 105.3% - -
1990 54.2% 101.7% - -
1989 51.6% 91.8% - -
1988 50.4% 89.2% - -
1987 49.8% 87.4% - -
1986 50.5% 83.4% - -
1985 49.8% 79.1% - -
1984 49.1% 73.1% - -
1983 48.9% 67.8% - -
1982 46.7% 61.8% - -
1981 44.6% 57.3% - -
1980 40.8% 55.1% - -
1979 40.1% 58.9% - -
1978 40.9% 59.9% - -
1977 38.5% 56% - -
1976 38.1% 57.3% - -
1975 39.1% 57.9% - -
1974 34.8% 50.8% - -
1973 35.3% 51.1% - -
1972 36.4% 48.2% - -
1971 34.4% 42.4% - -
1970 32.3% 37.8% - -
1969 32.1% 37% - -
1968 32.6% 36.4% - -
1967 17.9% 33.3% - -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/lithuania | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government spending was $1.3T, accounting for 51.1% of its GDP, while Lithuania spent $39.2B, or 41.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 137.1% in Italy and 39.8% in Lithuania, ranking 9/185 and 135/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Lithuania
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Lithuania
2025 -3.11% -2.18%
2024 -3.35% -1.28%
2023 -7.13% -0.66%
2022 -8.1% -0.72%
2021 -8.88% -1.15%
2020 -9.38% -6.42%
2019 -1.45% 0.41%
2018 -2.19% 0.52%
2017 -2.51% 0.36%
2016 -2.4% 0.03%
2015 -2.46% -0.77%
2014 -2.82% -1.79%
2013 -2.87% -2.69%
2012 -2.99% -3.15%
2011 -3.52% -5.92%
2010 -4.16% -6.95%
2009 -5.06% -9.09%
2008 -2.58% -3.09%
2007 -1.33% -0.82%
2006 -3.61% -0.27%
2005 -4.1% -0.34%
2004 -3.46% -1.39%
2003 -3.23% -1.26%
2002 -2.88% -1.85%
2001 -3.18% -3.52%
2000 -2.42% -3.18%
1999 -1.77% -7.82%
1998 -2.99% -4.93%
1997 -2.98% -0.76%
1996 -6.61% -3.58%
1995 -7.2% -3.31%
1994 -8.84% -
1993 -9.76% -
1992 -10.1% -
1991 -11.1% -
1990 -11.1% -
1989 -11.4% -
1988 -11% -
1987 -11.5% -
1986 -12% -
1985 -12.4% -
1984 -11.5% -
1983 -10.1% -
1982 -10% -
1981 -10.9% -
1980 -6.97% -
1979 -8.23% -
1978 -8.47% -
1977 -6.96% -
1976 -7.88% -
1975 -10.3% -
1974 -6.24% -
1973 -6.36% -
1972 -6.84% -
1971 -4.71% -
1970 -3.22% -
1969 -2.85% -
1968 -2.55% -
1967 -0.97% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/lithuania | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $79.4B, equivalent to 3.11% of GDP. This compares to Lithuania's deficit of $2.08B, or 2.18% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Lithuania ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 3.89% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.5% of GDP for Lithuania.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Lithuania
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Lithuania
2025 1.53% 3.79%
2024 0.98% 0.72%
2023 5.62% 9.12%
2022 8.2% 19.7%
2021 1.87% 4.68%
2020 -0.14% 1.2%
2019 0.61% 2.33%
2018 1.14% 2.7%
2017 1.23% 3.72%
2016 -0.09% 0.91%
2015 0.04% -0.88%
2014 0.24% 0.1%
2013 1.22% 1.05%
2012 3.04% 3.09%
2011 2.78% 4.13%
2010 1.53% 1.32%
2009 0.77% 4.45%
2008 3.35% 10.9%
2007 1.83% 5.74%
2006 2.09% 3.74%
2005 1.99% 2.66%
2004 2.21% 1.16%
2003 2.67% -1.13%
2002 2.47% 0.28%
2001 2.79% 1.37%
2000 2.54% 0.98%
1999 1.66% 0.73%
1998 1.96% 5.07%
1997 2.04% 8.88%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/lithuania | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.01%, compared with 3.54% in Lithuania. In 2025, inflation was 1.53% in Italy and 3.79% in Lithuania.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $636M
Transport & tourism services $385M
Textiles & consumer goods $262M
Chemicals & pharma $242M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $162M
Raw agricultural goods $157M
Metals $124M
Business & finance services $112M
Raw materials & minerals $31.1M
Wood & paper products $30.6M
Lithuania
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $673M
Animal & marine products $258M
Business & finance services $256M
Machinery & equipment $205M
Textiles & consumer goods $169M
Chemicals & pharma $125M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $114M
Wood & paper products $65.9M
Raw materials & minerals $35.1M
Metals $23.3M

Balance of trade

Italy Lithuania
Current account balance
$29.3B
2025
$900M
2025
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2025
51/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.15%
2025
+0.94%
2025
Goods imports
$597B
2025
$48.3B
2025
Goods exports
$655B
2025
$40.7B
2025
Service imports
$177B
2025
$17.5B
2025
Service exports
$168B
2025
$28.8B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2025
69.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
73%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Lithuania
Economic freedom 63.3 75.3
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 18/197
Property rights 84.8 91.8
Government integrity 60.8 71.4
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 73.2
Tax burden 57.5 76.2
Government spending 15.3 57.3
Fiscal health 17.2 95.8
Business freedom 74.5 84.2
Labor freedom 70.6 58.1
Monetary freedom 79.1 76.7
Trade freedom 79.4 79.4
Investment freedom 80 70
Financial freedom 60 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Lithuania
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Lithuania
2026 63.3 75.3
2025 60.9 74.6
2024 60.1 72.9
2023 62.3 72.2
2022 65.4 75.8
2021 64.9 76.9
2020 63.8 76.7
2019 62.2 74.2
2018 62.5 75.3
2017 62.5 75.8
2016 61.2 75.2
2015 61.7 74.7
2014 60.9 73
2013 60.6 72.1
2012 58.8 71.5
2011 60.3 71.3
2010 62.7 70.3
2009 61.4 70
2008 62.6 70.9
2007 62.8 71.5
2006 62 71.8
2005 64.9 70.5
2004 64.2 72.4
2003 64.3 69.7
2002 63.6 66.1
2001 63 65.5
2000 61.9 61.9
1999 61.6 61.5
1998 59.1 59.4
1997 58.1 57.3
1996 60.8 49.7
1995 61.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/lithuania | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 75.3 for Lithuania, ranking 18/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Lithuania
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
64.8%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
22.6%
2025
22.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.07%
2025
2.27%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.48T
2025
$88.1B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$62,870
2025
$55,010
2025
Total reserves including gold
$434B
2025
$7.06B
2025
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2025
90/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$22B
2025
-$2.96B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$28.5B
2024
$4.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
$795M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
20.9%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.2%
2025
22.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/lithuania | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.