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Economy of Armenia vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Armenia has a GDP of $29.2B compared to $2.55T for Italy, ranking 115/197 and 9/197 by economy size, respectively.

Armenia has $14.3B in government debt (49% of GDP), compared to $3.5T (137.1% of GDP) in Italy.

Armenia vs Italy GDP by year

Armenia
Italy
1x
Year GDP, current $
Armenia Italy
2025 $29,243,452,882 $2,551,556,954,100
2024 $25,955,275,380 $2,383,435,562,458
2023 $24,185,982,216 $2,316,882,296,366
2022 $19,513,506,553 $2,104,067,630,319
2021 $13,878,908,629 $2,179,207,773,596
2020 $12,641,698,583 $1,907,481,094,079
2019 $13,619,290,539 $2,019,606,796,584
2018 $12,457,940,695 $2,099,435,266,459
2017 $11,527,458,709 $1,970,720,904,585
2016 $10,546,136,236 $1,887,111,188,177
2015 $10,553,337,518 $1,845,428,048,839
2014 $11,609,513,247 $2,173,255,507,986
2013 $11,121,464,437 $2,153,225,581,941
2012 $10,619,320,683 $2,097,929,495,122
2011 $10,142,111,825 $2,306,974,020,278
2010 $9,260,285,756 $2,144,936,254,535
2009 $8,647,937,081 $2,209,484,319,013
2008 $11,662,040,714 $2,417,508,414,187
2007 $9,206,301,270 $2,222,524,108,128
2006 $6,384,452,067 $1,958,563,654,386
2005 $4,900,469,511 $1,864,982,261,287
2004 $3,576,615,240 $1,812,808,753,295
2003 $2,807,061,009 $1,582,930,016,539
2002 $2,376,335,048 $1,281,746,271,196
2001 $2,118,467,913 $1,172,041,488,806
2000 $1,911,563,669 $1,149,661,363,439
1999 $1,845,482,173 $1,255,004,736,464
1998 $1,893,726,437 $1,272,729,786,997
1997 $1,639,492,445 $1,244,988,176,444
1996 $1,596,968,946 $1,314,776,508,972
1995 $1,468,317,435 $1,177,369,428,266
1994 $1,315,158,637 $1,101,750,159,702
1993 $1,201,312,829 $1,067,412,587,671
1992 $1,272,835,453 $1,323,204,350,354
1991 $2,069,870,130 $1,249,092,439,519
1990 $2,256,863,449 $1,183,945,130,899
1989 - $930,801,709,004
1988 - $893,663,934,841
1987 - $807,570,134,449
1986 - $641,862,313,287
1985 - $453,259,761,687
1984 - $438,896,930,791
1983 - $444,063,496,940
1982 - $428,257,421,618
1981 - $431,695,533,981
1980 - $478,356,755,596
1979 - $394,584,507,108
1978 - $315,784,469,541
1977 - $258,190,019,750
1976 - $225,235,205,862
1975 - $228,220,643,535
1974 - $200,024,444,775
1973 - $175,896,529,392
1972 - $145,594,833,997
1971 - $124,959,712,859
1970 - $113,656,669,765
1969 - $100,996,667,239
1968 - $91,485,448,148
1967 - $84,401,995,573
1966 - $76,622,444,787
1965 - $70,717,012,186
1964 - $65,720,771,779
1963 - $60,035,924,618
1962 - $52,413,872,628
1961 - $46,649,487,320
1960 - $42,012,422,612

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/italy | CC BY

GDP per capita in Armenia vs Italy by year

Armenia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Armenia Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $9,474 - $43,309 -
2024 $8,556 $22,823 $40,430 $62,014
2023 $8,159 $21,534 $39,280 $60,030
2022 $6,572 $19,161 $35,654 $57,261
2021 $4,685 $15,922 $36,853 $49,825
2020 $4,269 $14,706 $32,091 $44,436
2019 $4,597 $14,976 $33,813 $46,662
2018 $4,196 $12,877 $35,062 $43,387
2017 $3,869 $12,066 $32,844 $42,142
2016 $3,524 $10,570 $31,392 $40,483
2015 $3,512 $9,757 $30,640 $37,384
2014 $3,852 $9,736 $36,028 $36,666
2013 $3,680 $9,455 $35,702 $36,459
2012 $3,512 $8,943 $34,854 $36,281
2011 $3,350 $7,624 $38,432 $36,392
2010 $3,041 $7,095 $35,857 $34,974
2009 $2,821 $6,812 $37,100 $34,502
2008 $3,778 $7,827 $40,829 $35,422
2007 $2,963 $7,137 $37,826 $34,108
2006 $2,042 $6,073 $33,537 $32,454
2005 $1,557 $5,172 $32,063 $30,138
2004 $1,130 $4,377 $31,348 $29,581
2003 $882 $3,836 $27,578 $29,249
2002 $743 $3,282 $22,451 $28,833
2001 $660 $2,844 $20,570 $28,134
2000 $593 $2,531 $20,190 $27,152
1999 $583 $2,377 $22,050 $25,655
1998 $590 $2,239 $22,365 $25,075
1997 $505 $2,040 $21,884 $23,937
1996 $487 $1,922 $23,123 $23,101
1995 $444 $1,767 $20,712 $22,446
1994 $391 $1,591 $19,382 $21,369
1993 $348 $1,440 $18,782 $20,485
1992 $356 $1,492 $23,297 $20,196
1991 $573 $2,477 $22,007 $19,596
1990 $635 $2,760 $20,874 $18,680
1989 - - $16,424 -
1988 - - $15,781 -
1987 - - $14,268 -
1986 - - $11,341 -
1985 - - $8,009 -
1984 - - $7,758 -
1983 - - $7,851 -
1982 - - $7,574 -
1981 - - $7,640 -
1980 - - $8,476 -
1979 - - $7,006 -
1978 - - $5,623 -
1977 - - $4,614 -
1976 - - $4,042 -
1975 - - $4,116 -
1974 - - $3,629 -
1973 - - $3,213 -
1972 - - $2,677 -
1971 - - $2,311 -
1970 - - $2,112 -
1969 - - $1,886 -
1968 - - $1,718 -
1967 - - $1,595 -
1966 - - $1,459 -
1965 - - $1,357 -
1964 - - $1,272 -
1963 - - $1,171 -
1962 - - $1,030 -
1961 - - $923 -
1960 - - $837 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/italy | CC BY

Armenia's GDP per capita is $9,474, ranking 92/197, compared to $43,309 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Armenia ranks 86th at $22,823, while Italy ranks 31st at $62,014.

Economic indicators

Armenia Italy
Gross domestic product
$29.2B
2025
$2.55T
2025
GDP rank
115/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP growth
7.2%
2024-2025
0.54%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$9,474
2025
$43,309
2025
GDP per capita rank
92/197
2025
29/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,823
2024
$62,014
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
86/197
2024
31/197
2024
Government debt
$14.3B
2025
$3.5T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
49%
2025
137.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,639
2025
$59,371
2025
Government debt per person rank
89/185
2025
6/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,675
2026
$23,424
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.85B
2024
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,235,000
2026
Number of billionaires
1
2026
89
2026
Income share by richest 10%
23.3%
2024
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4%
2024
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
29.2%
2025
51.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2024-2025
1.53%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
6.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.3%
2023
6.1%
2025
Population
3064036
58708169

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Armenia
Spending

Debt
Italy
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Armenia Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 29.2% 49% 51.1% 137.1%
2024 29% 50% 50.4% 134.7%
2023 26.9% 50.5% 53.6% 133.9%
2022 26.4% 49.2% 54.9% 138.4%
2021 28.7% 63.4% 56% 145.8%
2020 30.7% 67.4% 56.8% 154.4%
2019 24.9% 53.7% 48.4% 133.9%
2018 24.1% 55.7% 48.3% 134.2%
2017 25.9% 58.9% 48.8% 133.7%
2016 27% 56.7% 49% 134.2%
2015 26.3% 48.7% 50.2% 134.8%
2014 24% 43.7% 50.7% 134.8%
2013 23.8% 40.9% 50.9% 131.9%
2012 22.4% 41.4% 50.5% 125.9%
2011 25% 42.2% 49% 119.1%
2010 26.2% 40% 49.8% 118.8%
2009 28.6% 40.6% 51.1% 116.1%
2008 22.2% 16.4% 47.8% 105.8%
2007 22.4% 16.1% 46.6% 103.5%
2006 20% 18.7% 47.6% 106.3%
2005 19.9% 24.4% 47.1% 106.2%
2004 - 26.4% 46.7% 104.7%
2003 - 33% 47% 105.1%
2002 - 38.2% 46.5% 105.9%
2001 - 38.1% 47.1% 108.5%
2000 - 39.6% 46.4% 108.7%
1999 - 39.2% 47.1% 113.1%
1998 - 45.2% 48% 113.9%
1997 - 46.5% 49.3% 116.5%
1996 - 40.8% 51.3% 118.9%
1995 - - 51.4% 119.1%
1994 - - 55.1% 130.8%
1993 - - 57.8% 124.1%
1992 - - 56.8% 113%
1991 - - 55.3% 105.3%
1990 - - 54.2% 101.7%
1989 - - 51.6% 91.8%
1988 - - 50.4% 89.2%
1987 - - 49.8% 87.4%
1986 - - 50.5% 83.4%
1985 - - 49.8% 79.1%
1984 - - 49.1% 73.1%
1983 - - 48.9% 67.8%
1982 - - 46.7% 61.8%
1981 - - 44.6% 57.3%
1980 - - 40.8% 55.1%
1979 - - 40.1% 58.9%
1978 - - 40.9% 59.9%
1977 - - 38.5% 56%
1976 - - 38.1% 57.3%
1975 - - 39.1% 57.9%
1974 - - 34.8% 50.8%
1973 - - 35.3% 51.1%
1972 - - 36.4% 48.2%
1971 - - 34.4% 42.4%
1970 - - 32.3% 37.8%
1969 - - 32.1% 37%
1968 - - 32.6% 36.4%
1967 - - 17.9% 33.3%
1966 - - 19.1% 33.4%
1965 - - 18.6% 28.4%
1964 - - 18.2% 27.2%
1963 - - 16.7% 27.2%
1962 - - 17.5% 29%
1961 - - 17.3% 30%
1960 - - 16.5% 31.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/italy | CC BY

In 2025, Armenia's government spending was $8.55B, accounting for 29.2% of its GDP, while Italy spent $1.3T, or 51.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 49% in Armenia and 137.1% in Italy, ranking 107/185 and 9/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Armenia

Italy
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Armenia Italy
2025 -3.74% -3.11%
2024 -3.67% -3.35%
2023 -2.02% -7.13%
2022 -2.12% -8.1%
2021 -4.6% -8.88%
2020 -5.4% -9.38%
2019 -0.98% -1.45%
2018 -1.76% -2.19%
2017 -4.7% -2.51%
2016 -5.57% -2.4%
2015 -4.83% -2.46%
2014 -1.94% -2.82%
2013 -1.59% -2.87%
2012 -1.49% -2.99%
2011 -2.87% -3.52%
2010 -4.98% -4.16%
2009 -7.69% -5.06%
2008 -1.76% -2.58%
2007 -2.33% -1.33%
2006 -1.95% -3.61%
2005 -1.98% -4.1%
2004 - -3.46%
2003 - -3.23%
2002 - -2.88%
2001 - -3.18%
2000 - -2.42%
1999 - -1.77%
1998 - -2.99%
1997 - -2.98%
1996 - -6.61%
1995 - -7.2%
1994 - -8.84%
1993 - -9.76%
1992 - -10.1%
1991 - -11.1%
1990 - -11.1%
1989 - -11.4%
1988 - -11%
1987 - -11.5%
1986 - -12%
1985 - -12.4%
1984 - -11.5%
1983 - -10.1%
1982 - -10%
1981 - -10.9%
1980 - -6.97%
1979 - -8.23%
1978 - -8.47%
1977 - -6.96%
1976 - -7.88%
1975 - -10.3%
1974 - -6.24%
1973 - -6.36%
1972 - -6.84%
1971 - -4.71%
1970 - -3.22%
1969 - -2.85%
1968 - -2.55%
1967 - -0.97%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.67%
1964 - -2.35%
1963 - -0.3%
1962 - -0.95%
1961 - -0.57%
1960 - -0.28%
1959 - -1%
1958 - -0.98%
1957 - -1.09%
1956 - -1.46%
1955 - -2.03%
1954 - -1.84%
1953 - -2.33%
1952 - -4.08%
1951 - -3.86%
1950 - -2.42%
1949 - -2.82%
1948 - -4.58%
1947 - -6.62%
1946 - -9.82%
1945 - -16.9%
1944 - -35.1%
1943 - -16.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1941 - -25.1%
1940 - -24.3%
1939 - -9.49%
1938 - -5.97%
1937 - -5.78%
1936 - -7.93%
1935 - -9.83%
1934 - -2.5%
1933 - -4.85%
1932 - -3.06%
1931 - -2.14%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -0.59%
1928 - -2.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1926 - -0.09%
1925 - 1.7%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - -3.21%
1922 - -11%
1921 - -7.77%
1920 - -5.89%
1919 - -11.2%
1918 - -22.7%
1917 - -27.6%
1916 - -28.2%
1915 - -25.8%
1914 - -12.4%
1913 - -0.86%
1912 - -1.86%
1911 - -0.63%
1910 - -0.32%
1909 - -0.69%
1908 - -1.31%
1907 - -0.51%
1906 - -0.69%
1905 - -1.57%
1904 - 0.58%
1903 - 0.32%
1902 - 0.48%
1901 - 0.36%
1900 - 0.28%
1899 - -0.11%
1898 - -0.21%
1897 - 0.009%
1896 - -0.43%
1895 - -0.69%
1894 - -0.23%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.25%
1891 - -1.41%
1890 - -0.32%
1889 - -1.32%
1888 - -2.11%
1887 - -1.94%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - 0.2%
1884 - -1.46%
1883 - -0.51%
1882 - -0.5%
1881 - -0.04%
1880 - 0.38%
1879 - 0.73%
1878 - 0.09%
1877 - -0.009%
1876 - -0.05%
1875 - 0.58%
1874 - -0.08%
1873 - 0.21%
1872 - 0%
1871 - -0.13%
1870 - -0.82%
1869 - 0.33%
1868 - -0.79%
1867 - -1.45%
1866 - -3.1%
1865 - -2.72%
1864 - -3.06%
1863 - -4.16%
1862 - -3.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/italy | CC BY

In 2025, Armenia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.09B, equivalent to 3.74% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of $79.4B, or 3.11% of GDP.

Over the past 21 years, Armenia recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Armenia posted an annual deficit equal to 3.24% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4% of GDP for Italy.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Armenia

Italy
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Armenia Italy
2025 3.3% 1.53%
2024 0.3% 0.98%
2023 2% 5.62%
2022 8.6% 8.2%
2021 7.2% 1.87%
2020 1.2% -0.14%
2019 1.4% 0.61%
2018 2.5% 1.14%
2017 1% 1.23%
2016 -1.4% -0.09%
2015 3.7% 0.04%
2014 3% 0.24%
2013 5.7% 1.22%
2012 2.5% 3.04%
2011 7.5% 2.78%
2010 8.2% 1.53%
2009 3.5% 0.77%
2008 9.1% 3.35%
2007 4.4% 1.83%
2006 2.9% 2.09%
2005 0.6% 1.99%
2004 6.9% 2.21%
2003 4.7% 2.67%
2002 1% 2.47%
2001 3.2% 2.79%
2000 -0.8% 2.54%
1999 0.7% 1.66%
1998 8.7% 1.96%
1997 14% 2.04%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/italy | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Armenia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.99%, compared with 2.01% in Italy. In 2025, inflation was 3.3% in Armenia and 1.53% in Italy.

Top exports between countries

Armenia
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $52.6M
Metals $8.81M
Precious metals & jewellery $7.12M
Machinery & equipment $934K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $897K
Raw materials & minerals $368K
Raw agricultural goods $100K
Wood & paper products $49K
Chemicals & pharma $23K
Miscellaneous $13K
Italy
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $156M
Machinery & equipment $114M
Chemicals & pharma $52.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $44.4M
Animal & marine products $19M
Metals $12.3M
Wood & paper products $9.5M
Precious metals & jewellery $7M
Miscellaneous $6.54M
Raw agricultural goods $5.99M

Balance of trade

Armenia Italy
Current account balance
-$2.11B
2025
$29.3B
2025
Current account balance ranking
142/190
2025
19/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.22%
2025
+1.15%
2025
Goods imports
$11.6B
2025
$597B
2025
Goods exports
$8.53B
2025
$655B
2025
Service imports
$4.65B
2025
$177B
2025
Service exports
$6.12B
2025
$168B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.6%
2025
30.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
48.1%
2025
32.2%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Armenia Italy
Economic freedom 67.1 63.3
Economic freedom ranking 58/197 80/197
Property rights 48.6 84.8
Government integrity 51.8 60.8
Judicial effectiveness 31.4 80.9
Tax burden 87.2 57.5
Government spending 77.5 15.3
Fiscal health 84.1 17.2
Business freedom 72.9 74.5
Labor freedom 59.2 70.6
Monetary freedom 77.2 79.1
Trade freedom 75 79.4
Investment freedom 70 80
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Armenia
Italy
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Armenia Italy
2026 67.1 63.3
2025 65.4 60.9
2024 64.9 60.1
2023 65.1 62.3
2022 65.3 65.4
2021 71.9 64.9
2020 70.6 63.8
2019 67.7 62.2
2018 68.7 62.5
2017 70.3 62.5
2016 67 61.2
2015 67.1 61.7
2014 68.9 60.9
2013 69.4 60.6
2012 68.8 58.8
2011 69.7 60.3
2010 69.2 62.7
2009 69.9 61.4
2008 69.9 62.6
2007 68.6 62.8
2006 70.6 62
2005 69.8 64.9
2004 70.3 64.2
2003 67.3 64.3
2002 68 63.6
2001 66.4 63
2000 63 61.9
1999 56.4 61.6
1998 49.6 59.1
1997 46.7 58.1
1996 42.2 60.8
1995 - 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/italy | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Armenia is 67.1, ranking 58/197, compared to 63.3 for Italy, ranking 80/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Armenia Italy
Services, % of GDP
61.3%
2025
64.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
23.1%
2025
22.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
7.93%
2025
2.07%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$27.8B
2025
$2.48T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$24,020
2025
$62,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.09B
2025
$434B
2025
Total reserves ranking
104/177
2025
10/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$353M
2025
$22B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$132M
2024
$28.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$56.8M
2024
$45.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.26%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.7%
2024
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.2%
2025
22.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/italy | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.