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Economy of Bahamas vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Bahamas has a GDP of $15.8B compared to $2.38T for Italy, ranking 140/197 and 8/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Bahamas has $11.5B in government debt (72.5% of GDP), compared to $3.22T (135.3% of GDP) in Italy.

Bahamas vs Italy GDP by year

Bahamas
Italy
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bahamas Italy
2024 $15,832,800,000 $2,380,825,077,244
2023 $15,271,300,000 $2,316,727,999,333
2022 $13,896,800,000 $2,104,067,630,319
2021 $12,037,000,000 $2,179,207,773,596
2020 $10,363,200,000 $1,907,481,094,079
2019 $13,277,000,000 $2,019,606,796,584
2018 $12,819,200,000 $2,099,435,266,459
2017 $12,446,900,000 $1,970,720,904,585
2016 $11,880,900,000 $1,887,111,188,177
2015 $11,837,600,000 $1,845,428,048,839
2014 $11,139,100,000 $2,173,255,507,986
2013 $10,475,300,000 $2,153,225,581,941
2012 $10,720,400,000 $2,097,929,495,122
2011 $10,070,450,000 $2,306,974,020,278
2010 $10,095,760,000 $2,144,936,254,535
2009 $9,981,960,000 $2,209,484,319,013
2008 $10,526,000,000 $2,417,508,414,187
2007 $10,618,340,000 $2,222,524,108,128
2006 $10,167,250,000 $1,958,563,654,386
2005 $9,836,200,000 $1,864,982,261,287
2004 $9,055,290,000 $1,812,808,753,295
2003 $8,870,090,000 $1,582,930,016,539
2002 $8,881,160,000 $1,281,746,271,196
2001 $8,317,830,000 $1,172,041,488,806
2000 $8,076,470,000 $1,149,661,363,439
1999 $7,683,870,000 $1,255,004,736,464
1998 $6,833,220,000 $1,272,729,786,997
1997 $6,332,360,000 $1,244,988,176,444
1996 $3,609,000,000 $1,314,776,508,972
1995 $3,429,000,000 $1,177,369,428,266
1994 $3,259,000,000 $1,101,750,159,702
1993 $3,092,000,000 $1,067,412,587,671
1992 $3,109,000,000 $1,323,204,350,354
1991 $3,111,160,000 $1,249,092,439,519
1990 $3,166,000,000 $1,183,945,130,899
1989 $3,062,000,000 $930,801,709,004
1988 $2,817,900,000 $893,663,934,841
1987 $2,713,999,900 $807,570,134,449
1986 $2,472,500,000 $641,862,313,287
1985 $2,320,699,900 $453,259,761,687
1984 $2,041,100,000 $438,896,930,791
1983 $1,732,800,000 $444,063,496,940
1982 $1,578,300,000 $428,257,421,618
1981 $1,426,500,000 $431,695,533,981
1980 $1,335,300,000 $478,356,755,596
1979 $1,139,800,100 $394,584,507,108
1978 $832,400,000 $315,784,469,541
1977 $713,000,000 $258,190,019,750
1976 $642,100,000 $225,235,205,862
1975 $596,200,000 $228,220,643,535
1974 $632,400,000 $200,024,444,775
1973 $670,900,000 $175,896,529,392
1972 $590,900,000 $145,594,833,997
1971 $573,400,000 $124,959,712,859
1970 $539,500,000 $113,656,669,765
1969 $538,700,000 $100,996,667,239
1968 $453,800,000 $91,485,448,148
1967 $398,000,000 $84,401,995,573
1966 $346,800,000 $76,622,444,787
1965 $300,272,048 $70,717,012,186
1964 $266,560,043 $65,720,771,779
1963 $237,650,038 $60,035,924,618
1962 $212,170,034 $52,413,872,628
1961 $190,022,030 $46,649,487,320
1960 $169,736,027 $42,012,422,612

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/italy | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bahamas vs Italy by year

Bahamas
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bahamas Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $39,455 $41,198 $40,385 $62,014
2023 $38,232 $39,090 $39,277 $60,030
2022 $34,957 $36,791 $35,654 $57,261
2021 $30,368 $31,065 $36,853 $49,825
2020 $26,179 $27,205 $32,091 $44,436
2019 $33,640 $36,116 $33,813 $46,662
2018 $32,642 $35,228 $34,904 $43,387
2017 $31,875 $34,282 $32,844 $42,142
2016 $30,617 $32,285 $31,392 $40,483
2015 $30,719 $32,138 $30,640 $37,384
2014 $29,137 $31,726 $36,028 $36,666
2013 $27,643 $30,294 $35,702 $36,459
2012 $28,552 $31,036 $34,854 $36,281
2011 $27,091 $30,074 $38,432 $36,392
2010 $27,473 $29,625 $35,857 $34,974
2009 $27,513 $29,197 $37,100 $34,502
2008 $29,392 $30,679 $40,829 $35,422
2007 $30,052 $31,232 $37,826 $34,108
2006 $29,185 $30,402 $33,537 $32,454
2005 $28,602 $29,143 $32,063 $30,138
2004 $26,650 $27,660 $31,348 $29,581
2003 $26,429 $27,031 $27,578 $29,249
2002 $26,782 $27,171 $22,451 $28,833
2001 $25,372 $26,351 $20,570 $28,134
2000 $24,940 $25,422 $20,190 $27,152
1999 $24,041 $24,184 $22,050 $25,655
1998 $21,667 $22,556 $22,365 $25,075
1997 $20,368 $21,606 $21,884 $23,937
1996 $11,784 $21,287 $23,123 $23,101
1995 $11,375 $20,377 $20,712 $22,446
1994 $10,991 $19,441 $19,382 $21,369
1993 $10,613 $18,781 $18,782 $20,485
1992 $10,873 $18,636 $23,297 $20,196
1991 $11,082 $19,296 $22,007 $19,596
1990 $11,473 $19,817 $20,874 $18,680
1989 $11,291 - $16,424 -
1988 $10,576 - $15,781 -
1987 $10,361 - $14,268 -
1986 $9,601 - $11,341 -
1985 $9,167 - $8,009 -
1984 $8,202 - $7,758 -
1983 $7,081 - $7,851 -
1982 $6,559 - $7,574 -
1981 $6,029 - $7,640 -
1980 $5,743 - $8,476 -
1979 $4,994 - $7,006 -
1978 $3,720 - $5,623 -
1977 $3,253 - $4,614 -
1976 $2,993 - $4,042 -
1975 $2,841 - $4,116 -
1974 $3,080 - $3,629 -
1973 $3,341 - $3,213 -
1972 $3,014 - $2,677 -
1971 $3,004 - $2,311 -
1970 $2,916 - $2,112 -
1969 $3,027 - $1,886 -
1968 $2,668 - $1,718 -
1967 $2,453 - $1,595 -
1966 $2,239 - $1,459 -
1965 $2,030 - $1,357 -
1964 $1,883 - $1,272 -
1963 $1,759 - $1,171 -
1962 $1,651 - $1,030 -
1961 $1,555 - $923 -
1960 $1,459 - $837 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/italy | CC BY

The Bahamas' GDP per capita is $39,455, ranking 30/197, compared to $40,385 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Bahamas ranks 57th at $41,198, while Italy ranks 31st at $62,014.

Economic indicators

Bahamas Italy
Gross domestic product
$15.8B
2024
$2.38T
2024
GDP rank
140/197
2024
8/197
2024
GDP growth
3.38%
2023-2024
0.69%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$39,455
2024
$40,385
2024
GDP per capita rank
30/197
2024
29/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$41,198
2024
$62,014
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
57/197
2024
31/197
2024
Government debt
$11.5B
2024
$3.22T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
72.5%
2024
135.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$28,616
2024
$54,652
2024
Government debt per person rank
25/185
2024
6/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$29,535
2026
$23,800
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,344,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
74
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.6%
2024
50.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.41%
2023-2024
0.98%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4%
2016
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.65%
2023
6.5%
2024
Population
405203
58562681

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bahamas
Spending

Debt
Italy
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bahamas Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.6% 72.5% 50.6% 135.3%
2023 22.2% 74.8% 54% 134.6%
2022 23.9% 79.1% 54.9% 138.3%
2021 26.9% 84.5% 56% 145.8%
2020 28.2% 81.9% 56.8% 154.4%
2019 19.9% 59.3% 48.4% 133.9%
2018 19.2% 60.6% 48.3% 134.2%
2017 22.5% 53.4% 48.8% 133.7%
2016 19.4% 51% 49% 134.2%
2015 17.9% 48.5% 50.2% 134.8%
2014 17.6% 46.3% 50.7% 134.8%
2013 18.4% 44.8% 50.9% 131.9%
2012 16.5% 36.4% 50.5% 125.9%
2011 17.1% 35.3% 49% 119.1%
2010 15.3% 33.7% 49.8% 118.8%
2009 15.6% 30.9% 51.1% 116.1%
2008 14.4% 25.5% 47.8% 105.8%
2007 13.3% 23% 46.6% 103.5%
2006 13% 22.8% 47.6% 106.3%
2005 12.3% 22% 47.1% 106.2%
2004 12.4% 21.4% 46.7% 104.7%
2003 11.8% 20.9% 47% 105.1%
2002 11.3% 18.8% 46.5% 105.9%
2001 11.2% 18.2% 47.1% 108.5%
2000 11.3% 18.7% 46.4% 108.7%
1999 8.78% 18.7% 47.1% 113.1%
1998 11.6% 20% 48% 113.9%
1997 12.5% 20.8% 49.3% 116.5%
1996 11.2% 20.2% 51.3% 118.9%
1995 11.2% 20.5% 51.4% 119.1%
1994 11.4% 20.4% 55.1% 130.8%
1993 11.5% 19.8% 57.8% 124.1%
1992 11.8% 17.9% 56.8% 113%
1991 12% 15.4% 55.3% 105.3%
1990 11.4% 13.2% 54.2% 101.7%
1989 - - 51.6% 91.8%
1988 - - 50.4% 89.2%
1987 - - 49.8% 87.4%
1986 - - 50.5% 83.4%
1985 - - 49.8% 79.1%
1984 - - 49.1% 73.1%
1983 - - 48.9% 67.8%
1982 - - 46.7% 61.8%
1981 - - 44.6% 57.3%
1980 - - 40.8% 55.1%
1979 - - 40.1% 58.9%
1978 - - 40.9% 59.9%
1977 - - 38.5% 56%
1976 - - 38.1% 57.3%
1975 - - 39.1% 57.9%
1974 - - 34.8% 50.8%
1973 - - 35.3% 51.1%
1972 - - 36.4% 48.2%
1971 - - 34.4% 42.4%
1970 - - 32.3% 37.8%
1969 - - 32.1% 37%
1968 - - 32.6% 36.4%
1967 - - 17.9% 33.3%
1966 - - 19.1% 33.4%
1965 - - 18.6% 28.4%
1964 - - 18.2% 27.2%
1963 - - 16.7% 27.2%
1962 - - 17.5% 29%
1961 - - 17.3% 30%
1960 - - 16.5% 31.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/italy | CC BY

In 2024, the Bahamas' government spending was $3.26B, accounting for 20.6% of its GDP, while Italy spent $1.2T, or 50.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 72.5% in the Bahamas and 135.3% in Italy, ranking 53/185 and 8/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bahamas

Italy
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bahamas Italy
2024 -1.18% -3.45%
2023 -3.49% -7.24%
2022 -5.16% -8.11%
2021 -11.1% -8.88%
2020 -8.09% -9.38%
2019 -1.65% -1.45%
2018 -3.24% -2.19%
2017 -5.92% -2.51%
2016 -2.61% -2.4%
2015 -3.24% -2.46%
2014 -4.38% -2.82%
2013 -5.16% -2.87%
2012 -3.15% -2.99%
2011 -2.87% -3.52%
2010 -2.56% -4.16%
2009 -2.45% -5.06%
2008 -0.83% -2.58%
2007 -0.76% -1.33%
2006 -0.43% -3.61%
2005 -1.11% -4.1%
2004 -1.93% -3.46%
2003 -1.63% -3.23%
2002 -1.62% -2.88%
2001 0.3% -3.18%
2000 0.09% -2.42%
1999 1.68% -1.77%
1998 -0.41% -2.99%
1997 -1.56% -2.98%
1996 -0.15% -6.61%
1995 0.18% -7.2%
1994 -0.39% -8.84%
1993 -1.05% -9.76%
1992 -2.23% -10.1%
1991 -2.29% -11.1%
1990 -2.64% -11.1%
1989 - -11.4%
1988 - -11%
1987 - -11.5%
1986 - -12%
1985 - -12.4%
1984 - -11.5%
1983 - -10.1%
1982 - -10%
1981 - -10.9%
1980 - -6.97%
1979 - -8.23%
1978 - -8.47%
1977 - -6.96%
1976 - -7.88%
1975 - -10.3%
1974 - -6.24%
1973 - -6.36%
1972 - -6.84%
1971 - -4.71%
1970 - -3.22%
1969 - -2.85%
1968 - -2.55%
1967 - -0.97%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.67%
1964 - -2.35%
1963 - -0.3%
1962 - -0.95%
1961 - -0.57%
1960 - -0.28%
1959 - -1%
1958 - -0.98%
1957 - -1.09%
1956 - -1.46%
1955 - -2.03%
1954 - -1.84%
1953 - -2.33%
1952 - -4.08%
1951 - -3.86%
1950 - -2.42%
1949 - -2.82%
1948 - -4.58%
1947 - -6.62%
1946 - -9.82%
1945 - -16.9%
1944 - -35.1%
1943 - -16.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1941 - -25.1%
1940 - -24.3%
1939 - -9.49%
1938 - -5.97%
1937 - -5.78%
1936 - -7.93%
1935 - -9.83%
1934 - -2.5%
1933 - -4.85%
1932 - -3.06%
1931 - -2.14%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -0.59%
1928 - -2.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1926 - -0.09%
1925 - 1.7%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - -3.21%
1922 - -11%
1921 - -7.77%
1920 - -5.89%
1919 - -11.2%
1918 - -22.7%
1917 - -27.6%
1916 - -28.2%
1915 - -25.8%
1914 - -12.4%
1913 - -0.86%
1912 - -1.86%
1911 - -0.63%
1910 - -0.32%
1909 - -0.69%
1908 - -1.31%
1907 - -0.51%
1906 - -0.69%
1905 - -1.57%
1904 - 0.58%
1903 - 0.32%
1902 - 0.48%
1901 - 0.36%
1900 - 0.28%
1899 - -0.11%
1898 - -0.21%
1897 - 0.009%
1896 - -0.43%
1895 - -0.69%
1894 - -0.23%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.25%
1891 - -1.41%
1890 - -0.32%
1889 - -1.32%
1888 - -2.11%
1887 - -1.94%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - 0.2%
1884 - -1.46%
1883 - -0.51%
1882 - -0.5%
1881 - -0.04%
1880 - 0.38%
1879 - 0.73%
1878 - 0.09%
1877 - -0.009%
1876 - -0.05%
1875 - 0.58%
1874 - -0.08%
1873 - 0.21%
1872 - 0%
1871 - -0.13%
1870 - -0.82%
1869 - 0.33%
1868 - -0.79%
1867 - -1.45%
1866 - -3.1%
1865 - -2.72%
1864 - -3.06%
1863 - -4.16%
1862 - -3.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/italy | CC BY

In 2024, the Bahamas' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $187M, equivalent to 1.18% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of $82B, or 3.45% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, the Bahamas recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, the Bahamas posted an annual deficit equal to 2.37% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.82% of GDP for Italy.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bahamas

Italy
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bahamas Italy
2024 0.41% 0.98%
2023 3.05% 5.62%
2022 5.61% 8.2%
2021 2.9% 1.87%
2020 0.04% -0.14%
2019 2.49% 0.61%
2018 2.27% 1.14%
2017 1.52% 1.23%
2016 -0.35% -0.09%
2015 1.86% 0.04%
2014 1.51% 0.24%
2013 0.72% 1.22%
2012 1.97% 3.04%
2011 3.2% 2.78%
2010 1.34% 1.53%
2009 2.06% 0.77%
2008 4.49% 3.35%
2007 2.49% 1.83%
2006 2.39% 2.09%
2005 1.59% 1.99%
2004 0.98% 2.21%
2003 3.03% 2.67%
2002 2.17% 2.47%
2001 2.04% 2.79%
2000 1.61% 2.54%
1999 1.25% 1.66%
1998 1.34% 1.96%
1997 0.54% 2.04%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/italy | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Bahamas has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 2.02% in Italy. In 2024, inflation was 0.41% in the Bahamas and 0.98% in Italy.

Top exports between countries

Bahamas
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.06M
Raw agricultural goods $299K
Animal & marine products $75K
Precious metals & jewellery $60K
Raw materials & minerals $26K
Textiles & consumer goods $11K
Metals $5K
Chemicals & pharma $2K
Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $36.3M
Metals $20.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $15.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.41M
Raw materials & minerals $946K
Precious metals & jewellery $526K
Chemicals & pharma $469K
Wood & paper products $107K
Animal & marine products $73K
Raw agricultural goods $71K

Balance of trade

Bahamas Italy
Current account balance
-$1.05B
2024
$25.8B
2024
Current account balance ranking
127/190
2024
19/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-6.65%
2024
+1.08%
2024
Goods imports
$4.6B
2024
$562B
2024
Goods exports
$874M
2024
$621B
2024
Service imports
$2.47B
2024
$160B
2024
Service exports
$5.9B
2024
$155B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.5%
2024
30.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.8%
2024
32.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bahamas Italy
Economic freedom 65.1 63.3
Economic freedom ranking 66/197 80/197
Property rights 62.7 84.8
Government integrity 67.1 60.8
Judicial effectiveness 79.8 80.9
Tax burden 96.1 57.5
Government spending 83.8 15.3
Fiscal health 9.1 17.2
Business freedom 69.4 74.5
Labor freedom 66.5 70.6
Monetary freedom 77.2 79.1
Trade freedom 59.4 79.4
Investment freedom 50 80
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bahamas
Italy
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bahamas Italy
2026 65.1 63.3
2025 63.2 60.9
2024 62.5 60.1
2023 62.6 62.3
2022 68.7 65.4
2021 64.6 64.9
2020 64.5 63.8
2019 62.9 62.2
2018 63.3 62.5
2017 61.1 62.5
2016 70.9 61.2
2015 68.7 61.7
2014 69.8 60.9
2013 70.1 60.6
2012 68 58.8
2011 68 60.3
2010 67.3 62.7
2009 70.3 61.4
2008 71.1 62.6
2007 72 62.8
2006 72.3 62
2005 72.6 64.9
2004 72.1 64.2
2003 73.5 64.3
2002 74.4 63.6
2001 74.8 63
2000 73.9 61.9
1999 74.7 61.6
1998 74.5 59.1
1997 74.5 58.1
1996 74 60.8
1995 71.8 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/italy | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Bahamas is 65.1, ranking 66/197, compared to 63.3 for Italy, ranking 80/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bahamas Italy
Services, % of GDP
77.2%
2024
65%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
9.63%
2024
22.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.51%
2024
2%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$14.9B
2024
$2.28T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$39,550
2024
$61,620
2024
Total reserves including gold
$2.51B
2023
$291B
2024
Total reserves ranking
122/177
2023
12/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$77.6M
2024
$19B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$241M
2024
$26.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$163M
2024
$45.9B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.3%
2020
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.8%
2024
22.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.