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Economy of Italy vs Saint Vincent compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Italy has a GDP of $2.38T compared to $1.16B for Saint Vincent, ranking 8/197 and 186/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.22T in government debt (135.3% of GDP), compared to $1.07B (92.7% of GDP) in Saint Vincent.

Italy vs Saint Vincent GDP by year

Italy
Saint Vincent
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Saint Vincent
2024 $2,380,825,077,244 $1,157,207,407
2023 $2,316,727,999,333 $1,072,237,037
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $989,188,889
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $888,677,778
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $864,566,667
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $910,481,481
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $884,329,630
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $844,040,741
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $814,303,704
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $786,555,556
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $770,900,000
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $764,781,259
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $730,032,593
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $713,796,370
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $720,447,889
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $714,300,259
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $732,663,259
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $713,596,667
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $643,501,148
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $579,948,926
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $549,900,185
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $509,090,889
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $487,763,852
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $462,072,333
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $427,946,037
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $390,718,519
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $373,618,519
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $347,770,370
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $331,488,889
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $316,007,407
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $289,437,037
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $286,307,407
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $277,955,556
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $254,829,630
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $240,366,667
1989 $930,801,709,004 $214,745,002
1988 $893,663,934,841 $200,726,713
1987 $807,570,134,449 $175,580,647
1986 $641,862,313,287 $160,846,657
1985 $453,259,761,687 $145,641,705
1984 $438,896,930,791 $135,024,988
1983 $444,063,496,940 $122,255,350
1982 $428,257,421,618 $113,759,203
1981 $431,695,533,981 $102,086,539
1980 $478,356,755,596 $82,340,340
1979 $394,584,507,108 $71,096,360
1978 $315,784,469,541 $60,844,771
1977 $258,190,019,750 $49,353,162
1976 $225,235,205,862 $32,792,845
1975 $228,220,643,535 $33,237,226
1974 $200,024,444,775 $32,923,703
1973 $175,896,529,392 $30,165,081
1972 $145,594,833,997 $27,585,805
1971 $124,959,712,859 $20,051,922
1970 $113,656,669,765 $18,450,000
1969 $100,996,667,239 $16,650,000
1968 $91,485,448,148 $15,350,000
1967 $84,401,995,573 $15,835,106
1966 $76,622,444,787 $16,099,960
1965 $70,717,012,186 $15,108,296
1964 $65,720,771,779 $14,758,296
1963 $60,035,924,618 $13,708,299
1962 $52,413,872,628 $14,524,964
1961 $46,649,487,320 $13,999,965
1960 $42,012,422,612 $13,066,634

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-vincent | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Saint Vincent by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Saint Vincent
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Saint Vincent
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $40,385 $62,014 $11,501 $21,272
2023 $39,277 $60,030 $10,582 $19,820
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $9,694 $18,035
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $8,641 $16,201
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $8,351 $15,337
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $8,741 $15,340
2018 $34,904 $43,387 $8,428 $14,690
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $7,988 $13,575
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $7,657 $13,493
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $7,354 $12,379
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $7,169 $12,136
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $7,072 $11,625
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $6,714 $10,989
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $6,528 $10,774
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $6,552 $10,561
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $6,464 $10,869
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $6,599 $10,902
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $6,398 $10,604
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $5,745 $9,949
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $5,157 $8,986
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $4,873 $8,472
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $4,500 $7,903
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $4,303 $7,250
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $4,071 $6,768
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $3,769 $6,503
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $3,447 $6,266
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $3,301 $6,026
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $3,074 $5,726
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $2,930 $5,440
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $2,795 $5,277
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $2,563 $4,802
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $2,540 $4,769
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $2,471 $4,477
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $2,271 $4,126
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $2,150 $3,960
1989 $16,424 - $1,930 -
1988 $15,781 - $1,814 -
1987 $14,268 - $1,596 -
1986 $11,341 - $1,472 -
1985 $8,009 - $1,342 -
1984 $7,758 - $1,254 -
1983 $7,851 - $1,144 -
1982 $7,574 - $1,074 -
1981 $7,640 - $972 -
1980 $8,476 - $790 -
1979 $7,006 - $687 -
1978 $5,623 - $592 -
1977 $4,614 - $484 -
1976 $4,042 - $324 -
1975 $4,116 - $331 -
1974 $3,629 - $331 -
1973 $3,213 - $306 -
1972 $2,677 - $282.1 -
1971 $2,311 - $207 -
1970 $2,112 - $192.3 -
1969 $1,886 - $175.2 -
1968 $1,718 - $163.1 -
1967 $1,595 - $170 -
1966 $1,459 - $174.9 -
1965 $1,357 - $166.2 -
1964 $1,272 - $164.4 -
1963 $1,171 - $154.9 -
1962 $1,030 - $166.5 -
1961 $923 - $163 -
1960 $837 - $154.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-vincent | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $40,385, ranking 29/197, compared to $11,501 in Saint Vincent, ranking 81/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while Saint Vincent ranks 92nd at $21,272.

Economic indicators

Italy Saint Vincent
Gross domestic product
$2.38T
2024
$1.16B
2024
GDP rank
8/197
2024
186/197
2024
GDP growth
0.69%
2023-2024
4.06%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$40,385
2024
$11,501
2024
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2024
81/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$21,272
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
92/197
2024
Government debt
$3.22T
2024
$1.07B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
135.3%
2024
92.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$54,652
2024
$10,659
2024
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2024
56/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,800
2026
$12,573
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,344,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
74
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.6%
2024
39.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.98%
2023-2024
3.63%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
6.5%
2024
18.8%
2008
Population
58562681
99237

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Saint Vincent
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Saint Vincent
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 50.6% 135.3% 39.1% 92.7%
2023 54% 134.6% 38.9% 89.4%
2022 54.9% 138.3% 36.6% 86.3%
2021 56% 145.8% 37.2% 88.4%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 32.9% 80.2%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 29.2% 68.2%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 26.3% 69.4%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 26.6% 69%
2016 49% 134.2% 27.1% 79.4%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 27.6% 75.1%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 30.4% 75%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 29.4% 69.9%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 26.5% 68.1%
2011 49% 119.1% 29.4% 64%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 31.1% 61.1%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 31% 57.2%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 28.4% 50.3%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 27.1% 48.5%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 26.1% 44.7%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 26.7% 50.5%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 24.9% 58.6%
2003 47% 105.1% 26% 55.3%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 25.7% 53.2%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 24.4% 52%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 23.8% 54.3%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 25.2% 52.9%
1998 48% 113.9% 25.2% 39.5%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 26% 38.8%
1996 51.3% 118.9% 20.9% 40.7%
1995 51.4% 119.1% 19.9% 46.8%
1994 55.1% 130.8% 22.4% 52.8%
1993 57.8% 124.1% 22.3% 48.1%
1992 56.8% 113% 25.4% 49.6%
1991 55.3% 105.3% 25.5% 52.1%
1990 54.2% 101.7% 23.1% 53.9%
1989 51.6% 91.8% 27.6% -
1988 50.4% 89.2% 24.8% -
1987 49.8% 87.4% 23.7% -
1986 50.5% 83.4% 22.3% -
1985 49.8% 79.1% 21.4% -
1984 49.1% 73.1% 23.1% -
1983 48.9% 67.8% - -
1982 46.7% 61.8% - -
1981 44.6% 57.3% - -
1980 40.8% 55.1% - -
1979 40.1% 58.9% - -
1978 40.9% 59.9% - -
1977 38.5% 56% - -
1976 38.1% 57.3% - -
1975 39.1% 57.9% - -
1974 34.8% 50.8% - -
1973 35.3% 51.1% - -
1972 36.4% 48.2% - -
1971 34.4% 42.4% - -
1970 32.3% 37.8% - -
1969 32.1% 37% - -
1968 32.6% 36.4% - -
1967 17.9% 33.3% - -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-vincent | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government spending was $1.2T, accounting for 50.6% of its GDP, while Saint Vincent spent $453M, or 39.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 135.3% in Italy and 92.7% in Saint Vincent, ranking 8/185 and 29/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Saint Vincent
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Saint Vincent
2024 -3.45% -12.9%
2023 -7.24% -12%
2022 -8.11% -9.35%
2021 -8.88% -7.19%
2020 -9.38% -5.92%
2019 -1.45% -3.45%
2018 -2.19% -1.65%
2017 -2.51% -1.56%
2016 -2.4% 0.04%
2015 -2.46% -2.01%
2014 -2.82% -2.82%
2013 -2.87% -5.81%
2012 -2.99% -1.81%
2011 -3.52% -3.5%
2010 -4.16% -3.7%
2009 -5.06% -2.85%
2008 -2.58% -1.3%
2007 -1.33% -3.07%
2006 -3.61% -3.13%
2005 -4.1% -4.3%
2004 -3.46% -2.71%
2003 -3.23% -2.51%
2002 -2.88% -2%
2001 -3.18% -1.6%
2000 -2.42% -0.82%
1999 -1.77% -1.93%
1998 -2.99% -1.81%
1997 -2.98% -2.77%
1996 -6.61% 1.57%
1995 -7.2% 1.08%
1994 -8.84% 0.12%
1993 -9.76% -1.46%
1992 -10.1% -3.25%
1991 -11.1% -0.47%
1990 -11.1% 1.69%
1989 -11.4% -1.92%
1988 -11% 0.59%
1987 -11.5% 1.1%
1986 -12% 2.32%
1985 -12.4% 4.23%
1984 -11.5% 2.5%
1983 -10.1% -
1982 -10% -
1981 -10.9% -
1980 -6.97% -
1979 -8.23% -
1978 -8.47% -
1977 -6.96% -
1976 -7.88% -
1975 -10.3% -
1974 -6.24% -
1973 -6.36% -
1972 -6.84% -
1971 -4.71% -
1970 -3.22% -
1969 -2.85% -
1968 -2.55% -
1967 -0.97% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-vincent | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $82B, equivalent to 3.45% of GDP. This compares to Saint Vincent's deficit of $149M, or 12.9% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 41 of those years, while Saint Vincent ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 5.82% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.35% of GDP for Saint Vincent.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Saint Vincent
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Saint Vincent
2024 0.98% 3.63%
2023 5.62% 4.56%
2022 8.2% 5.66%
2021 1.87% 1.57%
2020 -0.14% -0.63%
2019 0.61% 0.91%
2018 1.14% 2.32%
2017 1.23% 2.15%
2016 -0.09% -0.15%
2015 0.04% -1.73%
2014 0.24% 0.19%
2013 1.22% 0.81%
2012 3.04% 2.6%
2011 2.78% 3.19%
2010 1.53% 0.75%
2009 0.77% 0.42%
2008 3.35% 10.1%
2007 1.83% 7.24%
2006 2.09% 2.74%
2005 1.99% 3.73%
2004 2.21% 2.96%
2003 2.67% 0.21%
2002 2.47% 1.86%
2001 2.79% 0.9%
2000 2.54% 0.17%
1999 1.66% 1.01%
1998 1.96% 2.14%
1997 2.04% 0.44%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-vincent | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.02%, compared with 2.13% in Saint Vincent. In 2024, inflation was 0.98% in Italy and 3.63% in Saint Vincent.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $21.7M
Wood & paper products $1.26M
Textiles & consumer goods $619K
Metals $276K
Chemicals & pharma $197K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $121K
Raw materials & minerals $45K
Miscellaneous $39K
Animal & marine products $1K
Saint Vincent
Export category Export value

Balance of trade

Italy Saint Vincent
Current account balance
$25.8B
2024
-$157M
2024
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2024
93/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.08%
2024
-13.5%
2024
Goods imports
$562B
2024
$445M
2024
Goods exports
$621B
2024
$59.2M
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$196M
2024
Service exports
$155B
2024
$366M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.5%
2024
15.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Saint Vincent
Economic freedom 63.3 60
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 98/197
Property rights 84.8 65.2
Government integrity 60.8 63.3
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 76.9
Tax burden 57.5 82
Government spending 15.3 56.2
Fiscal health 17.2 2.8
Business freedom 74.5 67.3
Labor freedom 70.6 60.1
Monetary freedom 79.1 77.3
Trade freedom 79.4 58.8
Investment freedom 80 70
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Saint Vincent
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Saint Vincent
2026 63.3 60
2025 60.9 60.1
2024 60.1 59.8
2023 62.3 63.5
2022 65.4 65.7
2021 64.9 66.3
2020 63.8 66.8
2019 62.2 65.8
2018 62.5 67.7
2017 62.5 65.2
2016 61.2 68.8
2015 61.7 68
2014 60.9 67
2013 60.6 66.7
2012 58.8 66.5
2011 60.3 66.9
2010 62.7 66.9
2009 61.4 64.3
2008 62.6 -
2007 62.8 -
2006 62 -
2005 64.9 -
2004 64.2 -
2003 64.3 -
2002 63.6 -
2001 63 -
2000 61.9 -
1999 61.6 -
1998 59.1 -
1997 58.1 -
1996 60.8 -
1995 61.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-vincent | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 60 for Saint Vincent, ranking 98/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Saint Vincent
Services, % of GDP
65%
2024
66.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
15.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2%
2024
3.55%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.28T
2024
$1.11B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$61,620
2024
$21,150
2024
Total reserves including gold
$291B
2024
$317M
2024
Total reserves ranking
12/177
2024
167/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$19B
2024
-$74M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$26.9B
2024
$139M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
-$1.92M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.84%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.6%
2024
n/a

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-vincent | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.