Skip to content

Economy of Cambodia vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Cambodia has a GDP of $46.4B compared to $2.38T for Italy, ranking 97/197 and 8/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cambodia has $12B in government debt (25.9% of GDP), compared to $3.22T (135.3% of GDP) in Italy.

Cambodia vs Italy GDP by year

Cambodia
Italy
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cambodia Italy
2024 $46,352,647,037 $2,380,825,077,244
2023 $42,335,646,896 $2,316,727,999,333
2022 $39,994,532,960 $2,104,067,630,319
2021 $36,790,163,687 $2,179,207,773,596
2020 $34,818,073,901 $1,907,481,094,079
2019 $36,685,356,408 $2,019,606,796,584
2018 $33,145,892,169 $2,099,435,266,459
2017 $29,355,665,910 $1,970,720,904,585
2016 $26,556,545,153 $1,887,111,188,177
2015 $24,174,170,369 $1,845,428,048,839
2014 $22,041,463,968 $2,173,255,507,986
2013 $19,807,135,253 $2,153,225,581,941
2012 $17,826,536,700 $2,097,929,495,122
2011 $16,032,622,024 $2,306,974,020,278
2010 $13,808,673,288 $2,144,936,254,535
2009 $12,502,901,170 $2,209,484,319,013
2008 $12,174,303,999 $2,417,508,414,187
2007 $10,127,916,460 $2,222,524,108,128
2006 $8,350,531,017 $1,958,563,654,386
2005 $7,066,296,463 $1,864,982,261,287
2004 $5,883,297,160 $1,812,808,753,295
2003 $5,046,693,484 $1,582,930,016,539
2002 $4,501,227,627 $1,281,746,271,196
2001 $4,145,665,970 $1,172,041,488,806
2000 $3,694,168,979 $1,149,661,363,439
1999 $3,517,242,477 $1,255,004,736,464
1998 $3,120,425,503 $1,272,729,786,997
1997 $3,443,413,389 $1,244,988,176,444
1996 $3,506,695,720 $1,314,776,508,972
1995 $3,441,205,693 $1,177,369,428,266
1994 $2,791,435,272 $1,101,750,159,702
1993 $2,533,727,592 $1,067,412,587,671
1992 $2,491,486,594 $1,323,204,350,354
1991 $2,054,974,089 $1,249,092,439,519
1990 $1,402,541,177 $1,183,945,130,899
1989 $1,353,137,648 $930,801,709,004
1988 $1,662,877,859 $893,663,934,841
1987 $1,036,974,910 $807,570,134,449
1986 $1,167,630,318 $641,862,313,287
1985 $1,102,669,184 $453,259,761,687
1984 $1,021,176,059 $438,896,930,791
1983 $939,291,262 $444,063,496,940
1982 $865,516,040 $428,257,421,618
1981 $815,153,652 $431,695,533,981
1980 $744,384,130 $478,356,755,596
1979 $723,738,503 $394,584,507,108
1978 $766,642,356 $315,784,469,541
1977 $716,261,764 $258,190,019,750
1976 $790,357,255 $225,235,205,862
1975 $749,129,748 $228,220,643,535
1974 - $200,024,444,775
1973 - $175,896,529,392
1972 - $145,594,833,997
1971 - $124,959,712,859
1970 - $113,656,669,765
1969 - $100,996,667,239
1968 - $91,485,448,148
1967 - $84,401,995,573
1966 - $76,622,444,787
1965 - $70,717,012,186
1964 - $65,720,771,779
1963 - $60,035,924,618
1962 - $52,413,872,628
1961 - $46,649,487,320
1960 - $42,012,422,612

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/italy | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cambodia vs Italy by year

Cambodia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cambodia Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,628 $7,967 $40,385 $62,014
2023 $2,430 $7,431 $39,277 $60,030
2022 $2,325 $6,919 $35,654 $57,261
2021 $2,167 $6,226 $36,853 $49,825
2020 $2,082 $5,942 $32,091 $44,436
2019 $2,226 $6,154 $33,813 $46,662
2018 $2,037 $5,617 $34,904 $43,387
2017 $1,826 $5,050 $32,844 $42,142
2016 $1,675 $4,748 $31,392 $40,483
2015 $1,547 $4,434 $30,640 $37,384
2014 $1,432 $4,118 $36,028 $36,666
2013 $1,306 $3,891 $35,702 $36,459
2012 $1,193 $3,583 $34,854 $36,281
2011 $1,089 $3,223 $38,432 $36,392
2010 $952 $2,989 $35,857 $34,974
2009 $876 $2,854 $37,100 $34,502
2008 $866 $2,769 $40,829 $35,422
2007 $732 $2,566 $37,826 $34,108
2006 $612 $2,297 $33,537 $32,454
2005 $526 $2,038 $32,063 $30,138
2004 $444 $1,770 $31,348 $29,581
2003 $387 $1,598 $27,578 $29,249
2002 $350 $1,442 $22,451 $28,833
2001 $328 $1,357 $20,570 $28,134
2000 $296.4 $1,256 $20,190 $27,152
1999 $286.8 $1,134 $22,050 $25,655
1998 $258.8 $1,009 $22,365 $25,075
1997 $297.6 $994 $21,884 $23,937
1996 $325 $1,006 $23,123 $23,101
1995 $343 $1,006 $20,712 $22,446
1994 $302 $972 $19,382 $21,369
1993 $294.1 $1,565 $18,782 $20,485
1992 $307 $1,560 $23,297 $20,196
1991 $267.3 $1,504 $22,007 $19,596
1990 $190.2 $1,410 $20,874 $18,680
1989 $191.3 - $16,424 -
1988 $244.1 - $15,781 -
1987 $158.1 - $14,268 -
1986 $185.8 - $11,341 -
1985 $182.4 - $8,009 -
1984 $174.7 - $7,758 -
1983 $166.7 - $7,851 -
1982 $159.2 - $7,574 -
1981 $154.3 - $7,640 -
1980 $143.2 - $8,476 -
1979 $142.2 - $7,006 -
1978 $147.1 - $5,623 -
1977 $126.4 - $4,614 -
1976 $128.8 - $4,042 -
1975 $113.8 - $4,116 -
1974 - - $3,629 -
1973 - - $3,213 -
1972 - - $2,677 -
1971 - - $2,311 -
1970 - - $2,112 -
1969 - - $1,886 -
1968 - - $1,718 -
1967 - - $1,595 -
1966 - - $1,459 -
1965 - - $1,357 -
1964 - - $1,272 -
1963 - - $1,171 -
1962 - - $1,030 -
1961 - - $923 -
1960 - - $837 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/italy | CC BY

Cambodia's GDP per capita is $2,628, ranking 145/197, compared to $40,385 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cambodia ranks 142nd at $7,967, while Italy ranks 31st at $62,014.

Economic indicators

Cambodia Italy
Gross domestic product
$46.4B
2024
$2.38T
2024
GDP rank
97/197
2024
8/197
2024
GDP growth
5.98%
2023-2024
0.69%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,628
2024
$40,385
2024
GDP per capita rank
145/197
2024
29/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,967
2024
$62,014
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
142/197
2024
31/197
2024
Government debt
$12B
2024
$3.22T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
25.9%
2024
135.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$681
2024
$54,652
2024
Government debt per person rank
156/185
2024
6/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,258
2026
$23,800
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,344,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
74
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.3%
2024
50.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.9%
2023-2024
0.98%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
0.26%
2023
6.5%
2024
Population
18113986
58562681

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cambodia
Spending

Debt
Italy
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cambodia Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 17.3% 25.9% 50.6% 135.3%
2023 19.1% 26.3% 54% 134.6%
2022 18.7% 25.5% 54.9% 138.3%
2021 21% 25.9% 56% 145.8%
2020 20.3% 25.2% 56.8% 154.4%
2019 17.6% 20.8% 48.4% 133.9%
2018 16.1% 21.1% 48.3% 134.2%
2017 16.2% 22.6% 48.8% 133.7%
2016 15.2% 21.8% 49% 134.2%
2015 14.5% 23.3% 50.2% 134.8%
2014 16.5% 24.2% 50.7% 134.8%
2013 16.4% 24.4% 50.9% 131.9%
2012 17.1% 24.9% 50.5% 125.9%
2011 16.5% 23.8% 49% 119.1%
2010 17% 23.4% 49.8% 118.8%
2009 17% 23.7% 51.1% 116.1%
2008 13.1% 23% 47.8% 105.8%
2007 12.3% 25.1% 46.6% 103.5%
2006 11.3% 26.7% 47.6% 106.3%
2005 11% 31.7% 47.1% 106.2%
2004 12.6% 38.7% 46.7% 104.7%
2003 14.5% 39.8% 47% 105.1%
2002 16.1% 37.8% 46.5% 105.9%
2001 14.5% 33.5% 47.1% 108.5%
2000 14.9% 34.9% 46.4% 108.7%
1999 13.8% 34.6% 47.1% 113.1%
1998 13.4% 37.2% 48% 113.9%
1997 12.4% 31.4% 49.3% 116.5%
1996 15.7% 30.1% 51.3% 118.9%
1995 - - 51.4% 119.1%
1994 - - 55.1% 130.8%
1993 - - 57.8% 124.1%
1992 - - 56.8% 113%
1991 - - 55.3% 105.3%
1990 - - 54.2% 101.7%
1989 - - 51.6% 91.8%
1988 - - 50.4% 89.2%
1987 - - 49.8% 87.4%
1986 - - 50.5% 83.4%
1985 - - 49.8% 79.1%
1984 - - 49.1% 73.1%
1983 - - 48.9% 67.8%
1982 - - 46.7% 61.8%
1981 - - 44.6% 57.3%
1980 - - 40.8% 55.1%
1979 - - 40.1% 58.9%
1978 - - 40.9% 59.9%
1977 - - 38.5% 56%
1976 - - 38.1% 57.3%
1975 - - 39.1% 57.9%
1974 - - 34.8% 50.8%
1973 - - 35.3% 51.1%
1972 - - 36.4% 48.2%
1971 - - 34.4% 42.4%
1970 - - 32.3% 37.8%
1969 - - 32.1% 37%
1968 - - 32.6% 36.4%
1967 - - 17.9% 33.3%
1966 - - 19.1% 33.4%
1965 - - 18.6% 28.4%
1964 - - 18.2% 27.2%
1963 - - 16.7% 27.2%
1962 - - 17.5% 29%
1961 - - 17.3% 30%
1960 - - 16.5% 31.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/italy | CC BY

In 2024, Cambodia's government spending was $8B, accounting for 17.3% of its GDP, while Italy spent $1.2T, or 50.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 25.9% in Cambodia and 135.3% in Italy, ranking 164/185 and 8/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cambodia

Italy
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cambodia Italy
2024 -2.67% -3.45%
2023 -2.83% -7.24%
2022 -0.29% -8.11%
2021 -5.18% -8.88%
2020 -2.53% -9.38%
2019 2.19% -1.45%
2018 0.28% -2.19%
2017 -0.76% -2.51%
2016 -0.29% -2.4%
2015 -0.65% -2.46%
2014 -1.24% -2.82%
2013 -2.01% -2.87%
2012 -3.57% -2.99%
2011 -3.76% -3.52%
2010 -3.09% -4.16%
2009 -3.98% -5.06%
2008 0.43% -2.58%
2007 0.62% -1.33%
2006 -0.15% -3.61%
2005 -0.34% -4.1%
2004 -3.23% -3.46%
2003 -5.69% -3.23%
2002 -6.07% -2.88%
2001 -4.95% -3.18%
2000 -4.76% -2.42%
1999 -3.79% -1.77%
1998 -5.35% -2.99%
1997 -3.7% -2.98%
1996 -7.53% -6.61%
1995 - -7.2%
1994 - -8.84%
1993 - -9.76%
1992 - -10.1%
1991 - -11.1%
1990 - -11.1%
1989 - -11.4%
1988 - -11%
1987 - -11.5%
1986 - -12%
1985 - -12.4%
1984 - -11.5%
1983 - -10.1%
1982 - -10%
1981 - -10.9%
1980 - -6.97%
1979 - -8.23%
1978 - -8.47%
1977 - -6.96%
1976 - -7.88%
1975 - -10.3%
1974 - -6.24%
1973 - -6.36%
1972 - -6.84%
1971 - -4.71%
1970 - -3.22%
1969 - -2.85%
1968 - -2.55%
1967 - -0.97%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.67%
1964 - -2.35%
1963 - -0.3%
1962 - -0.95%
1961 - -0.57%
1960 - -0.28%
1959 - -1%
1958 - -0.98%
1957 - -1.09%
1956 - -1.46%
1955 - -2.03%
1954 - -1.84%
1953 - -2.33%
1952 - -4.08%
1951 - -3.86%
1950 - -2.42%
1949 - -2.82%
1948 - -4.58%
1947 - -6.62%
1946 - -9.82%
1945 - -16.9%
1944 - -35.1%
1943 - -16.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1941 - -25.1%
1940 - -24.3%
1939 - -9.49%
1938 - -5.97%
1937 - -5.78%
1936 - -7.93%
1935 - -9.83%
1934 - -2.5%
1933 - -4.85%
1932 - -3.06%
1931 - -2.14%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -0.59%
1928 - -2.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1926 - -0.09%
1925 - 1.7%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - -3.21%
1922 - -11%
1921 - -7.77%
1920 - -5.89%
1919 - -11.2%
1918 - -22.7%
1917 - -27.6%
1916 - -28.2%
1915 - -25.8%
1914 - -12.4%
1913 - -0.86%
1912 - -1.86%
1911 - -0.63%
1910 - -0.32%
1909 - -0.69%
1908 - -1.31%
1907 - -0.51%
1906 - -0.69%
1905 - -1.57%
1904 - 0.58%
1903 - 0.32%
1902 - 0.48%
1901 - 0.36%
1900 - 0.28%
1899 - -0.11%
1898 - -0.21%
1897 - 0.009%
1896 - -0.43%
1895 - -0.69%
1894 - -0.23%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.25%
1891 - -1.41%
1890 - -0.32%
1889 - -1.32%
1888 - -2.11%
1887 - -1.94%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - 0.2%
1884 - -1.46%
1883 - -0.51%
1882 - -0.5%
1881 - -0.04%
1880 - 0.38%
1879 - 0.73%
1878 - 0.09%
1877 - -0.009%
1876 - -0.05%
1875 - 0.58%
1874 - -0.08%
1873 - 0.21%
1872 - 0%
1871 - -0.13%
1870 - -0.82%
1869 - 0.33%
1868 - -0.79%
1867 - -1.45%
1866 - -3.1%
1865 - -2.72%
1864 - -3.06%
1863 - -4.16%
1862 - -3.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/italy | CC BY

In 2024, Cambodia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.24B, equivalent to 2.67% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of $82B, or 3.45% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Cambodia recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Cambodia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.58% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.81% of GDP for Italy.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cambodia

Italy
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cambodia Italy
2024 0.9% 0.98%
2023 2.1% 5.62%
2022 5.3% 8.2%
2021 2.9% 1.87%
2020 2.9% -0.14%
2019 2% 0.61%
2018 2.4% 1.14%
2017 2.9% 1.23%
2016 3% -0.09%
2015 1.2% 0.04%
2014 3.9% 0.24%
2013 2.9% 1.22%
2012 2.9% 3.04%
2011 5.5% 2.78%
2010 4% 1.53%
2009 -0.7% 0.77%
2008 25% 3.35%
2007 7.7% 1.83%
2006 6.1% 2.09%
2005 6.3% 1.99%
2004 3.9% 2.21%
2003 1% 2.67%
2002 0% 2.47%
2001 -0.1% 2.79%
2000 -0.8% 2.54%
1999 2% 1.66%
1998 12.9% 1.96%
1997 10.5% 2.04%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/italy | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Cambodia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.24%, compared with 2.02% in Italy. In 2024, inflation was 0.9% in Cambodia and 0.98% in Italy.

Top exports between countries

Cambodia
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $293M
Raw agricultural goods $19.3M
Machinery & equipment $9.47M
Metals $2.59M
Raw materials & minerals $966K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $962K
Animal & marine products $599K
Chemicals & pharma $349K
Wood & paper products $171K
Precious metals & jewellery $63K
Italy
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $34.9M
Animal & marine products $29M
Machinery & equipment $23.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.02M
Chemicals & pharma $4.64M
Wood & paper products $2.17M
Raw materials & minerals $1.6M
Metals $1.08M
Raw agricultural goods $781K
Precious metals & jewellery $407K

Balance of trade

Cambodia Italy
Current account balance
$228M
2024
$25.8B
2024
Current account balance ranking
65/190
2024
19/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.49%
2024
+1.08%
2024
Goods imports
$31.2B
2024
$562B
2024
Goods exports
$26.8B
2024
$621B
2024
Service imports
$3.08B
2024
$160B
2024
Service exports
$4.97B
2024
$155B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
72.1%
2024
30.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71.4%
2024
32.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cambodia Italy
Economic freedom 58.7 63.3
Economic freedom ranking 108/197 80/197
Property rights 38.1 84.8
Government integrity 18.9 60.8
Judicial effectiveness 21.2 80.9
Tax burden 90.3 57.5
Government spending 89.9 15.3
Fiscal health 92.7 17.2
Business freedom 60.8 74.5
Labor freedom 48.3 70.6
Monetary freedom 77 79.1
Trade freedom 67.8 79.4
Investment freedom 50 80
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cambodia
Italy
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cambodia Italy
2026 58.7 63.3
2025 58.2 60.9
2024 55.6 60.1
2023 56.5 62.3
2022 57.1 65.4
2021 57.3 64.9
2020 57.3 63.8
2019 57.8 62.2
2018 58.7 62.5
2017 59.5 62.5
2016 57.9 61.2
2015 57.5 61.7
2014 57.4 60.9
2013 58.5 60.6
2012 57.6 58.8
2011 57.9 60.3
2010 56.6 62.7
2009 56.6 61.4
2008 55.9 62.6
2007 55.9 62.8
2006 56.7 62
2005 60 64.9
2004 61.1 64.2
2003 63.7 64.3
2002 60.7 63.6
2001 59.6 63
2000 59.3 61.9
1999 59.9 61.6
1998 59.8 59.1
1997 52.8 58.1
1996 - 60.8
1995 - 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/italy | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cambodia is 58.7, ranking 108/197, compared to 63.3 for Italy, ranking 80/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cambodia Italy
Services, % of GDP
35.6%
2024
65%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
41.8%
2024
22.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.6%
2024
2%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$44.9B
2024
$2.28T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,910
2024
$61,620
2024
Total reserves including gold
$22.5B
2024
$291B
2024
Total reserves ranking
58/177
2024
12/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.22B
2024
$19B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.39B
2024
$26.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$172M
2024
$45.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
17.7%
2012
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.2%
2024
22.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/italy | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.