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Economy of Angola vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Angola has a GDP of $101B compared to $2.38T for Italy, ranking 71/197 and 8/197 by economy size, respectively.

Angola has $60.5B in government debt (59.9% of GDP), compared to $3.22T (135.3% of GDP) in Italy.

Angola vs Italy GDP by year

Angola
Italy
1x
Year GDP, current $
Angola Italy
2024 $100,998,916,781 $2,380,825,077,244
2023 $107,167,747,140 $2,316,727,999,333
2022 $131,212,208,930 $2,104,067,630,319
2021 $79,559,543,805 $2,179,207,773,596
2020 $58,852,456,454 $1,907,481,094,079
2019 $80,734,428,593 $2,019,606,796,584
2018 $89,512,794,227 $2,099,435,266,459
2017 $84,376,935,689 $1,970,720,904,585
2016 $59,878,249,719 $1,887,111,188,177
2015 $102,543,067,841 $1,845,428,048,839
2014 $153,449,860,496 $2,173,255,507,986
2013 $148,845,200,697 $2,153,225,581,941
2012 $143,572,907,528 $2,097,929,495,122
2011 $125,551,634,704 $2,306,974,020,278
2010 $95,546,919,755 $2,144,936,254,535
2009 $81,705,175,408 $2,209,484,319,013
2008 $98,790,432,989 $2,417,508,414,187
2007 $73,037,821,927 $2,222,524,108,128
2006 $58,653,659,980 $1,958,563,654,386
2005 $41,396,636,383 $1,864,982,261,287
2004 $26,997,977,897 $1,812,808,753,295
2003 $20,342,128,112 $1,582,930,016,539
2002 $17,311,512,432 $1,281,746,271,196
2001 $8,936,079,118 $1,172,041,488,806
2000 $9,129,594,970 $1,149,661,363,439
1999 $6,152,923,310 $1,255,004,736,464
1998 $6,506,221,616 $1,272,729,786,997
1997 $7,648,380,196 $1,244,988,176,444
1996 $7,526,421,519 $1,314,776,508,972
1995 $5,538,749,260 $1,177,369,428,266
1994 $4,438,321,017 $1,101,750,159,702
1993 $5,768,720,422 $1,067,412,587,671
1992 $8,307,810,974 $1,323,204,350,354
1991 $10,603,784,541 $1,249,092,439,519
1990 $11,229,515,599 $1,183,945,130,899
1989 $10,201,780,977 $930,801,709,004
1988 $8,769,836,769 $893,663,934,841
1987 $8,084,412,414 $807,570,134,449
1986 $7,072,536,109 $641,862,313,287
1985 $7,554,065,410 $453,259,761,687
1984 $6,131,475,065 $438,896,930,791
1983 $5,784,341,596 $444,063,496,940
1982 $5,550,483,036 $428,257,421,618
1981 $5,550,483,036 $431,695,533,981
1980 $5,930,503,401 $478,356,755,596
1979 - $394,584,507,108
1978 - $315,784,469,541
1977 - $258,190,019,750
1976 - $225,235,205,862
1975 - $228,220,643,535
1974 - $200,024,444,775
1973 - $175,896,529,392
1972 - $145,594,833,997
1971 - $124,959,712,859
1970 - $113,656,669,765
1969 - $100,996,667,239
1968 - $91,485,448,148
1967 - $84,401,995,573
1966 - $76,622,444,787
1965 - $70,717,012,186
1964 - $65,720,771,779
1963 - $60,035,924,618
1962 - $52,413,872,628
1961 - $46,649,487,320
1960 - $42,012,422,612

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/italy | CC BY

GDP per capita in Angola vs Italy by year

Angola
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Angola Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,666 $10,119 $40,385 $62,014
2023 $2,916 $9,754 $39,277 $60,030
2022 $3,682 $9,588 $35,654 $57,261
2021 $2,304 $8,862 $36,853 $49,825
2020 $1,759 $7,827 $32,091 $44,436
2019 $2,494 $8,573 $33,813 $46,662
2018 $2,860 $8,278 $34,904 $43,387
2017 $2,791 $8,007 $32,844 $42,142
2016 $2,052 $7,767 $31,392 $40,483
2015 $3,642 $8,067 $30,640 $37,384
2014 $5,650 $9,018 $36,028 $36,666
2013 $5,689 $8,504 $35,702 $36,459
2012 $5,702 $8,246 $34,854 $36,281
2011 $5,184 $7,538 $38,432 $36,392
2010 $4,102 $7,412 $35,857 $34,974
2009 $3,645 $7,228 $37,100 $34,502
2008 $4,578 $7,316 $40,829 $35,422
2007 $3,515 $6,728 $37,826 $34,108
2006 $2,930 $6,018 $33,537 $32,454
2005 $2,146 $5,416 $32,063 $30,138
2004 $1,451 $4,771 $31,348 $29,581
2003 $1,134 $4,322 $27,578 $29,249
2002 $999 $4,241 $22,451 $28,833
2001 $534 $3,802 $20,570 $28,134
2000 $564 $3,690 $20,190 $27,152
1999 $393 $3,619 $22,050 $25,655
1998 $429 $3,609 $22,365 $25,075
1997 $522 $3,525 $21,884 $23,937
1996 $531 $3,342 $23,123 $23,101
1995 $404 $2,990 $20,712 $22,446
1994 $335 $2,633 $19,382 $21,369
1993 $450 $2,628 $18,782 $20,485
1992 $669 $3,486 $23,297 $20,196
1991 $882 $3,740 $22,007 $19,596
1990 $966 $3,705 $20,874 $18,680
1989 $908 - $16,424 -
1988 $807 - $15,781 -
1987 $770 - $14,268 -
1986 $698 - $11,341 -
1985 $772 - $8,009 -
1984 $650 - $7,758 -
1983 $637 - $7,851 -
1982 $634 - $7,574 -
1981 $658 - $7,640 -
1980 $729 - $8,476 -
1979 - - $7,006 -
1978 - - $5,623 -
1977 - - $4,614 -
1976 - - $4,042 -
1975 - - $4,116 -
1974 - - $3,629 -
1973 - - $3,213 -
1972 - - $2,677 -
1971 - - $2,311 -
1970 - - $2,112 -
1969 - - $1,886 -
1968 - - $1,718 -
1967 - - $1,595 -
1966 - - $1,459 -
1965 - - $1,357 -
1964 - - $1,272 -
1963 - - $1,171 -
1962 - - $1,030 -
1961 - - $923 -
1960 - - $837 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/italy | CC BY

Angola's GDP per capita is $2,666, ranking 144/197, compared to $40,385 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Angola ranks 133rd at $10,119, while Italy ranks 31st at $62,014.

Economic indicators

Angola Italy
Gross domestic product
$101B
2024
$2.38T
2024
GDP rank
71/197
2024
8/197
2024
GDP growth
4.42%
2023-2024
0.69%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,666
2024
$40,385
2024
GDP per capita rank
144/197
2024
29/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$10,119
2024
$62,014
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
133/197
2024
31/197
2024
Government debt
$60.5B
2024
$3.22T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.9%
2024
135.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,597
2024
$54,652
2024
Government debt per person rank
127/185
2024
6/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$28,080
2026
$23,800
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,344,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
74
2025
Income share by richest 10%
39.6%
2018
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2018
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
18.4%
2024
50.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
28.2%
2023-2024
0.98%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
18%
2023
n/a
Unemployment rate
14.1%
2022
6.5%
2024
Population
40555924
58562681

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Angola
Spending

Debt
Italy
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Angola Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 18.4% 59.9% 50.6% 135.3%
2023 18.8% 72.4% 54% 134.6%
2022 19.5% 56.1% 54.9% 138.3%
2021 17.3% 74.3% 56% 145.8%
2020 20% 119.1% 56.8% 154.4%
2019 18.2% 101.4% 48.4% 133.9%
2018 18.3% 82.5% 48.3% 134.2%
2017 21% 60.5% 48.8% 133.7%
2016 19.4% 66.7% 49% 134.2%
2015 23.9% 50.4% 50.2% 134.8%
2014 32.3% 35.3% 50.7% 134.8%
2013 32.9% 29.5% 50.9% 131.9%
2012 33.2% 23.8% 50.5% 125.9%
2011 33.3% 26.3% 49% 119.1%
2010 34.6% 32.6% 49.8% 118.8%
2009 38.7% 48.4% 51.1% 116.1%
2008 47.2% 28.1% 47.8% 105.8%
2007 34.1% 18.8% 46.6% 103.5%
2006 27.3% 16.7% 47.6% 106.3%
2005 23.7% 29.9% 47.1% 106.2%
2004 26% 41.6% 46.7% 104.7%
2003 30.1% 50.8% 47% 105.1%
2002 27.6% 65.1% 46.5% 105.9%
2001 30.3% 100.2% 47.1% 108.5%
2000 35.8% 118.2% 46.4% 108.7%
1999 39.4% 104.8% 47.1% 113.1%
1998 26.1% 96.3% 48% 113.9%
1997 26.8% 73.5% 49.3% 116.5%
1996 25.2% 92% 51.3% 118.9%
1995 - - 51.4% 119.1%
1994 - - 55.1% 130.8%
1993 - - 57.8% 124.1%
1992 - - 56.8% 113%
1991 - - 55.3% 105.3%
1990 - - 54.2% 101.7%
1989 - - 51.6% 91.8%
1988 - - 50.4% 89.2%
1987 - - 49.8% 87.4%
1986 - - 50.5% 83.4%
1985 - - 49.8% 79.1%
1984 - - 49.1% 73.1%
1983 - - 48.9% 67.8%
1982 - - 46.7% 61.8%
1981 - - 44.6% 57.3%
1980 - - 40.8% 55.1%
1979 - - 40.1% 58.9%
1978 - - 40.9% 59.9%
1977 - - 38.5% 56%
1976 - - 38.1% 57.3%
1975 - - 39.1% 57.9%
1974 - - 34.8% 50.8%
1973 - - 35.3% 51.1%
1972 - - 36.4% 48.2%
1971 - - 34.4% 42.4%
1970 - - 32.3% 37.8%
1969 - - 32.1% 37%
1968 - - 32.6% 36.4%
1967 - - 17.9% 33.3%
1966 - - 19.1% 33.4%
1965 - - 18.6% 28.4%
1964 - - 18.2% 27.2%
1963 - - 16.7% 27.2%
1962 - - 17.5% 29%
1961 - - 17.3% 30%
1960 - - 16.5% 31.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/italy | CC BY

In 2024, Angola's government spending was $18.6B, accounting for 18.4% of its GDP, while Italy spent $1.2T, or 50.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.9% in Angola and 135.3% in Italy, ranking 78/185 and 8/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Angola

Italy
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Angola Italy
2024 -1.01% -3.45%
2023 -1.83% -7.24%
2022 0.58% -8.11%
2021 3.4% -8.88%
2020 -1.66% -9.38%
2019 0.69% -1.45%
2018 2.03% -2.19%
2017 -5.75% -2.51%
2016 -3.98% -2.4%
2015 -2.57% -2.46%
2014 -5.07% -2.82%
2013 -0.27% -2.87%
2012 3.68% -2.99%
2011 7.2% -3.52%
2010 2.98% -4.16%
2009 -6.8% -5.06%
2008 -3.8% -2.58%
2007 3.85% -1.33%
2006 8.42% -3.61%
2005 6.4% -4.1%
2004 1.03% -3.46%
2003 -4.1% -3.23%
2002 -2.24% -2.88%
2001 2.8% -3.18%
2000 2.02% -2.42%
1999 -8.1% -1.77%
1998 -5.1% -2.99%
1997 -0.23% -2.98%
1996 4.49% -6.61%
1995 - -7.2%
1994 - -8.84%
1993 - -9.76%
1992 - -10.1%
1991 - -11.1%
1990 - -11.1%
1989 - -11.4%
1988 - -11%
1987 - -11.5%
1986 - -12%
1985 - -12.4%
1984 - -11.5%
1983 - -10.1%
1982 - -10%
1981 - -10.9%
1980 - -6.97%
1979 - -8.23%
1978 - -8.47%
1977 - -6.96%
1976 - -7.88%
1975 - -10.3%
1974 - -6.24%
1973 - -6.36%
1972 - -6.84%
1971 - -4.71%
1970 - -3.22%
1969 - -2.85%
1968 - -2.55%
1967 - -0.97%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.67%
1964 - -2.35%
1963 - -0.3%
1962 - -0.95%
1961 - -0.57%
1960 - -0.28%
1959 - -1%
1958 - -0.98%
1957 - -1.09%
1956 - -1.46%
1955 - -2.03%
1954 - -1.84%
1953 - -2.33%
1952 - -4.08%
1951 - -3.86%
1950 - -2.42%
1949 - -2.82%
1948 - -4.58%
1947 - -6.62%
1946 - -9.82%
1945 - -16.9%
1944 - -35.1%
1943 - -16.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1941 - -25.1%
1940 - -24.3%
1939 - -9.49%
1938 - -5.97%
1937 - -5.78%
1936 - -7.93%
1935 - -9.83%
1934 - -2.5%
1933 - -4.85%
1932 - -3.06%
1931 - -2.14%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -0.59%
1928 - -2.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1926 - -0.09%
1925 - 1.7%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - -3.21%
1922 - -11%
1921 - -7.77%
1920 - -5.89%
1919 - -11.2%
1918 - -22.7%
1917 - -27.6%
1916 - -28.2%
1915 - -25.8%
1914 - -12.4%
1913 - -0.86%
1912 - -1.86%
1911 - -0.63%
1910 - -0.32%
1909 - -0.69%
1908 - -1.31%
1907 - -0.51%
1906 - -0.69%
1905 - -1.57%
1904 - 0.58%
1903 - 0.32%
1902 - 0.48%
1901 - 0.36%
1900 - 0.28%
1899 - -0.11%
1898 - -0.21%
1897 - 0.009%
1896 - -0.43%
1895 - -0.69%
1894 - -0.23%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.25%
1891 - -1.41%
1890 - -0.32%
1889 - -1.32%
1888 - -2.11%
1887 - -1.94%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - 0.2%
1884 - -1.46%
1883 - -0.51%
1882 - -0.5%
1881 - -0.04%
1880 - 0.38%
1879 - 0.73%
1878 - 0.09%
1877 - -0.009%
1876 - -0.05%
1875 - 0.58%
1874 - -0.08%
1873 - 0.21%
1872 - 0%
1871 - -0.13%
1870 - -0.82%
1869 - 0.33%
1868 - -0.79%
1867 - -1.45%
1866 - -3.1%
1865 - -2.72%
1864 - -3.06%
1863 - -4.16%
1862 - -3.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/italy | CC BY

In 2024, Angola's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.02B, equivalent to 1.01% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of $82B, or 3.45% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Angola recorded a fiscal deficit in 15 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Angola posted an annual deficit equal to 0.1% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.81% of GDP for Italy.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Angola

Italy
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Angola Italy
2024 28.2% 0.98%
2023 13.6% 5.62%
2022 21.4% 8.2%
2021 25.8% 1.87%
2020 22.3% -0.14%
2019 17.1% 0.61%
2018 19.6% 1.14%
2017 29.8% 1.23%
2016 30.7% -0.09%
2015 9.2% 0.04%
2014 7.3% 0.24%
2013 8.8% 1.22%
2012 10.3% 3.04%
2011 13.5% 2.78%
2010 14.5% 1.53%
2009 13.7% 0.77%
2008 12.5% 3.35%
2007 12.2% 1.83%
2006 13.3% 2.09%
2005 23% 1.99%
2004 43.5% 2.21%
2003 98.2% 2.67%
2002 108.9% 2.47%
2001 152.6% 2.79%
2000 325% 2.54%
1999 248.2% 1.66%
1998 107.4% 1.96%
1997 221.5% 2.04%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/italy | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Angola has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 59%, compared with 2.02% in Italy. In 2024, inflation was 28.2% in Angola and 0.98% in Italy.

Top exports between countries

Angola
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $531M
Machinery & equipment $2.13M
Raw agricultural goods $547K
Wood & paper products $91K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $48K
Textiles & consumer goods $42K
Metals $30K
Precious metals & jewellery $3K
Chemicals & pharma $2K
Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $397M
Metals $92.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $24.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $18.8M
Animal & marine products $12.3M
Chemicals & pharma $9.55M
Wood & paper products $6.85M
Raw materials & minerals $5.08M
Raw agricultural goods $732K
Miscellaneous $303K

Balance of trade

Angola Italy
Current account balance
$6.31B
2024
$25.8B
2024
Current account balance ranking
30/190
2024
19/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+6.25%
2024
+1.08%
2024
Goods imports
$14.2B
2024
$562B
2024
Goods exports
$36.8B
2024
$621B
2024
Service imports
$8.49B
2024
$160B
2024
Service exports
$129M
2024
$155B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
19.4%
2024
30.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.5%
2024
32.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Angola Italy
Economic freedom 54.4 63.3
Economic freedom ranking 133/197 80/197
Property rights 36.9 84.8
Government integrity 28.3 60.8
Judicial effectiveness 26.3 80.9
Tax burden 86.9 57.5
Government spending 89.3 15.3
Fiscal health 91.9 17.2
Business freedom 42.8 74.5
Labor freedom 50.8 70.6
Monetary freedom 59 79.1
Trade freedom 70.4 79.4
Investment freedom 30 80
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Angola
Italy
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Angola Italy
2026 54.4 63.3
2025 55 60.9
2024 54.3 60.1
2023 53 62.3
2022 52.6 65.4
2021 54.2 64.9
2020 52.2 63.8
2019 50.6 62.2
2018 48.6 62.5
2017 48.5 62.5
2016 48.9 61.2
2015 47.9 61.7
2014 47.7 60.9
2013 47.3 60.6
2012 46.7 58.8
2011 46.2 60.3
2010 48.4 62.7
2009 47 61.4
2008 46.9 62.6
2007 44.7 62.8
2006 43.5 62
2005 - 64.9
2004 - 64.2
2003 - 64.3
2002 - 63.6
2001 - 63
2000 24.3 61.9
1999 23.7 61.6
1998 24.9 59.1
1997 24.2 58.1
1996 24.4 60.8
1995 27.4 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/italy | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Angola is 54.4, ranking 133/197, compared to 63.3 for Italy, ranking 80/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Angola Italy
Services, % of GDP
41.1%
2024
65%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
34.6%
2024
22.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
22.1%
2024
2%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$108B
2024
$2.28T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$9,460
2024
$61,620
2024
Total reserves including gold
$14.2B
2024
$291B
2024
Total reserves ranking
69/177
2024
12/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$1.14B
2024
$19B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.11B
2024
$26.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$33.1M
2024
$45.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
11.5%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.6%
2020
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
10.4%
2024
22.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/italy | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.