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Economy of Italy vs Liberia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Italy has a GDP of $2.55T compared to $5.25B for Liberia, ranking 9/197 and 162/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.5T in government debt (137.1% of GDP), compared to $2.88B (54.9% of GDP) in Liberia.

Italy vs Liberia GDP by year

Italy
Liberia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Liberia
2025 $2,551,556,954,100 $5,245,938,900
2024 $2,383,435,562,458 $4,779,300,900
2023 $2,316,882,296,366 $4,390,000,000
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $4,001,047,000
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $3,513,049,500
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $3,176,126,300
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $3,319,596,500
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $3,422,754,800
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $3,390,703,400
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $3,398,419,600
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $3,227,075,700
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $3,225,652,000
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $3,177,198,100
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $2,791,614,000
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $2,398,000,000
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $1,998,000,000
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $1,768,000,000
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $1,726,000,000
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $1,373,000,000
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $1,119,000,000
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $949,000,000
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $897,000,000
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $748,000,000
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $927,000,000
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $906,000,000
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $874,000,000
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $441,800,000
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $359,600,000
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $295,900,000
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $159,400,000
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $134,800,000
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $132,200,000
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $160,400,000
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $223,500,000
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $348,000,000
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $384,400,000
1989 $930,801,709,004 $786,300,000
1988 $893,663,934,841 $1,038,300,000
1987 $807,570,134,449 $972,800,000
1986 $641,862,313,287 $840,964,400
1985 $453,259,761,687 $851,296,100
1984 $438,896,930,791 $848,478,300
1983 $444,063,496,940 $823,374,900
1982 $428,257,421,618 $863,933,200
1981 $431,695,533,981 $846,514,500
1980 $478,356,755,596 $854,711,500
1979 $394,584,507,108 $814,067,900
1978 $315,784,469,541 $717,240,400
1977 $258,190,019,750 $673,010,600
1976 $225,235,205,862 $596,675,700
1975 $228,220,643,535 $577,549,300
1974 $200,024,444,775 $486,955,000
1973 $175,896,529,392 $386,968,300
1972 $145,594,833,997 $368,098,000
1971 $124,959,712,859 $341,543,100
1970 $113,656,669,765 $323,099,700
1969 $100,996,667,239 $306,961,800
1968 $91,485,448,148 $276,820,700
1967 $84,401,995,573 $261,024,300
1966 $76,622,444,787 $244,459,500
1965 $70,717,012,186 $229,260,800
1964 $65,720,771,779 $218,929,100
1963 $60,035,924,618 $200,229,600
1962 $52,413,872,628 $191,861,800
1961 $46,649,487,320 $183,920,900
1960 $42,012,422,612 $190,495,600

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/liberia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Liberia by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Liberia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Liberia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $43,309 - $915 -
2024 $40,430 $62,014 $851 $1,871
2023 $39,280 $60,030 $799 $1,795
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $745 $1,692
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $668 $1,539
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $617 $1,660
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $658 $1,900
2018 $35,062 $43,387 $692 $1,800
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $699 $1,665
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $715 $1,490
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $693 $1,340
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $707 $1,419
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $711 $1,360
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $638 $1,157
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $568 $1,041
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $492 $980
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $448 $939
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $452 $915
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $374 $873
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $321 $815
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $287.5 $774
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $284.1 $745
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $239.8 $716
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $299.5 $1,013
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $300 $987
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $298.5 $965
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $156.6 $762
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $134.7 $652
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $122.6 $548
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $71.4 $282.2
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $62.1 $254.4
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $61.5 $262.6
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $74.4 $328
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $107.8 $497
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $177.9 $793
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $172.9 $787
1989 $16,424 - $312 -
1988 $15,781 - $424 -
1987 $14,268 - $409 -
1986 $11,341 - $364 -
1985 $8,009 - $380 -
1984 $7,758 - $390 -
1983 $7,851 - $391 -
1982 $7,574 - $422 -
1981 $7,640 - $426 -
1980 $8,476 - $443 -
1979 $7,006 - $435 -
1978 $5,623 - $394 -
1977 $4,614 - $381 -
1976 $4,042 - $347 -
1975 $4,116 - $346 -
1974 $3,629 - $299.4 -
1973 $3,213 - $244.4 -
1972 $2,677 - $238.6 -
1971 $2,311 - $227.1 -
1970 $2,112 - $220.3 -
1969 $1,886 - $214.7 -
1968 $1,718 - $198.6 -
1967 $1,595 - $192.2 -
1966 $1,459 - $184.6 -
1965 $1,357 - $177.6 -
1964 $1,272 - $173.9 -
1963 $1,171 - $163.1 -
1962 $1,030 - $160.3 -
1961 $923 - $157.5 -
1960 $837 - $167.2 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/liberia | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $43,309, ranking 29/197, compared to $915 in Liberia, ranking 184/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while Liberia ranks 188th at $1,871.

Economic indicators

Italy Liberia
Gross domestic product
$2.55T
2025
$5.25B
2025
GDP rank
9/197
2025
162/197
2025
GDP growth
0.54%
2024-2025
5.02%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$43,309
2025
$915
2025
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2025
184/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$1,871
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
188/197
2024
Government debt
$3.5T
2025
$2.88B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
137.1%
2025
54.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$59,371
2025
$502
2025
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2025
167/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,424
2026
$1,467
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,235,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
89
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
27.1%
2016
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
2.9%
2016
Government expenditure, % of GDP
51.1%
2025
22.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.53%
2024-2025
8.3%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
6.1%
2025
5.93%
2017
Population
58708169
5916561

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Liberia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Liberia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 51.1% 137.1% 22.4% 54.9%
2024 50.4% 134.7% 24.1% 56.4%
2023 53.6% 133.9% 28.6% 57.2%
2022 54.9% 138.4% 27.4% 54.4%
2021 56% 145.8% 29.8% 53.5%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 35.3% 58.5%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 32.3% 48.1%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 32.7% 36.2%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 35.1% 31.8%
2016 49% 134.2% 35.8% 28%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 37.1% 24.4%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 33.4% 24.3%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 27.4% 20.6%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 30.8% 20.5%
2011 49% 119.1% 29.8% 22.5%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 25.1% 25.4%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 24% 132.2%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 21.8% 235.3%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 16.1% 367%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 10.6% 451%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 11.7% 488%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 12.1% 543%
2003 47% 105.1% 8.98% 600%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 12.7% 464%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 12.1% 465%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 14.5% 468%
1999 47.1% 113.1% - -
1998 48% 113.9% - -
1997 49.3% 116.5% - -
1996 51.3% 118.9% - -
1995 51.4% 119.1% - -
1994 55.1% 130.8% - -
1993 57.8% 124.1% - -
1992 56.8% 113% - -
1991 55.3% 105.3% - -
1990 54.2% 101.7% - -
1989 51.6% 91.8% - -
1988 50.4% 89.2% - -
1987 49.8% 87.4% - -
1986 50.5% 83.4% - -
1985 49.8% 79.1% - -
1984 49.1% 73.1% - -
1983 48.9% 67.8% - -
1982 46.7% 61.8% - -
1981 44.6% 57.3% - -
1980 40.8% 55.1% - -
1979 40.1% 58.9% - -
1978 40.9% 59.9% - -
1977 38.5% 56% - -
1976 38.1% 57.3% - -
1975 39.1% 57.9% - -
1974 34.8% 50.8% - -
1973 35.3% 51.1% - -
1972 36.4% 48.2% - -
1971 34.4% 42.4% - -
1970 32.3% 37.8% - -
1969 32.1% 37% - -
1968 32.6% 36.4% - -
1967 17.9% 33.3% - -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/liberia | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government spending was $1.3T, accounting for 51.1% of its GDP, while Liberia spent $1.18B, or 22.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 137.1% in Italy and 54.9% in Liberia, ranking 9/185 and 90/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Liberia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Liberia
2025 -3.11% -1.41%
2024 -3.35% -1.8%
2023 -7.13% -8.55%
2022 -8.1% -5.82%
2021 -8.88% -2.5%
2020 -9.38% -4.02%
2019 -1.45% -4.92%
2018 -2.19% -4.7%
2017 -2.51% -7.14%
2016 -2.4% -3.83%
2015 -2.46% -3.74%
2014 -2.82% -4.92%
2013 -2.87% 1.29%
2012 -2.99% -2.86%
2011 -3.52% -4.39%
2010 -4.16% 1.16%
2009 -5.06% -1.4%
2008 -2.58% -2.7%
2007 -1.33% 2.28%
2006 -3.61% 4.23%
2005 -4.1% -0.51%
2004 -3.46% -0.56%
2003 -3.23% 0.36%
2002 -2.88% -1.57%
2001 -3.18% -0.94%
2000 -2.42% -0.08%
1999 -1.77% -
1998 -2.99% -
1997 -2.98% -
1996 -6.61% -
1995 -7.2% -
1994 -8.84% -
1993 -9.76% -
1992 -10.1% -
1991 -11.1% -
1990 -11.1% -
1989 -11.4% -
1988 -11% -
1987 -11.5% -
1986 -12% -
1985 -12.4% -
1984 -11.5% -
1983 -10.1% -
1982 -10% -
1981 -10.9% -
1980 -6.97% -
1979 -8.23% -
1978 -8.47% -
1977 -6.96% -
1976 -7.88% -
1975 -10.3% -
1974 -6.24% -
1973 -6.36% -
1972 -6.84% -
1971 -4.71% -
1970 -3.22% -
1969 -2.85% -
1968 -2.55% -
1967 -0.97% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/liberia | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $79.4B, equivalent to 3.11% of GDP. This compares to Liberia's deficit of $74.2M, or 1.41% of GDP.

Over the past 26 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Liberia ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 3.81% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.27% of GDP for Liberia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Liberia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Liberia
2025 1.53% 8.3%
2024 0.98% 8.2%
2023 5.62% 10.1%
2022 8.2% 7.6%
2021 1.87% 7.8%
2020 -0.14% 17%
2019 0.61% 27%
2018 1.14% 23.5%
2017 1.23% 12.4%
2016 -0.09% 8.8%
2015 0.04% 7.7%
2014 0.24% 9.9%
2013 1.22% 7.6%
2012 3.04% 6.8%
2011 2.78% 8.5%
2010 1.53% 7.3%
2009 0.77% 7.4%
2008 3.35% 17.5%
2007 1.83% 11.4%
2006 2.09% 9.5%
2005 1.99% 6.9%
2004 2.21% 3.6%
2003 2.67% 10.3%
2002 2.47% 14.2%
2001 2.79% 12.1%
2000 2.54% 5.3%
1999 1.66% 2%
1998 1.96% -
1997 2.04% -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1999–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/liberia | CC BY

Over the past 27 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.01%, compared with 10.3% in Liberia. In 2025, inflation was 1.53% in Italy and 8.3% in Liberia.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $11M
Raw materials & minerals $4.83M
Chemicals & pharma $3.67M
Animal & marine products $1.45M
Metals $932K
Textiles & consumer goods $845K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $768K
Wood & paper products $235K
Raw agricultural goods $43K
Miscellaneous $13K
Liberia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $11.2M
Wood & paper products $304K
Machinery & equipment $196K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $25K
Textiles & consumer goods $13K

Balance of trade

Italy Liberia
Current account balance
$29.3B
2025
$120M
2024
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2025
62/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.15%
2025
+2.51%
2024
Goods imports
$597B
2025
$1.51B
2024
Goods exports
$655B
2025
$1.31B
2024
Service imports
$177B
2025
$253M
2024
Service exports
$168B
2025
$42.6M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2025
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
28.5%
2026

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Liberia
Economic freedom 63.3 49.8
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 163/197
Property rights 84.8 40.4
Government integrity 60.8 25.8
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 23.4
Tax burden 57.5 86.1
Government spending 15.3 79.5
Fiscal health 17.2 56.9
Business freedom 74.5 38
Labor freedom 70.6 43.4
Monetary freedom 79.1 71.4
Trade freedom 79.4 57.4
Investment freedom 80 55
Financial freedom 60 20

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Liberia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Liberia
2026 63.3 49.8
2025 60.9 48.5
2024 60.1 49.9
2023 62.3 49.6
2022 65.4 47.9
2021 64.9 49.2
2020 63.8 49
2019 62.2 49.7
2018 62.5 50.9
2017 62.5 49.1
2016 61.2 52.2
2015 61.7 52.7
2014 60.9 52.4
2013 60.6 49.3
2012 58.8 48.6
2011 60.3 46.5
2010 62.7 46.2
2009 61.4 48.1
2008 62.6 -
2007 62.8 -
2006 62 -
2005 64.9 -
2004 64.2 -
2003 64.3 -
2002 63.6 -
2001 63 -
2000 61.9 -
1999 61.6 -
1998 59.1 -
1997 58.1 -
1996 60.8 -
1995 61.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/liberia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 49.8 for Liberia, ranking 163/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Liberia
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
40%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
22.6%
2025
24.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.07%
2025
32.7%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.48T
2025
$4.76B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$62,870
2025
$1,840
2025
Total reserves including gold
$434B
2025
$339M
2025
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2025
166/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$22B
2025
-$397M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$28.5B
2024
$472M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
$74.9M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.12%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
50.9%
2016
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.2%
2025
n/a

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/liberia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.