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Economy of Italy vs Jordan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Italy has a GDP of $2.38T compared to $53.4B for Jordan, ranking 8/197 and 90/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.22T in government debt (135.3% of GDP), compared to $48.1B (90.2% of GDP) in Jordan.

Italy vs Jordan GDP by year

Italy
Jordan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Jordan
2024 $2,380,825,077,244 $53,352,289,577
2023 $2,316,727,999,333 $51,088,476,338
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $48,764,963,380
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $46,296,100,141
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $43,700,383,099
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $44,503,006,338
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $43,370,860,704
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $41,608,435,915
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $39,892,551,127
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $38,587,017,887
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $36,847,643,521
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $34,454,440,141
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $31,634,561,690
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $29,524,149,155
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $27,133,804,225
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $24,537,876,056
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $22,658,715,989
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $17,110,437,236
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $15,056,981,664
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $12,588,998,590
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $11,411,706,629
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $10,195,627,645
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $9,582,510,578
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $8,975,814,653
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $8,460,789,845
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $8,149,929,478
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $7,912,270,804
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $7,245,839,210
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $6,927,503,526
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $6,727,597,032
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $6,236,295,978
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $5,606,400,222
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $5,310,833,194
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $4,344,467,193
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $4,160,087,508
1989 $930,801,709,004 $4,221,373,674
1988 $893,663,934,841 $6,277,451,829
1987 $807,570,134,449 $6,756,209,762
1986 $641,862,313,287 $6,402,050,485
1985 $453,259,761,687 $4,993,601,520
1984 $438,896,930,791 $4,967,162,160
1983 $444,063,496,940 $4,920,692,191
1982 $428,257,421,618 $4,681,240,993
1981 $431,695,533,981 $4,383,944,703
1980 $478,356,755,596 $3,910,044,474
1979 $394,584,507,108 $3,271,368,781
1978 $315,784,469,541 $2,602,208,589
1977 $258,190,019,750 $2,096,778,602
1976 $225,235,205,862 $1,708,521,219
1975 $228,220,643,535 $1,363,073,498
1974 $200,024,444,775 $1,197,483,949
1973 $175,896,529,392 $943,783,840
1972 $145,594,833,997 $788,479,685
1971 $124,959,712,859 $678,159,729
1970 $113,656,669,765 $639,519,744
1969 $100,996,667,239 $698,879,720
1968 $91,485,448,148 $561,119,776
1967 $84,401,995,573 $631,679,747
1966 $76,622,444,787 $657,999,737
1965 $70,717,012,186 $599,759,760
1964 $65,720,771,779 -
1963 $60,035,924,618 -
1962 $52,413,872,628 -
1961 $46,649,487,320 -
1960 $42,012,422,612 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/jordan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Jordan by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Jordan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Jordan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $40,385 $62,014 $4,618 $10,821
2023 $39,277 $60,030 $4,466 $10,412
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $4,332 $9,927
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $4,183 $9,182
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $4,022 $9,579
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $4,170 $9,429
2018 $34,904 $43,387 $4,145 $9,042
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $4,066 $9,266
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $3,987 $8,748
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $4,043 $8,967
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $4,191 $9,145
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $4,311 $9,817
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $4,170 $9,739
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $3,947 $9,632
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $3,718 $9,417
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $3,436 $9,291
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $3,242 $8,983
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $2,506 $8,416
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $2,343 $8,046
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $2,088 $7,697
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $1,940 $7,074
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $1,776 $6,500
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $1,706 $6,256
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $1,632 $5,948
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $1,571 $5,641
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $1,545 $5,402
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $1,532 $5,264
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $1,436 $5,171
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $1,410 $5,055
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $1,416 $5,027
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $1,367 $4,830
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $1,289 $4,726
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $1,287 $4,654
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $1,110 $4,195
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $1,149 $4,317
1989 $16,424 - $1,260 -
1988 $15,781 - $1,966 -
1987 $14,268 - $2,217 -
1986 $11,341 - $2,200 -
1985 $8,009 - $1,797 -
1984 $7,758 - $1,871 -
1983 $7,851 - $1,939 -
1982 $7,574 - $1,929 -
1981 $7,640 - $1,885 -
1980 $8,476 - $1,750 -
1979 $7,006 - $1,519 -
1978 $5,623 - $1,249 -
1977 $4,614 - $1,039 -
1976 $4,042 - $873 -
1975 $4,116 - $718 -
1974 $3,629 - $651 -
1973 $3,213 - $531 -
1972 $2,677 - $460 -
1971 $2,311 - $412 -
1970 $2,112 - $409 -
1969 $1,886 - $474 -
1968 $1,718 - $409 -
1967 $1,595 - $497 -
1966 $1,459 - $558 -
1965 $1,357 - $546 -
1964 $1,272 - - -
1963 $1,171 - - -
1962 $1,030 - - -
1961 $923 - - -
1960 $837 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/jordan | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $40,385, ranking 29/197, compared to $4,618 in Jordan, ranking 123/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while Jordan ranks 131st at $10,821.

Economic indicators

Italy Jordan
Gross domestic product
$2.38T
2024
$53.4B
2024
GDP rank
8/197
2024
90/197
2024
GDP growth
0.69%
2023-2024
2.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$40,385
2024
$4,618
2024
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2024
123/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$10,821
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
131/197
2024
Government debt
$3.22T
2024
$48.1B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
135.3%
2024
90.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$54,652
2024
$4,167
2024
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2024
91/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,800
2026
$4,787
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
$24.9B
2024
Number of millionaires
1,344,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
74
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
27.4%
2010
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
3.5%
2010
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.6%
2024
33%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.98%
2023-2024
1.56%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.5%
2024
16.6%
2023
Population
58562681
11555022

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Jordan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Jordan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 50.6% 135.3% 33% 90.2%
2023 54% 134.6% 32.9% 89%
2022 54.9% 138.3% 33.3% 88.6%
2021 56% 145.8% 34.1% 87.6%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 33.7% 104.5%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 32.4% 92.9%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 32% 87.4%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 29.6% 86.1%
2016 49% 134.2% 29.8% 85%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 31.7% 83.4%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 39.2% 78.6%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 36.4% 78.1%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 32.2% 73.8%
2011 49% 119.1% 27.4% 63.9%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 29.8% 59.5%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 35.9% 55.5%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 35.8% 53.2%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 37.7% 64.4%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 34.7% 65.6%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 37.3% 80.5%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 36.6% 86%
2003 47% 105.1% 36% 94.6%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 32.9% 91.3%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 32.1% 89.7%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 33.1% 85.6%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 32.7% 98.1%
1998 48% 113.9% 34.9% 99.8%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 33.9% 98.1%
1996 51.3% 118.9% 36.2% 104.9%
1995 51.4% 119.1% 35.5% 106.1%
1994 55.1% 130.8% 34.3% 116.2%
1993 57.8% 124.1% 36.4% 126.6%
1992 56.8% 113% 35.5% 139.6%
1991 55.3% 105.3% 44.9% 187%
1990 54.2% 101.7% 44% 204.8%
1989 51.6% 91.8% 42.5% 195.4%
1988 50.4% 89.2% 44.3% 129.3%
1987 49.8% 87.4% 42.1% 101.9%
1986 50.5% 83.4% 33.8% 84.3%
1985 49.8% 79.1% 42.4% 85.2%
1984 49.1% 73.1% - -
1983 48.9% 67.8% - -
1982 46.7% 61.8% - -
1981 44.6% 57.3% - -
1980 40.8% 55.1% - -
1979 40.1% 58.9% - -
1978 40.9% 59.9% - -
1977 38.5% 56% - -
1976 38.1% 57.3% - -
1975 39.1% 57.9% - -
1974 34.8% 50.8% - -
1973 35.3% 51.1% - -
1972 36.4% 48.2% - -
1971 34.4% 42.4% - -
1970 32.3% 37.8% - -
1969 32.1% 37% - -
1968 32.6% 36.4% - -
1967 17.9% 33.3% - -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/jordan | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government spending was $1.2T, accounting for 50.6% of its GDP, while Jordan spent $17.6B, or 33% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 135.3% in Italy and 90.2% in Jordan, ranking 8/185 and 32/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Jordan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Jordan
2024 -3.45% -7.33%
2023 -7.24% -6.89%
2022 -8.11% -6.8%
2021 -8.88% -8.45%
2020 -9.38% -10.1%
2019 -1.45% -7.19%
2018 -2.19% -5.78%
2017 -2.51% -3.61%
2016 -2.4% -3.71%
2015 -2.46% -7.1%
2014 -2.82% -15.5%
2013 -2.87% -16.1%
2012 -2.99% -13.8%
2011 -3.52% -5.61%
2010 -4.16% -5.43%
2009 -5.06% -8.66%
2008 -2.58% -5.38%
2007 -1.33% -5.45%
2006 -3.61% -3.82%
2005 -4.1% -5.36%
2004 -3.46% -1.09%
2003 -3.23% -2.52%
2002 -2.88% -4.44%
2001 -3.18% -2.77%
2000 -2.42% -3.99%
1999 -1.77% -2.69%
1998 -2.99% -5.4%
1997 -2.98% -2.97%
1996 -6.61% -3.25%
1995 -7.2% -1.72%
1994 -8.84% -2.3%
1993 -9.76% -2.14%
1992 -10.1% 1.87%
1991 -11.1% -10.2%
1990 -11.1% -7.45%
1989 -11.4% -6.89%
1988 -11% -13%
1987 -11.5% -13.4%
1986 -12% -2.39%
1985 -12.4% -6.9%
1984 -11.5% -
1983 -10.1% -
1982 -10% -
1981 -10.9% -
1980 -6.97% -
1979 -8.23% -
1978 -8.47% -
1977 -6.96% -
1976 -7.88% -
1975 -10.3% -
1974 -6.24% -
1973 -6.36% -
1972 -6.84% -
1971 -4.71% -
1970 -3.22% -
1969 -2.85% -
1968 -2.55% -
1967 -0.97% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/jordan | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $82B, equivalent to 3.45% of GDP. This compares to Jordan's deficit of $3.91B, or 7.33% of GDP.

Over the past 40 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 40 of those years, while Jordan ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 5.68% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.14% of GDP for Jordan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Jordan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Jordan
2024 0.98% 1.56%
2023 5.62% 2.08%
2022 8.2% 4.23%
2021 1.87% 1.35%
2020 -0.14% 0.33%
2019 0.61% 0.76%
2018 1.14% 4.46%
2017 1.23% 3.32%
2016 -0.09% -0.78%
2015 0.04% -0.88%
2014 0.24% 2.9%
2013 1.22% 4.82%
2012 3.04% 4.52%
2011 2.78% 4.16%
2010 1.53% 4.85%
2009 0.77% -0.74%
2008 3.35% 14%
2007 1.83% 4.74%
2006 2.09% 6.25%
2005 1.99% 3.49%
2004 2.21% 3.36%
2003 2.67% 1.63%
2002 2.47% 1.83%
2001 2.79% 1.77%
2000 2.54% 0.67%
1999 1.66% 0.61%
1998 1.96% 3.09%
1997 2.04% 3.04%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/jordan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.02%, compared with 2.91% in Jordan. In 2024, inflation was 0.98% in Italy and 1.56% in Jordan.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $245M
Precious metals & jewellery $143M
Chemicals & pharma $102M
Textiles & consumer goods $75M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $66.8M
Metals $34.1M
Raw agricultural goods $15.3M
Raw materials & minerals $14.7M
Wood & paper products $8.94M
Weapons & explosives $3.36M
Jordan
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $29.1M
Raw materials & minerals $14.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $8.1M
Metals $6.01M
Chemicals & pharma $3.93M
Machinery & equipment $2.91M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.42M
Raw agricultural goods $850K
Miscellaneous $139K
Wood & paper products $102K

Balance of trade

Italy Jordan
Current account balance
$25.8B
2024
-$3.13B
2024
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2024
158/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.08%
2024
-5.86%
2024
Goods imports
$562B
2024
$23.9B
2024
Goods exports
$621B
2024
$13.3B
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$6.5B
2024
Service exports
$155B
2024
$9.45B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2024
57.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.5%
2024
42.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Jordan
Economic freedom 63.3 59.3
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 104/197
Property rights 84.8 52.3
Government integrity 60.8 51
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 44
Tax burden 57.5 84.1
Government spending 15.3 67.2
Fiscal health 17.2 5.2
Business freedom 74.5 62.7
Labor freedom 70.6 51.3
Monetary freedom 79.1 81.2
Trade freedom 79.4 82
Investment freedom 80 70
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Jordan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Jordan
2026 63.3 59.3
2025 60.9 59.4
2024 60.1 58.3
2023 62.3 58.8
2022 65.4 60.1
2021 64.9 64.6
2020 63.8 66
2019 62.2 66.5
2018 62.5 64.9
2017 62.5 66.7
2016 61.2 68.3
2015 61.7 69.3
2014 60.9 69.2
2013 60.6 70.4
2012 58.8 69.9
2011 60.3 68.9
2010 62.7 66.1
2009 61.4 65.4
2008 62.6 64.1
2007 62.8 64.5
2006 62 63.7
2005 64.9 66.7
2004 64.2 66.1
2003 64.3 65.3
2002 63.6 66.2
2001 63 68.3
2000 61.9 67.5
1999 61.6 67.4
1998 59.1 66.8
1997 58.1 63.6
1996 60.8 60.8
1995 61.2 62.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/jordan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 59.3 for Jordan, ranking 104/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Jordan
Services, % of GDP
65%
2024
60.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
25.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2%
2024
5.07%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.28T
2024
$51.2B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$61,620
2024
$10,570
2024
Total reserves including gold
$291B
2024
$21.9B
2024
Total reserves ranking
12/177
2024
60/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$19B
2024
-$1.58B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$26.9B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
$54.1M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
8.64%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
14.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.6%
2024
25.2%
2021

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/jordan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.