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Economy of Fiji vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Fiji has a GDP of $6.2B compared to $2.55T for Italy, ranking 161/197 and 9/197 by economy size, respectively.

Fiji has $4.88B in government debt (78.7% of GDP), compared to $3.5T (137.1% of GDP) in Italy.

Fiji vs Italy GDP by year

Fiji
Italy
1x
Year GDP, current $
Fiji Italy
2025 $6,198,013,062 $2,551,556,954,100
2024 $5,968,125,909 $2,383,435,562,458
2023 $5,476,673,518 $2,316,882,296,366
2022 $4,977,861,886 $2,104,067,630,319
2021 $4,158,873,156 $2,179,207,773,596
2020 $4,227,719,873 $1,907,481,094,079
2019 $5,344,907,153 $2,019,606,796,584
2018 $5,581,425,327 $2,099,435,266,459
2017 $5,353,469,174 $1,970,720,904,585
2016 $4,930,213,644 $1,887,111,188,177
2015 $4,682,479,894 $1,845,428,048,839
2014 $4,857,104,769 $2,173,255,507,986
2013 $4,189,967,999 $2,153,225,581,941
2012 $3,972,028,104 $2,097,929,495,122
2011 $3,779,411,899 $2,306,974,020,278
2010 $3,140,166,713 $2,144,936,254,535
2009 $2,870,624,636 $2,209,484,319,013
2008 $3,523,185,920 $2,417,508,414,187
2007 $3,378,314,600 $2,222,524,108,128
2006 $3,076,305,453 $1,958,563,654,386
2005 $2,980,403,845 $1,864,982,261,287
2004 $2,708,078,477 $1,812,808,753,295
2003 $2,300,492,465 $1,582,930,016,539
2002 $1,833,279,985 $1,281,746,271,196
2001 $1,652,462,023 $1,172,041,488,806
2000 $1,678,219,508 $1,149,661,363,439
1999 $1,936,459,986 $1,255,004,736,464
1998 $1,653,146,717 $1,272,729,786,997
1997 $2,090,221,137 $1,244,988,176,444
1996 $2,128,696,644 $1,314,776,508,972
1995 $1,970,301,486 $1,177,369,428,266
1994 $1,825,732,093 $1,101,750,159,702
1993 $1,636,101,247 $1,067,412,587,671
1992 $1,532,411,039 $1,323,204,350,354
1991 $1,383,883,250 $1,249,092,439,519
1990 $1,337,017,559 $1,183,945,130,899
1989 $1,182,660,266 $930,801,709,004
1988 $1,110,009,523 $893,663,934,841
1987 $1,177,947,965 $807,570,134,449
1986 $1,290,267,340 $641,862,313,287
1985 $1,141,168,944 $453,259,761,687
1984 $1,178,000,678 $438,896,930,791
1983 $1,123,085,190 $444,063,496,940
1982 $1,194,059,943 $428,257,421,618
1981 $1,235,626,771 $431,695,533,981
1980 $1,202,618,816 $478,356,755,596
1979 $1,019,691,460 $394,584,507,108
1978 $829,267,889 $315,784,469,541
1977 $719,501,766 $258,190,019,750
1976 $694,540,806 $225,235,205,862
1975 $684,282,434 $228,220,643,535
1974 $558,587,097 $200,024,444,775
1973 $425,950,488 $175,896,529,392
1972 $316,656,649 $145,594,833,997
1971 $247,749,328 $124,959,712,859
1970 $219,878,482 $113,656,669,765
1969 $182,182,068 $100,996,667,239
1968 $166,952,937 $91,485,448,148
1967 $162,625,886 $84,401,995,573
1966 $150,603,926 $76,622,444,787
1965 $147,084,750 $70,717,012,186
1964 $140,032,741 $65,720,771,779
1963 $129,454,729 $60,035,924,618
1962 $122,906,435 $52,413,872,628
1961 $116,987,785 $46,649,487,320
1960 $112,328,422 $42,012,422,612

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/fiji/italy | CC BY

GDP per capita in Fiji vs Italy by year

Fiji
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Fiji Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $6,642 - $43,309 -
2024 $6,426 $15,450 $40,430 $62,014
2023 $5,926 $14,644 $39,280 $60,030
2022 $5,414 $12,982 $35,654 $57,261
2021 $4,537 $10,322 $36,853 $49,825
2020 $4,621 $10,716 $32,091 $44,436
2019 $5,842 $12,978 $33,813 $46,662
2018 $6,085 $12,984 $35,062 $43,387
2017 $5,827 $12,585 $32,844 $42,142
2016 $5,364 $11,766 $31,392 $40,483
2015 $5,098 $11,519 $30,640 $37,384
2014 $5,293 $10,516 $36,028 $36,666
2013 $4,572 $8,842 $35,702 $36,459
2012 $4,341 $8,204 $34,854 $36,281
2011 $4,140 $7,672 $38,432 $36,392
2010 $3,449 $7,339 $35,857 $34,974
2009 $3,164 $7,068 $37,100 $34,502
2008 $3,900 $7,154 $40,829 $35,422
2007 $3,763 $6,990 $37,826 $34,108
2006 $3,455 $6,921 $33,537 $32,454
2005 $3,378 $6,652 $32,063 $30,138
2004 $3,097 $6,463 $31,348 $29,581
2003 $2,656 $6,033 $27,578 $29,249
2002 $2,137 $5,914 $22,451 $28,833
2001 $1,945 $5,699 $20,570 $28,134
2000 $1,996 $5,521 $20,190 $27,152
1999 $2,328 $5,552 $22,050 $25,655
1998 $2,010 $5,090 $22,365 $25,075
1997 $2,574 $5,031 $21,884 $23,937
1996 $2,648 $5,109 $23,123 $23,101
1995 $2,467 $4,818 $20,712 $22,446
1994 $2,297 $4,627 $19,382 $21,369
1993 $2,070 $4,334 $18,782 $20,485
1992 $1,951 $4,172 $23,297 $20,196
1991 $1,775 $3,873 $22,007 $19,596
1990 $1,729 $3,882 $20,874 $18,680
1989 $1,543 - $16,424 -
1988 $1,463 - $15,781 -
1987 $1,569 - $14,268 -
1986 $1,745 - $11,341 -
1985 $1,577 - $8,009 -
1984 $1,667 - $7,758 -
1983 $1,628 - $7,851 -
1982 $1,773 - $7,574 -
1981 $1,879 - $7,640 -
1980 $1,873 - $8,476 -
1979 $1,627 - $7,006 -
1978 $1,355 - $5,623 -
1977 $1,204 - $4,614 -
1976 $1,186 - $4,042 -
1975 $1,188 - $4,116 -
1974 $984 - $3,629 -
1973 $762 - $3,213 -
1972 $575 - $2,677 -
1971 $458 - $2,311 -
1970 $414 - $2,112 -
1969 $350 - $1,886 -
1968 $327 - $1,718 -
1967 $326 - $1,595 -
1966 $310 - $1,459 -
1965 $311 - $1,357 -
1964 $306 - $1,272 -
1963 $291.4 - $1,171 -
1962 $285.5 - $1,030 -
1961 $280.3 - $923 -
1960 $277.4 - $837 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/fiji/italy | CC BY

Fiji's GDP per capita is $6,642, ranking 106/197, compared to $43,309 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Fiji ranks 113th at $15,450, while Italy ranks 31st at $62,014.

Economic indicators

Fiji Italy
Gross domestic product
$6.2B
2025
$2.55T
2025
GDP rank
161/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP growth
3.2%
2024-2025
0.54%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$6,642
2025
$43,309
2025
GDP per capita rank
106/197
2025
29/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$15,450
2024
$62,014
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
113/197
2024
31/197
2024
Government debt
$4.88B
2025
$3.5T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
78.7%
2025
137.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$5,227
2025
$59,371
2025
Government debt per person rank
82/185
2025
6/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,553
2026
$23,424
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,235,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
89
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.2%
2019
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2019
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
31.5%
2025
51.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
-1.38%
2024-2025
1.53%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
0.25%
2020
n/a
Unemployment rate
5.36%
2024
6.1%
2025
Population
939479
58708169

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Fiji
Spending

Debt
Italy
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Fiji Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 31.5% 78.7% 51.1% 137.1%
2024 30.8% 79.1% 50.4% 134.7%
2023 30.2% 82.9% 53.6% 133.9%
2022 33.9% 91.5% 54.9% 138.4%
2021 35.8% 86.7% 56% 145.8%
2020 32.7% 65.8% 56.8% 154.4%
2019 30.7% 49.5% 48.4% 133.9%
2018 32.5% 45.8% 48.3% 134.2%
2017 28.1% 43.4% 48.8% 133.7%
2016 32.1% 44.6% 49% 134.2%
2015 30.6% 44.3% 50.2% 134.8%
2014 30.2% 46.2% 50.7% 134.8%
2013 25.9% 47.4% 50.9% 131.9%
2012 26% 48.6% 50.5% 125.9%
2011 26.5% 51% 49% 119.1%
2010 25.5% 53.4% 49.8% 118.8%
2009 26.2% 51.5% 51.1% 116.1%
2008 22.8% 47.9% 47.8% 105.8%
2007 23.5% 46.4% 46.6% 103.5%
2006 25.4% 50.3% 47.6% 106.3%
2005 24% 45.3% 47.1% 106.2%
2004 24.7% 45.9% 46.7% 104.7%
2003 26.7% 46.4% 47% 105.1%
2002 28.1% 44.5% 46.5% 105.9%
2001 27% 41.9% 47.1% 108.5%
2000 24.2% 35.9% 46.4% 108.7%
1999 24.6% 34.7% 47.1% 113.1%
1998 27.7% 37.9% 48% 113.9%
1997 29.2% 54.4% 49.3% 116.5%
1996 27.2% 50.3% 51.3% 118.9%
1995 23.5% 49.1% 51.4% 119.1%
1994 24.9% 48.8% 55.1% 130.8%
1993 26.7% 45.9% 57.8% 124.1%
1992 27.1% 44.3% 56.8% 113%
1991 - - 55.3% 105.3%
1990 - - 54.2% 101.7%
1989 - - 51.6% 91.8%
1988 - - 50.4% 89.2%
1987 - - 49.8% 87.4%
1986 - - 50.5% 83.4%
1985 - - 49.8% 79.1%
1984 - - 49.1% 73.1%
1983 - - 48.9% 67.8%
1982 - - 46.7% 61.8%
1981 - - 44.6% 57.3%
1980 - - 40.8% 55.1%
1979 - - 40.1% 58.9%
1978 - - 40.9% 59.9%
1977 - - 38.5% 56%
1976 - - 38.1% 57.3%
1975 - - 39.1% 57.9%
1974 - - 34.8% 50.8%
1973 - - 35.3% 51.1%
1972 - - 36.4% 48.2%
1971 - - 34.4% 42.4%
1970 - - 32.3% 37.8%
1969 - - 32.1% 37%
1968 - - 32.6% 36.4%
1967 - - 17.9% 33.3%
1966 - - 19.1% 33.4%
1965 - - 18.6% 28.4%
1964 - - 18.2% 27.2%
1963 - - 16.7% 27.2%
1962 - - 17.5% 29%
1961 - - 17.3% 30%
1960 - - 16.5% 31.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/fiji/italy | CC BY

In 2025, Fiji's government spending was $1.95B, accounting for 31.5% of its GDP, while Italy spent $1.3T, or 51.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 78.7% in Fiji and 137.1% in Italy, ranking 45/185 and 9/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Fiji

Italy
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Fiji Italy
2025 -2.46% -3.11%
2024 -3.44% -3.35%
2023 -7.15% -7.13%
2022 -12.3% -8.1%
2021 -14.2% -8.88%
2020 -8.34% -9.38%
2019 -3.65% -1.45%
2018 -4.82% -2.19%
2017 -2.28% -2.51%
2016 -5.7% -2.4%
2015 -3.91% -2.46%
2014 -3.48% -2.82%
2013 -0.08% -2.87%
2012 -0.68% -2.99%
2011 -0.72% -3.52%
2010 -1.29% -4.16%
2009 -2.76% -5.06%
2008 1.56% -2.58%
2007 0.36% -1.33%
2006 -0.76% -3.61%
2005 -1.18% -4.1%
2004 -0.98% -3.46%
2003 -3.46% -3.23%
2002 -3.68% -2.88%
2001 -4.5% -3.18%
2000 -1.33% -2.42%
1999 1.17% -1.77%
1998 5.4% -2.99%
1997 -4.5% -2.98%
1996 -3.46% -6.61%
1995 0.78% -7.2%
1994 -0.2% -8.84%
1993 -1.9% -9.76%
1992 -2.25% -10.1%
1991 - -11.1%
1990 - -11.1%
1989 - -11.4%
1988 - -11%
1987 - -11.5%
1986 - -12%
1985 - -12.4%
1984 - -11.5%
1983 - -10.1%
1982 - -10%
1981 - -10.9%
1980 - -6.97%
1979 - -8.23%
1978 - -8.47%
1977 - -6.96%
1976 - -7.88%
1975 - -10.3%
1974 - -6.24%
1973 - -6.36%
1972 - -6.84%
1971 - -4.71%
1970 - -3.22%
1969 - -2.85%
1968 - -2.55%
1967 - -0.97%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.67%
1964 - -2.35%
1963 - -0.3%
1962 - -0.95%
1961 - -0.57%
1960 - -0.28%
1959 - -1%
1958 - -0.98%
1957 - -1.09%
1956 - -1.46%
1955 - -2.03%
1954 - -1.84%
1953 - -2.33%
1952 - -4.08%
1951 - -3.86%
1950 - -2.42%
1949 - -2.82%
1948 - -4.58%
1947 - -6.62%
1946 - -9.82%
1945 - -16.9%
1944 - -35.1%
1943 - -16.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1941 - -25.1%
1940 - -24.3%
1939 - -9.49%
1938 - -5.97%
1937 - -5.78%
1936 - -7.93%
1935 - -9.83%
1934 - -2.5%
1933 - -4.85%
1932 - -3.06%
1931 - -2.14%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -0.59%
1928 - -2.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1926 - -0.09%
1925 - 1.7%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - -3.21%
1922 - -11%
1921 - -7.77%
1920 - -5.89%
1919 - -11.2%
1918 - -22.7%
1917 - -27.6%
1916 - -28.2%
1915 - -25.8%
1914 - -12.4%
1913 - -0.86%
1912 - -1.86%
1911 - -0.63%
1910 - -0.32%
1909 - -0.69%
1908 - -1.31%
1907 - -0.51%
1906 - -0.69%
1905 - -1.57%
1904 - 0.58%
1903 - 0.32%
1902 - 0.48%
1901 - 0.36%
1900 - 0.28%
1899 - -0.11%
1898 - -0.21%
1897 - 0.009%
1896 - -0.43%
1895 - -0.69%
1894 - -0.23%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.25%
1891 - -1.41%
1890 - -0.32%
1889 - -1.32%
1888 - -2.11%
1887 - -1.94%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - 0.2%
1884 - -1.46%
1883 - -0.51%
1882 - -0.5%
1881 - -0.04%
1880 - 0.38%
1879 - 0.73%
1878 - 0.09%
1877 - -0.009%
1876 - -0.05%
1875 - 0.58%
1874 - -0.08%
1873 - 0.21%
1872 - 0%
1871 - -0.13%
1870 - -0.82%
1869 - 0.33%
1868 - -0.79%
1867 - -1.45%
1866 - -3.1%
1865 - -2.72%
1864 - -3.06%
1863 - -4.16%
1862 - -3.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/fiji/italy | CC BY

In 2025, Fiji's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $153M, equivalent to 2.46% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of $79.4B, or 3.11% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Fiji recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Fiji posted an annual deficit equal to 2.83% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.39% of GDP for Italy.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Fiji

Italy
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Fiji Italy
2025 -1.38% 1.53%
2024 3.89% 0.98%
2023 2.98% 5.62%
2022 6.08% 8.2%
2021 1.53% 1.87%
2020 -1.7% -0.14%
2019 1.79% 0.61%
2018 4.08% 1.14%
2017 3.35% 1.23%
2016 3.86% -0.09%
2015 1.37% 0.04%
2014 0.52% 0.24%
2013 2.91% 1.22%
2012 3.42% 3.04%
2011 7.28% 2.78%
2010 3.69% 1.53%
2009 3.13% 0.77%
2008 7.73% 3.35%
2007 4.8% 1.83%
2006 2.49% 2.09%
2005 2.37% 1.99%
2004 2.83% 2.21%
2003 4.17% 2.67%
2002 0.76% 2.47%
2001 4.27% 2.79%
2000 1.09% 2.54%
1999 1.97% 1.66%
1998 5.71% 1.96%
1997 3.37% 2.04%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/fiji/italy | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Fiji has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.05%, compared with 2.01% in Italy. In 2025, inflation was -1.38% in Fiji and 1.53% in Italy.

Top exports between countries

Fiji
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10.2M
Raw agricultural goods $93K
Machinery & equipment $47K
Miscellaneous $44K
Chemicals & pharma $1K
Wood & paper products $1K
Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.57M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.53M
Textiles & consumer goods $454K
Metals $368K
Precious metals & jewellery $306K
Chemicals & pharma $279K
Raw materials & minerals $216K
Animal & marine products $54K
Wood & paper products $45K
Miscellaneous $9K

Balance of trade

Fiji Italy
Current account balance
-$464M
2024
$29.3B
2025
Current account balance ranking
104/190
2024
19/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.78%
2024
+1.15%
2025
Goods imports
$2.86B
2024
$597B
2025
Goods exports
$1.13B
2024
$655B
2025
Service imports
$996M
2024
$177B
2025
Service exports
$2.12B
2024
$168B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
64.6%
2024
30.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.4%
2024
32.2%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Fiji Italy
Economic freedom 59.5 63.3
Economic freedom ranking 103/197 80/197
Property rights 59.9 84.8
Government integrity 55.4 60.8
Judicial effectiveness 53.2 80.9
Tax burden 87.8 57.5
Government spending 70 15.3
Fiscal health 7.5 17.2
Business freedom 69.5 74.5
Labor freedom 66.9 70.6
Monetary freedom 72.4 79.1
Trade freedom 66.6 79.4
Investment freedom 55 80
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Fiji
Italy
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Fiji Italy
2026 59.5 63.3
2025 59.1 60.9
2024 58 60.1
2023 58 62.3
2022 56.4 65.4
2021 62.2 64.9
2020 63.4 63.8
2019 62.2 62.2
2018 62 62.5
2017 63.4 62.5
2016 58.8 61.2
2015 59 61.7
2014 58.7 60.9
2013 57.2 60.6
2012 57.3 58.8
2011 60.4 60.3
2010 60.3 62.7
2009 61 61.4
2008 61.8 62.6
2007 60.8 62.8
2006 58.4 62
2005 58.2 64.9
2004 58 64.2
2003 54.7 64.3
2002 53.9 63.6
2001 53.7 63
2000 57.8 61.9
1999 58.4 61.6
1998 58.2 59.1
1997 58 58.1
1996 57.4 60.8
1995 54.7 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/fiji/italy | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Fiji is 59.5, ranking 103/197, compared to 63.3 for Italy, ranking 80/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Fiji Italy
Services, % of GDP
57%
2025
64.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
13.9%
2025
22.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
14%
2025
2.07%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$5.81B
2025
$2.48T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$15,360
2025
$62,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.66B
2025
$434B
2025
Total reserves ranking
130/177
2025
10/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$178M
2024
$22B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$204M
2024
$28.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$25.6M
2024
$45.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
4.36%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
31%
2020
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
22.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.