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Economy of Albania vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Albania has a GDP of $30.5B compared to $2.55T for Italy, ranking 113/197 and 9/197 by economy size, respectively.

Albania has $16.1B in government debt (52.6% of GDP), compared to $3.5T (137.1% of GDP) in Italy.

Albania vs Italy GDP by year

Albania
Italy
1x
Year GDP, current $
Albania Italy
2025 $30,540,188,271 $2,551,556,954,100
2024 $27,037,474,263 $2,383,435,562,458
2023 $23,491,242,727 $2,316,882,296,366
2022 $19,017,247,014 $2,104,067,630,319
2021 $18,031,989,573 $2,179,207,773,596
2020 $15,241,458,745 $1,907,481,094,079
2019 $15,585,111,614 $2,019,606,796,584
2018 $15,379,508,330 $2,099,435,266,459
2017 $13,258,268,436 $1,970,720,904,585
2016 $11,988,668,785 $1,887,111,188,177
2015 $11,470,171,827 $1,845,428,048,839
2014 $13,296,322,588 $2,173,255,507,986
2013 $12,796,985,886 $2,153,225,581,941
2012 $12,246,499,748 $2,097,929,495,122
2011 $12,973,755,875 $2,306,974,020,278
2010 $12,086,545,641 $2,144,936,254,535
2009 $12,335,540,656 $2,209,484,319,013
2008 $13,258,506,375 $2,417,508,414,187
2007 $11,116,937,870 $2,222,524,108,128
2006 $9,150,528,132 $1,958,563,654,386
2005 $8,256,658,250 $1,864,982,261,287
2004 $7,406,645,793 $1,812,808,753,295
2003 $5,801,712,040 $1,582,930,016,539
2002 $4,515,003,117 $1,281,746,271,196
2001 $4,059,064,033 $1,172,041,488,806
2000 $3,584,570,165 $1,149,661,363,439
1999 $3,283,941,510 $1,255,004,736,464
1998 $2,600,356,999 $1,272,729,786,997
1997 $2,293,666,030 $1,244,988,176,444
1996 $3,234,486,232 $1,314,776,508,972
1995 $2,905,092,799 $1,177,369,428,266
1994 $1,880,950,864 $1,101,750,159,702
1993 $1,185,315,468 $1,067,412,587,671
1992 $652,174,991 $1,323,204,350,354
1991 $1,099,559,028 $1,249,092,439,519
1990 $2,028,553,750 $1,183,945,130,899
1989 $2,253,090,000 $930,801,709,004
1988 $2,051,236,250 $893,663,934,841
1987 $2,080,796,250 $807,570,134,449
1986 $2,097,326,250 $641,862,313,287
1985 $1,897,050,117 $453,259,761,687
1984 $1,857,337,995 $438,896,930,791
1983 $1,881,412,587 $444,063,496,940
1982 $1,861,163,170 $428,257,421,618
1981 $1,808,177,156 $431,695,533,981
1980 $1,578,102,105 $478,356,755,596
1979 - $394,584,507,108
1978 - $315,784,469,541
1977 - $258,190,019,750
1976 - $225,235,205,862
1975 - $228,220,643,535
1974 - $200,024,444,775
1973 - $175,896,529,392
1972 - $145,594,833,997
1971 - $124,959,712,859
1970 - $113,656,669,765
1969 - $100,996,667,239
1968 - $91,485,448,148
1967 - $84,401,995,573
1966 - $76,622,444,787
1965 - $70,717,012,186
1964 - $65,720,771,779
1963 - $60,035,924,618
1962 - $52,413,872,628
1961 - $46,649,487,320
1960 - $42,012,422,612

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/italy | CC BY

GDP per capita in Albania vs Italy by year

Albania
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Albania Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $12,998 - $43,309 -
2024 $11,374 $26,702 $40,430 $62,014
2023 $9,741 $24,822 $39,280 $60,030
2022 $7,757 $22,138 $35,654 $57,261
2021 $7,242 $18,213 $36,853 $49,825
2020 $6,028 $16,288 $32,091 $44,436
2019 $6,069 $16,442 $33,813 $46,662
2018 $5,898 $15,055 $35,062 $43,387
2017 $5,006 $14,111 $32,844 $42,142
2016 $4,458 $13,056 $31,392 $40,483
2015 $4,200 $12,387 $30,640 $37,384
2014 $4,794 $11,788 $36,028 $36,666
2013 $4,543 $10,882 $35,702 $36,459
2012 $4,281 $10,609 $34,854 $36,281
2011 $4,466 $10,273 $38,432 $36,392
2010 $4,149 $9,755 $35,857 $34,974
2009 $4,214 $9,031 $37,100 $34,502
2008 $4,499 $8,469 $40,829 $35,422
2007 $3,743 $7,585 $37,826 $34,108
2006 $3,058 $6,753 $33,537 $32,454
2005 $2,742 $6,014 $32,063 $30,138
2004 $2,447 $5,595 $31,348 $29,581
2003 $1,909 $5,169 $27,578 $29,249
2002 $1,480 $4,840 $22,451 $28,833
2001 $1,326 $4,451 $20,570 $28,134
2000 $1,160 $3,978 $20,190 $27,152
1999 $1,056 $3,549 $22,050 $25,655
1998 $831 $3,086 $22,365 $25,075
1997 $729 $2,760 $21,884 $23,937
1996 $1,021 $3,054 $23,123 $23,101
1995 $911 $2,777 $20,712 $22,446
1994 $586 $2,385 $19,382 $21,369
1993 $367 $2,143 $18,782 $20,485
1992 $200.9 $1,899 $23,297 $20,196
1991 $337 $1,989 $22,007 $19,596
1990 $617 $2,656 $20,874 $18,680
1989 $698 - $16,424 -
1988 $653 - $15,781 -
1987 $675 - $14,268 -
1986 $694 - $11,341 -
1985 $640 - $8,009 -
1984 $639 - $7,758 -
1983 $662 - $7,851 -
1982 $668 - $7,574 -
1981 $663 - $7,640 -
1980 $591 - $8,476 -
1979 - - $7,006 -
1978 - - $5,623 -
1977 - - $4,614 -
1976 - - $4,042 -
1975 - - $4,116 -
1974 - - $3,629 -
1973 - - $3,213 -
1972 - - $2,677 -
1971 - - $2,311 -
1970 - - $2,112 -
1969 - - $1,886 -
1968 - - $1,718 -
1967 - - $1,595 -
1966 - - $1,459 -
1965 - - $1,357 -
1964 - - $1,272 -
1963 - - $1,171 -
1962 - - $1,030 -
1961 - - $923 -
1960 - - $837 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/italy | CC BY

Albania's GDP per capita is $12,998, ranking 79/197, compared to $43,309 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Albania ranks 79th at $26,702, while Italy ranks 31st at $62,014.

Economic indicators

Albania Italy
Gross domestic product
$30.5B
2025
$2.55T
2025
GDP rank
113/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP growth
3.79%
2024-2025
0.54%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$12,998
2025
$43,309
2025
GDP per capita rank
79/197
2025
29/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$26,702
2024
$62,014
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
79/197
2024
31/197
2024
Government debt
$16.1B
2025
$3.5T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
52.6%
2025
137.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$6,837
2025
$59,371
2025
Government debt per person rank
72/185
2025
6/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$9,481
2026
$23,424
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,235,000
2026
Number of billionaires
1
2026
89
2026
Income share by richest 10%
22.8%
2020
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.4%
2020
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
30.1%
2025
51.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.2%
2024-2025
1.53%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
2.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.43%
2024
6.1%
2025
Population
2332078
58708169

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Albania
Spending

Debt
Italy
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Albania Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 30.1% 52.6% 51.1% 137.1%
2024 28.9% 54.5% 50.4% 134.7%
2023 28.5% 58% 53.6% 133.9%
2022 30.3% 64.7% 54.9% 138.4%
2021 31.9% 74.8% 56% 145.8%
2020 32.4% 75.4% 56.8% 154.4%
2019 28.7% 66.6% 48.4% 133.9%
2018 28.7% 68.5% 48.3% 134.2%
2017 29.2% 71.9% 48.8% 133.7%
2016 29.1% 73.3% 49% 134.2%
2015 30.8% 73.7% 50.2% 134.8%
2014 31.7% 72% 50.7% 134.8%
2013 29.2% 70.4% 50.9% 131.9%
2012 28.2% 62.1% 50.5% 125.9%
2011 28.9% 59.4% 49% 119.1%
2010 29.4% 57.7% 49.8% 118.8%
2009 32.7% 59.7% 51.1% 116.1%
2008 31.7% 55.1% 47.8% 105.8%
2007 29.3% 53.6% 46.6% 103.5%
2006 29.2% 56.7% 47.6% 106.3%
2005 28.9% 58.2% 47.1% 106.2%
2004 30.2% 57.5% 46.7% 104.7%
2003 29.7% 60.2% 47% 105.1%
2002 31.5% 64.1% 46.5% 105.9%
2001 32.7% 60.6% 47.1% 108.5%
2000 33.8% 63.8% 46.4% 108.7%
1999 37.1% 68.2% 47.1% 113.1%
1998 36.8% 71.2% 48% 113.9%
1997 30.3% 72.2% 49.3% 116.5%
1996 - - 51.3% 118.9%
1995 - - 51.4% 119.1%
1994 - - 55.1% 130.8%
1993 - - 57.8% 124.1%
1992 - - 56.8% 113%
1991 - - 55.3% 105.3%
1990 - - 54.2% 101.7%
1989 - - 51.6% 91.8%
1988 - - 50.4% 89.2%
1987 - - 49.8% 87.4%
1986 - - 50.5% 83.4%
1985 - - 49.8% 79.1%
1984 - - 49.1% 73.1%
1983 - - 48.9% 67.8%
1982 - - 46.7% 61.8%
1981 - - 44.6% 57.3%
1980 - - 40.8% 55.1%
1979 - - 40.1% 58.9%
1978 - - 40.9% 59.9%
1977 - - 38.5% 56%
1976 - - 38.1% 57.3%
1975 - - 39.1% 57.9%
1974 - - 34.8% 50.8%
1973 - - 35.3% 51.1%
1972 - - 36.4% 48.2%
1971 - - 34.4% 42.4%
1970 - - 32.3% 37.8%
1969 - - 32.1% 37%
1968 - - 32.6% 36.4%
1967 - - 17.9% 33.3%
1966 - - 19.1% 33.4%
1965 - - 18.6% 28.4%
1964 - - 18.2% 27.2%
1963 - - 16.7% 27.2%
1962 - - 17.5% 29%
1961 - - 17.3% 30%
1960 - - 16.5% 31.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/italy | CC BY

In 2025, Albania's government spending was $9.19B, accounting for 30.1% of its GDP, while Italy spent $1.3T, or 51.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 52.6% in Albania and 137.1% in Italy, ranking 96/185 and 9/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Albania

Italy
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Albania Italy
2025 -1.75% -3.11%
2024 -0.72% -3.35%
2023 -1.32% -7.13%
2022 -3.64% -8.1%
2021 -4.57% -8.88%
2020 -6.67% -9.38%
2019 -1.84% -1.45%
2018 -1.58% -2.19%
2017 -1.41% -2.51%
2016 -1.5% -2.4%
2015 -4.32% -2.46%
2014 -5.46% -2.82%
2013 -5.22% -2.87%
2012 -3.44% -2.99%
2011 -3.52% -3.52%
2010 -3.52% -4.16%
2009 -6.59% -5.06%
2008 -4.88% -2.58%
2007 -3.18% -1.33%
2006 -3.26% -3.61%
2005 -3.46% -4.1%
2004 -5.16% -3.46%
2003 -5.01% -3.23%
2002 -6.21% -2.88%
2001 -6.84% -3.18%
2000 -7.77% -2.42%
1999 -8.84% -1.77%
1998 -9.93% -2.99%
1997 -11.9% -2.98%
1996 - -6.61%
1995 - -7.2%
1994 - -8.84%
1993 - -9.76%
1992 - -10.1%
1991 - -11.1%
1990 - -11.1%
1989 - -11.4%
1988 - -11%
1987 - -11.5%
1986 - -12%
1985 - -12.4%
1984 - -11.5%
1983 - -10.1%
1982 - -10%
1981 - -10.9%
1980 - -6.97%
1979 - -8.23%
1978 - -8.47%
1977 - -6.96%
1976 - -7.88%
1975 - -10.3%
1974 - -6.24%
1973 - -6.36%
1972 - -6.84%
1971 - -4.71%
1970 - -3.22%
1969 - -2.85%
1968 - -2.55%
1967 - -0.97%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.67%
1964 - -2.35%
1963 - -0.3%
1962 - -0.95%
1961 - -0.57%
1960 - -0.28%
1959 - -1%
1958 - -0.98%
1957 - -1.09%
1956 - -1.46%
1955 - -2.03%
1954 - -1.84%
1953 - -2.33%
1952 - -4.08%
1951 - -3.86%
1950 - -2.42%
1949 - -2.82%
1948 - -4.58%
1947 - -6.62%
1946 - -9.82%
1945 - -16.9%
1944 - -35.1%
1943 - -16.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1941 - -25.1%
1940 - -24.3%
1939 - -9.49%
1938 - -5.97%
1937 - -5.78%
1936 - -7.93%
1935 - -9.83%
1934 - -2.5%
1933 - -4.85%
1932 - -3.06%
1931 - -2.14%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -0.59%
1928 - -2.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1926 - -0.09%
1925 - 1.7%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - -3.21%
1922 - -11%
1921 - -7.77%
1920 - -5.89%
1919 - -11.2%
1918 - -22.7%
1917 - -27.6%
1916 - -28.2%
1915 - -25.8%
1914 - -12.4%
1913 - -0.86%
1912 - -1.86%
1911 - -0.63%
1910 - -0.32%
1909 - -0.69%
1908 - -1.31%
1907 - -0.51%
1906 - -0.69%
1905 - -1.57%
1904 - 0.58%
1903 - 0.32%
1902 - 0.48%
1901 - 0.36%
1900 - 0.28%
1899 - -0.11%
1898 - -0.21%
1897 - 0.009%
1896 - -0.43%
1895 - -0.69%
1894 - -0.23%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.25%
1891 - -1.41%
1890 - -0.32%
1889 - -1.32%
1888 - -2.11%
1887 - -1.94%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - 0.2%
1884 - -1.46%
1883 - -0.51%
1882 - -0.5%
1881 - -0.04%
1880 - 0.38%
1879 - 0.73%
1878 - 0.09%
1877 - -0.009%
1876 - -0.05%
1875 - 0.58%
1874 - -0.08%
1873 - 0.21%
1872 - 0%
1871 - -0.13%
1870 - -0.82%
1869 - 0.33%
1868 - -0.79%
1867 - -1.45%
1866 - -3.1%
1865 - -2.72%
1864 - -3.06%
1863 - -4.16%
1862 - -3.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/italy | CC BY

In 2025, Albania's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $533M, equivalent to 1.75% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of $79.4B, or 3.11% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Albania recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Albania posted an annual deficit equal to 4.6% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.69% of GDP for Italy.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Albania

Italy
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Albania Italy
2025 2.2% 1.53%
2024 2.2% 0.98%
2023 4.8% 5.62%
2022 6.7% 8.2%
2021 2% 1.87%
2020 1.6% -0.14%
2019 1.4% 0.61%
2018 2% 1.14%
2017 2% 1.23%
2016 1.3% -0.09%
2015 1.9% 0.04%
2014 1.6% 0.24%
2013 1.9% 1.22%
2012 2% 3.04%
2011 3.4% 2.78%
2010 3.6% 1.53%
2009 2.2% 0.77%
2008 3.3% 3.35%
2007 3% 1.83%
2006 2.4% 2.09%
2005 2.4% 1.99%
2004 2.9% 2.21%
2003 2.4% 2.67%
2002 5.2% 2.47%
2001 3.1% 2.79%
2000 0% 2.54%
1999 0.4% 1.66%
1998 20.6% 1.96%
1997 33.2% 2.04%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/italy | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Albania has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.2%, compared with 2.01% in Italy. In 2025, inflation was 2.2% in Albania and 1.53% in Italy.

Top exports between countries

Albania
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $902M
Transport & tourism services $796M
Manufacturing & construction services $531M
Metals $214M
Machinery & equipment $201M
Business & finance services $183M
Raw materials & minerals $161M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $72.9M
IT & IP services $64.1M
Animal & marine products $62.3M
Italy
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $498M
Machinery & equipment $480M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $243M
Chemicals & pharma $221M
Metals $171M
Animal & marine products $167M
Raw materials & minerals $83M
Raw agricultural goods $79.8M
Wood & paper products $60.6M
Precious metals & jewellery $42M

Balance of trade

Albania Italy
Current account balance
-$161M
2025
$29.3B
2025
Current account balance ranking
86/190
2025
19/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.53%
2025
+1.15%
2025
Goods imports
$8.52B
2025
$597B
2025
Goods exports
$1.76B
2025
$655B
2025
Service imports
$4.55B
2025
$177B
2025
Service exports
$9.66B
2025
$168B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.5%
2025
30.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37%
2025
32.2%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Albania Italy
Economic freedom 68 63.3
Economic freedom ranking 50/197 80/197
Property rights 57.6 84.8
Government integrity 41.9 60.8
Judicial effectiveness 59.9 80.9
Tax burden 89.3 57.5
Government spending 74.3 15.3
Fiscal health 88 17.2
Business freedom 76.6 74.5
Labor freedom 46.2 70.6
Monetary freedom 78.6 79.1
Trade freedom 83 79.4
Investment freedom 60 80
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Albania
Italy
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Albania Italy
2026 68 63.3
2025 66.6 60.9
2024 64.8 60.1
2023 65.3 62.3
2022 66.6 65.4
2021 65.2 64.9
2020 66.9 63.8
2019 66.5 62.2
2018 64.5 62.5
2017 64.4 62.5
2016 65.9 61.2
2015 65.7 61.7
2014 66.9 60.9
2013 65.2 60.6
2012 65.1 58.8
2011 64 60.3
2010 66 62.7
2009 63.7 61.4
2008 62.4 62.6
2007 61.4 62.8
2006 60.3 62
2005 57.8 64.9
2004 58.5 64.2
2003 56.8 64.3
2002 56.8 63.6
2001 56.6 63
2000 53.6 61.9
1999 53.4 61.6
1998 53.9 59.1
1997 54.8 58.1
1996 53.8 60.8
1995 49.7 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/italy | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Albania is 68, ranking 50/197, compared to 63.3 for Italy, ranking 80/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Albania Italy
Services, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
64.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
21.8%
2025
22.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
14.8%
2025
2.07%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$28.3B
2025
$2.48T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$28,170
2025
$62,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$8.6B
2025
$434B
2025
Total reserves ranking
86/177
2025
10/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.51B
2025
$22B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.71B
2024
$28.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$261M
2024
$45.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.25%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19.7%
2022
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25%
2024
22.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.