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Economy of Italy vs Ivory Coast compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Italy has a GDP of $2.55T compared to $99.8B for Ivory Coast, ranking 9/197 and 77/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.5T in government debt (137.1% of GDP), compared to $56.2B (56.3% of GDP) in Ivory Coast.

Italy vs Ivory Coast GDP by year

Italy
Ivory Coast
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Ivory Coast
2025 $2,551,556,954,100 $99,773,555,666
2024 $2,383,435,562,458 $87,113,179,149
2023 $2,316,882,296,366 $80,780,312,569
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $70,922,824,814
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $72,794,636,654
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $63,027,852,805
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $60,382,894,697
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $58,522,477,787
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $52,512,343,997
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $48,407,761,037
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $45,815,005,169
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $48,843,005,614
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $42,760,235,485
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $36,302,302,877
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $36,693,710,801
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $34,936,307,980
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $33,886,813,250
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $34,078,240,293
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $28,760,090,953
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $25,281,413,263
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $24,036,918,703
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $23,510,575,681
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $21,251,754,340
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $18,054,383,321
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $16,810,537,044
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $16,577,533,892
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $18,870,992,456
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $19,619,654,756
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $18,047,558,038
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $18,071,152,831
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $11,000,146,267
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $8,313,557,510
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $11,045,760,288
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $11,152,971,274
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $10,492,628,581
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $10,795,850,583
1989 $930,801,709,004 $9,757,410,645
1988 $893,663,934,841 $10,255,169,806
1987 $807,570,134,449 $10,087,654,465
1986 $641,862,313,287 $9,158,302,100
1985 $453,259,761,687 $6,977,650,644
1984 $438,896,930,791 $6,841,639,247
1983 $444,063,496,940 $6,838,184,773
1982 $428,257,421,618 $7,567,110,849
1981 $431,695,533,981 $8,432,589,942
1980 $478,356,755,596 $10,175,617,609
1979 $394,584,507,108 $9,142,933,967
1978 $315,784,469,541 $7,900,526,298
1977 $258,190,019,750 $6,265,068,189
1976 $225,235,205,862 $4,662,053,825
1975 $228,220,643,535 $3,893,839,190
1974 $200,024,444,775 $3,070,152,309
1973 $175,896,529,392 $2,508,421,426
1972 $145,594,833,997 $1,849,400,402
1971 $124,959,712,859 $1,584,128,509
1970 $113,656,669,765 $1,455,482,795
1969 $100,996,667,239 $1,361,360,293
1968 $91,485,448,148 $1,281,281,277
1967 $84,401,995,573 $1,082,922,725
1966 $76,622,444,787 $1,024,102,880
1965 $70,717,012,186 $919,771,229
1964 $65,720,771,779 $921,063,327
1963 $60,035,924,618 $761,047,198
1962 $52,413,872,628 $645,284,474
1961 $46,649,487,320 $618,245,634
1960 $42,012,422,612 $546,203,559

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/ivory-coast | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Ivory Coast by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ivory Coast
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Ivory Coast
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $43,309 - $3,050 -
2024 $40,430 $62,014 $2,728 $7,669
2023 $39,280 $60,030 $2,592 $7,237
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $2,333 $6,719
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $2,456 $6,045
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $2,180 $5,544
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $2,142 $5,516
2018 $35,062 $43,387 $2,131 $4,946
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $1,964 $4,690
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $1,863 $4,531
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $1,815 $4,404
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $1,991 $4,074
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $1,786 $3,619
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $1,547 $3,291
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $1,597 $3,176
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $1,554 $3,361
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $1,540 $3,177
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $1,584 $3,116
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $1,368 $2,985
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $1,230 $2,942
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $1,198 $2,842
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $1,200 $2,794
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $1,111 $2,702
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $968 $2,851
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $925 $2,962
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $937 $3,041
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $1,096 $3,065
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $1,177 $3,086
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $1,125 $3,040
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $1,170 $2,832
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $740 $2,683
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $582 $2,551
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $804 $2,577
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $845 $2,625
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $827 $2,677
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $886 $2,693
1989 $16,424 - $833 -
1988 $15,781 - $910 -
1987 $14,268 - $930 -
1986 $11,341 - $877 -
1985 $8,009 - $695 -
1984 $7,758 - $709 -
1983 $7,851 - $737 -
1982 $7,574 - $849 -
1981 $7,640 - $986 -
1980 $8,476 - $1,238 -
1979 $7,006 - $1,157 -
1978 $5,623 - $1,039 -
1977 $4,614 - $856 -
1976 $4,042 - $661 -
1975 $4,116 - $575 -
1974 $3,629 - $474 -
1973 $3,213 - $406 -
1972 $2,677 - $313 -
1971 $2,311 - $280.3 -
1970 $2,112 - $269 -
1969 $1,886 - $262.2 -
1968 $1,718 - $256.8 -
1967 $1,595 - $225.6 -
1966 $1,459 - $221.8 -
1965 $1,357 - $207 -
1964 $1,272 - $215.5 -
1963 $1,171 - $185.1 -
1962 $1,030 - $163.1 -
1961 $923 - $162.3 -
1960 $837 - $148.7 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/ivory-coast | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $43,309, ranking 29/197, compared to $3,050 in Ivory Coast, ranking 145/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while Ivory Coast ranks 145th at $7,669.

Economic indicators

Italy Ivory Coast
Gross domestic product
$2.55T
2025
$99.8B
2025
GDP rank
9/197
2025
77/197
2025
GDP growth
0.54%
2024-2025
6.5%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$43,309
2025
$3,050
2025
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2025
145/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$7,669
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
145/197
2024
Government debt
$3.5T
2025
$56.2B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
137.1%
2025
56.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$59,371
2025
$1,718
2025
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2025
124/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,424
2026
$2,667
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
$7.33B
2020
Number of millionaires
1,235,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
89
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
27.8%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
51.1%
2025
20.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.53%
2024-2025
0.13%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
6.1%
2025
2.31%
2022
Population
58708169
33910252

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Ivory Coast
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Ivory Coast
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 51.1% 137.1% 20.2% 56.3%
2024 50.4% 134.7% 20.4% 59.5%
2023 53.6% 133.9% 21% 56.7%
2022 54.9% 138.4% 21.9% 56%
2021 56% 145.8% 20.5% 50.2%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 20.4% 46.3%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 17.2% 37.2%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 17.6% 35.3%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 18.1% 32.6%
2016 49% 134.2% 17.6% 31.1%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 16.5% 29.2%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 15.2% 26.7%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 15.9% 24.6%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 16.1% 24.7%
2011 49% 119.1% 13.2% 50%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 14.5% 45.6%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 14.4% 46.5%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 14.6% 51.2%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 14.8% 53.5%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 14.5% 57.5%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 13.6% 58.2%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 13.5% 56.7%
2003 47% 105.1% 12.7% 56.4%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 13.1% 63%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 11.4% 71.2%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 12.9% 74%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 13.7% 78%
1998 48% 113.9% 14.6% 75.2%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 15.2% 84.2%
1996 51.3% 118.9% - -
1995 51.4% 119.1% - -
1994 55.1% 130.8% - -
1993 57.8% 124.1% - -
1992 56.8% 113% - -
1991 55.3% 105.3% - -
1990 54.2% 101.7% - -
1989 51.6% 91.8% - -
1988 50.4% 89.2% - -
1987 49.8% 87.4% - -
1986 50.5% 83.4% - -
1985 49.8% 79.1% - -
1984 49.1% 73.1% - -
1983 48.9% 67.8% - -
1982 46.7% 61.8% - -
1981 44.6% 57.3% - -
1980 40.8% 55.1% - -
1979 40.1% 58.9% - -
1978 40.9% 59.9% - -
1977 38.5% 56% - -
1976 38.1% 57.3% - -
1975 39.1% 57.9% - -
1974 34.8% 50.8% - -
1973 35.3% 51.1% - -
1972 36.4% 48.2% - -
1971 34.4% 42.4% - -
1970 32.3% 37.8% - -
1969 32.1% 37% - -
1968 32.6% 36.4% - -
1967 17.9% 33.3% - -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/ivory-coast | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government spending was $1.3T, accounting for 51.1% of its GDP, while Ivory Coast spent $20.1B, or 20.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 137.1% in Italy and 56.3% in Ivory Coast, ranking 9/185 and 85/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Ivory Coast
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Ivory Coast
2025 -3.11% -3%
2024 -3.35% -3.96%
2023 -7.13% -5.12%
2022 -8.1% -6.74%
2021 -8.88% -4.88%
2020 -9.38% -5.42%
2019 -1.45% -2.22%
2018 -2.19% -2.9%
2017 -2.51% -3.27%
2016 -2.4% -2.98%
2015 -2.46% -2.04%
2014 -2.82% -1.57%
2013 -2.87% -1.62%
2012 -2.99% -2.28%
2011 -3.52% -2.89%
2010 -4.16% -1.34%
2009 -5.06% -1%
2008 -2.58% -0.21%
2007 -1.33% -0.39%
2006 -3.61% -1.03%
2005 -4.1% -1.03%
2004 -3.46% -1.04%
2003 -3.23% -1.26%
2002 -2.88% -0.64%
2001 -3.18% 0.7%
2000 -2.42% -0.83%
1999 -1.77% -1.27%
1998 -2.99% -0.7%
1997 -2.98% -0.75%
1996 -6.61% -
1995 -7.2% -
1994 -8.84% -
1993 -9.76% -
1992 -10.1% -
1991 -11.1% -
1990 -11.1% -
1989 -11.4% -
1988 -11% -
1987 -11.5% -
1986 -12% -
1985 -12.4% -
1984 -11.5% -
1983 -10.1% -
1982 -10% -
1981 -10.9% -
1980 -6.97% -
1979 -8.23% -
1978 -8.47% -
1977 -6.96% -
1976 -7.88% -
1975 -10.3% -
1974 -6.24% -
1973 -6.36% -
1972 -6.84% -
1971 -4.71% -
1970 -3.22% -
1969 -2.85% -
1968 -2.55% -
1967 -0.97% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/ivory-coast | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $79.4B, equivalent to 3.11% of GDP. This compares to Ivory Coast's deficit of $3B, or 3% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Ivory Coast ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 3.69% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.13% of GDP for Ivory Coast.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Ivory Coast
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Ivory Coast
2025 1.53% 0.13%
2024 0.98% 3.45%
2023 5.62% 4.37%
2022 8.2% 5.23%
2021 1.87% 4.16%
2020 -0.14% 2.41%
2019 0.61% 0.79%
2018 1.14% 0.4%
2017 1.23% 0.69%
2016 -0.09% 0.72%
2015 0.04% 1.25%
2014 0.24% 0.45%
2013 1.22% 2.58%
2012 3.04% 1.3%
2011 2.78% 4.91%
2010 1.53% 1.23%
2009 0.77% 1.02%
2008 3.35% 6.31%
2007 1.83% 1.89%
2006 2.09% 2.47%
2005 1.99% 3.89%
2004 2.21% 1.46%
2003 2.67% 3.3%
2002 2.47% 3.08%
2001 2.79% 4.36%
2000 2.54% 2.53%
1999 1.66% 0.7%
1998 1.96% 4.61%
1997 2.04% 4.02%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/ivory-coast | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.01%, compared with 2.54% in Ivory Coast. In 2025, inflation was 1.53% in Italy and 0.13% in Ivory Coast.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $144M
Chemicals & pharma $54.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $36.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $31.1M
Wood & paper products $20.1M
Metals $20M
Raw materials & minerals $10.3M
Animal & marine products $8.05M
Precious metals & jewellery $3.93M
Raw agricultural goods $1.26M
Ivory Coast
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $460M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $313M
Raw agricultural goods $38.5M
Wood & paper products $13.4M
Machinery & equipment $9.28M
Animal & marine products $725K
Chemicals & pharma $304K
Metals $130K
Precious metals & jewellery $112K
Textiles & consumer goods $18K

Balance of trade

Italy Ivory Coast
Current account balance
$29.3B
2025
-$3.89B
2024
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2025
156/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.15%
2025
-4.47%
2024
Goods imports
$597B
2025
$15.3B
2024
Goods exports
$655B
2025
$20.8B
2024
Service imports
$177B
2025
$6.63B
2024
Service exports
$168B
2025
$1.22B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2025
24.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
29.8%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Ivory Coast
Economic freedom 63.3 58.1
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 111/197
Property rights 84.8 43.9
Government integrity 60.8 39.3
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 30.2
Tax burden 57.5 81.6
Government spending 15.3 86.6
Fiscal health 17.2 48
Business freedom 74.5 68.3
Labor freedom 70.6 57.1
Monetary freedom 79.1 67.6
Trade freedom 79.4 74.4
Investment freedom 80 50
Financial freedom 60 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Ivory Coast
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Ivory Coast
2026 63.3 58.1
2025 60.9 57.8
2024 60.1 58.4
2023 62.3 60.4
2022 65.4 61.6
2021 64.9 61.7
2020 63.8 59.7
2019 62.2 62.4
2018 62.5 62
2017 62.5 63
2016 61.2 60
2015 61.7 58.5
2014 60.9 57.7
2013 60.6 54.1
2012 58.8 54.3
2011 60.3 55.4
2010 62.7 54.1
2009 61.4 55
2008 62.6 53.9
2007 62.8 54.9
2006 62 56.2
2005 64.9 56.6
2004 64.2 57.8
2003 64.3 56.7
2002 63.6 57.3
2001 63 54.8
2000 61.9 50.2
1999 61.6 51.7
1998 59.1 51.3
1997 58.1 50.5
1996 60.8 49.9
1995 61.2 53.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/ivory-coast | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 58.1 for Ivory Coast, ranking 111/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Ivory Coast
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
51.2%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
22.6%
2025
23.9%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.07%
2025
16.8%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.48T
2025
$91B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$62,870
2025
$7,750
2025
Total reserves including gold
$434B
2025
n/a
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2025
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$22B
2025
-$2.89B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$28.5B
2024
$3.12B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
$228M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
6.47%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
37.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.2%
2025
19.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.