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Economy of Italy vs Kyrgyzstan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Italy has a GDP of $2.55T compared to $22.6B for Kyrgyzstan, ranking 9/197 and 126/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.5T in government debt (137.1% of GDP), compared to $8.15B (36% of GDP) in Kyrgyzstan.

Italy vs Kyrgyzstan GDP by year

Italy
Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Kyrgyzstan
2025 $2,551,556,954,100 $22,623,752,095
2024 $2,383,435,562,458 $18,161,630,699
2023 $2,316,882,296,366 $15,180,842,369
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $12,134,931,018
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $9,249,133,946
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $8,270,468,614
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $9,371,275,264
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $8,271,106,235
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $7,702,938,379
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $6,813,095,379
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $6,678,177,512
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $7,468,102,413
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $7,335,033,801
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $6,605,142,884
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $6,197,765,984
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $4,794,361,863
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $4,690,061,381
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $5,139,958,909
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $3,802,570,553
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $2,834,168,889
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $2,460,246,766
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $2,211,534,585
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $1,919,008,090
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $1,605,643,105
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $1,525,116,370
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $1,369,688,498
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $1,249,061,487
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $1,645,963,750
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $1,767,864,036
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $1,827,570,586
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $1,661,147,035
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $1,681,780,847
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $2,026,019,253
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $2,315,346,943
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $2,542,256,424
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $2,660,202,623
1989 $930,801,709,004 -
1988 $893,663,934,841 -
1987 $807,570,134,449 -
1986 $641,862,313,287 -
1985 $453,259,761,687 -
1984 $438,896,930,791 -
1983 $444,063,496,940 -
1982 $428,257,421,618 -
1981 $431,695,533,981 -
1980 $478,356,755,596 -
1979 $394,584,507,108 -
1978 $315,784,469,541 -
1977 $258,190,019,750 -
1976 $225,235,205,862 -
1975 $228,220,643,535 -
1974 $200,024,444,775 -
1973 $175,896,529,392 -
1972 $145,594,833,997 -
1971 $124,959,712,859 -
1970 $113,656,669,765 -
1969 $100,996,667,239 -
1968 $91,485,448,148 -
1967 $84,401,995,573 -
1966 $76,622,444,787 -
1965 $70,717,012,186 -
1964 $65,720,771,779 -
1963 $60,035,924,618 -
1962 $52,413,872,628 -
1961 $46,649,487,320 -
1960 $42,012,422,612 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Kyrgyzstan by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $43,309 - $3,081 -
2024 $40,430 $62,014 $2,515 $8,012
2023 $39,280 $60,030 $2,138 $7,298
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $1,740 $6,578
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $1,350 $5,736
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $1,230 $5,179
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $1,422 $5,304
2018 $35,062 $43,387 $1,284 $4,778
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $1,221 $4,954
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $1,103 $4,604
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $1,106 $4,153
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $1,265 $4,228
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $1,270 $4,001
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $1,169 $3,589
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $1,117 $3,278
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $877 $3,076
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $870 $3,097
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $966 $3,031
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $722 $2,770
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $543 $2,508
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $477 $2,386
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $433 $2,343
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $381 $2,158
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $322 $1,998
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $308 $1,986
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $279.6 $1,862
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $258 $1,747
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $345 $1,687
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $376 $1,659
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $395 $1,505
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $364 $1,401
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $372 $1,466
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $449 $1,795
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $513 $2,075
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $570 $2,382
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $606 $2,544
1989 $16,424 - - -
1988 $15,781 - - -
1987 $14,268 - - -
1986 $11,341 - - -
1985 $8,009 - - -
1984 $7,758 - - -
1983 $7,851 - - -
1982 $7,574 - - -
1981 $7,640 - - -
1980 $8,476 - - -
1979 $7,006 - - -
1978 $5,623 - - -
1977 $4,614 - - -
1976 $4,042 - - -
1975 $4,116 - - -
1974 $3,629 - - -
1973 $3,213 - - -
1972 $2,677 - - -
1971 $2,311 - - -
1970 $2,112 - - -
1969 $1,886 - - -
1968 $1,718 - - -
1967 $1,595 - - -
1966 $1,459 - - -
1965 $1,357 - - -
1964 $1,272 - - -
1963 $1,171 - - -
1962 $1,030 - - -
1961 $923 - - -
1960 $837 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $43,309, ranking 29/197, compared to $3,081 in Kyrgyzstan, ranking 144/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while Kyrgyzstan ranks 141st at $8,012.

Economic indicators

Italy Kyrgyzstan
Gross domestic product
$2.55T
2025
$22.6B
2025
GDP rank
9/197
2025
126/197
2025
GDP growth
0.54%
2024-2025
11.1%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$43,309
2025
$3,081
2025
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2025
144/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$8,012
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
141/197
2024
Government debt
$3.5T
2025
$8.15B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
137.1%
2025
36%
2025
Government debt per person
$59,371
2025
$1,110
2025
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2025
141/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,424
2026
$2,331
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,235,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
89
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
22.9%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
4.2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
51.1%
2025
38.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.53%
2024-2025
8.2%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
12%
2026
Unemployment rate
6.1%
2025
3.5%
2023
Population
58708169
7505771

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Kyrgyzstan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Kyrgyzstan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 51.1% 137.1% 38.4% 36%
2024 50.4% 134.7% 32.5% 36.2%
2023 53.6% 133.9% 32.9% 42%
2022 54.9% 138.4% 35% 46.8%
2021 56% 145.8% 32.1% 56.2%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 32.1% 63.6%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 30.8% 48.8%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 33.1% 54.8%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 37% 58.8%
2016 49% 134.2% 38.9% 59.1%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 38.1% 67.1%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 38.5% 53.6%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 38.1% 47.1%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 40.6% 50.5%
2011 49% 119.1% 37.4% 50.1%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 37.1% 59.7%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 32.5% 58.5%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 27.9% 49%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 29.6% 57.7%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 29.1% 73.4%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 29.1% 85.7%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 28.5% 92.7%
2003 47% 105.1% 28.1% 108.2%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 29.3% 107.9%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 28.1% 108.2%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 30.2% 123.3%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 35.9% 119.6%
1998 48% 113.9% 35.9% 85.1%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 31.2% 64.8%
1996 51.3% 118.9% 28.6% 57.7%
1995 51.4% 119.1% 37.9% 52.4%
1994 55.1% 130.8% - -
1993 57.8% 124.1% - -
1992 56.8% 113% - -
1991 55.3% 105.3% - -
1990 54.2% 101.7% - -
1989 51.6% 91.8% - -
1988 50.4% 89.2% - -
1987 49.8% 87.4% - -
1986 50.5% 83.4% - -
1985 49.8% 79.1% - -
1984 49.1% 73.1% - -
1983 48.9% 67.8% - -
1982 46.7% 61.8% - -
1981 44.6% 57.3% - -
1980 40.8% 55.1% - -
1979 40.1% 58.9% - -
1978 40.9% 59.9% - -
1977 38.5% 56% - -
1976 38.1% 57.3% - -
1975 39.1% 57.9% - -
1974 34.8% 50.8% - -
1973 35.3% 51.1% - -
1972 36.4% 48.2% - -
1971 34.4% 42.4% - -
1970 32.3% 37.8% - -
1969 32.1% 37% - -
1968 32.6% 36.4% - -
1967 17.9% 33.3% - -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government spending was $1.3T, accounting for 51.1% of its GDP, while Kyrgyzstan spent $8.69B, or 38.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 137.1% in Italy and 36% in Kyrgyzstan, ranking 9/185 and 141/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Kyrgyzstan
2025 -3.11% -0.07%
2024 -3.35% 1.71%
2023 -7.13% 1.59%
2022 -8.1% -0.29%
2021 -8.88% -0.71%
2020 -9.38% -3.06%
2019 -1.45% -0.07%
2018 -2.19% -0.59%
2017 -2.51% -3.73%
2016 -2.4% -5.79%
2015 -2.46% -2.52%
2014 -2.82% -3.07%
2013 -2.87% -3.7%
2012 -2.99% -5.86%
2011 -3.52% -4.7%
2010 -4.16% -5.95%
2009 -5.06% 0.38%
2008 -2.58% 1.92%
2007 -1.33% 1.28%
2006 -3.61% -2.1%
2005 -4.1% -3.79%
2004 -3.46% -4.89%
2003 -3.23% -5.17%
2002 -2.88% -5.9%
2001 -3.18% -6.75%
2000 -2.42% -10.7%
1999 -1.77% -13.5%
1998 -2.99% -12%
1997 -2.98% -9.31%
1996 -6.61% -9.1%
1995 -7.2% -13.5%
1994 -8.84% -
1993 -9.76% -
1992 -10.1% -
1991 -11.1% -
1990 -11.1% -
1989 -11.4% -
1988 -11% -
1987 -11.5% -
1986 -12% -
1985 -12.4% -
1984 -11.5% -
1983 -10.1% -
1982 -10% -
1981 -10.9% -
1980 -6.97% -
1979 -8.23% -
1978 -8.47% -
1977 -6.96% -
1976 -7.88% -
1975 -10.3% -
1974 -6.24% -
1973 -6.36% -
1972 -6.84% -
1971 -4.71% -
1970 -3.22% -
1969 -2.85% -
1968 -2.55% -
1967 -0.97% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $79.4B, equivalent to 3.11% of GDP. This compares to Kyrgyzstan's deficit of $15.1M, or 0.07% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Kyrgyzstan ran a deficit in 26 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 3.89% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.19% of GDP for Kyrgyzstan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Kyrgyzstan
2025 1.53% 8.2%
2024 0.98% 5%
2023 5.62% 10.8%
2022 8.2% 13.9%
2021 1.87% 11.9%
2020 -0.14% 6.3%
2019 0.61% 1.1%
2018 1.14% 1.5%
2017 1.23% 3.2%
2016 -0.09% 0.4%
2015 0.04% 6.5%
2014 0.24% 7.5%
2013 1.22% 6.6%
2012 3.04% 2.8%
2011 2.78% 16.6%
2010 1.53% 8%
2009 0.77% 6.8%
2008 3.35% 24.5%
2007 1.83% 10.2%
2006 2.09% 5.6%
2005 1.99% 4.3%
2004 2.21% 4.1%
2003 2.67% 3%
2002 2.47% 2.1%
2001 2.79% 6.9%
2000 2.54% 19.7%
1999 1.66% 35.9%
1998 1.96% 10.5%
1997 2.04% 23.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.01%, compared with 9.22% in Kyrgyzstan. In 2025, inflation was 1.53% in Italy and 8.2% in Kyrgyzstan.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $183M
Machinery & equipment $140M
Chemicals & pharma $37.7M
Metals $18.5M
Precious metals & jewellery $8.74M
Wood & paper products $6.9M
Raw materials & minerals $6.54M
Raw agricultural goods $4.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.44M
Miscellaneous $783K
Kyrgyzstan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $1.22M
Precious metals & jewellery $232K
Miscellaneous $201K
Textiles & consumer goods $138K
Chemicals & pharma $134K
Machinery & equipment $113K
Wood & paper products $65K
Metals $29K
Raw agricultural goods $22K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $16K

Balance of trade

Italy Kyrgyzstan
Current account balance
$29.3B
2025
-$4.11B
2024
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2025
159/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.15%
2025
-22.6%
2024
Goods imports
$597B
2025
$11.7B
2024
Goods exports
$655B
2025
$5.14B
2024
Service imports
$177B
2025
$3.43B
2024
Service exports
$168B
2025
$3.32B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2025
65.6%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
26.8%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Kyrgyzstan
Economic freedom 63.3 56
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 126/197
Property rights 84.8 22.9
Government integrity 60.8 23.9
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 8.3
Tax burden 57.5 93.2
Government spending 15.3 65.6
Fiscal health 17.2 97.2
Business freedom 74.5 58.2
Labor freedom 70.6 52.3
Monetary freedom 79.1 68
Trade freedom 79.4 72.6
Investment freedom 80 60
Financial freedom 60 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Kyrgyzstan
2026 63.3 56
2025 60.9 55.6
2024 60.1 55.2
2023 62.3 55.8
2022 65.4 55.8
2021 64.9 63.7
2020 63.8 62.9
2019 62.2 62.3
2018 62.5 62.8
2017 62.5 61.1
2016 61.2 59.6
2015 61.7 61.3
2014 60.9 61.1
2013 60.6 59.6
2012 58.8 60.2
2011 60.3 61.1
2010 62.7 61.3
2009 61.4 61.8
2008 62.6 61.1
2007 62.8 60.2
2006 62 61
2005 64.9 56.6
2004 64.2 58
2003 64.3 56.8
2002 63.6 51.7
2001 63 53.7
2000 61.9 55.7
1999 61.6 54.8
1998 59.1 51.8
1997 58.1 -
1996 60.8 -
1995 61.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 56 for Kyrgyzstan, ranking 126/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Kyrgyzstan
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
51.2%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
22.6%
2025
26.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.07%
2025
8%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.48T
2025
$20.6B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$62,870
2025
$9,120
2025
Total reserves including gold
$434B
2025
$5.09B
2024
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2025
103/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$22B
2025
-$238M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$28.5B
2024
$255M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
$17.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.56%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
25.7%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.2%
2025
28%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.