Skip to content

Economy of Italy vs Seychelles compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Italy has a GDP of $2.38T compared to $2.17B for the Seychelles, ranking 8/197 and 178/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.22T in government debt (135.3% of GDP), compared to $1.25B (57.6% of GDP) in the Seychelles.

Italy vs Seychelles GDP by year

Italy
Seychelles
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Seychelles
2024 $2,380,825,077,244 $2,167,239,562
2023 $2,316,727,999,333 $2,187,379,755
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $2,018,346,589
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $1,487,173,795
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $1,382,551,752
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $1,868,690,097
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $1,784,313,927
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $1,675,370,641
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $1,568,513,348
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $1,432,403,352
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $1,387,577,870
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $1,333,160,407
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $1,089,407,839
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $1,058,918,707
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $981,616,542
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $850,901,620
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $979,597,394
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $1,077,308,814
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $1,081,441,283
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $977,899,382
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $893,012,218
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $750,847,230
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $742,134,838
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $662,064,156
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $654,212,394
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $662,838,615
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $647,287,376
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $598,966,982
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $535,250,347
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $540,733,048
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $517,570,058
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $504,230,621
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $461,409,399
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $398,307,170
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $392,163,561
1989 $930,801,709,004 $324,333,367
1988 $893,663,934,841 $301,985,618
1987 $807,570,134,449 $265,212,957
1986 $641,862,313,287 $221,147,061
1985 $453,259,761,687 $179,691,483
1984 $438,896,930,791 $160,992,921
1983 $444,063,496,940 $156,098,237
1982 $428,257,421,618 $157,211,790
1981 $431,695,533,981 $163,750,728
1980 $478,356,755,596 $156,783,830
1979 $394,584,507,108 $127,261,099
1978 $315,784,469,541 $85,552,366
1977 $258,190,019,750 $64,526,401
1976 $225,235,205,862 $49,278,982
1975 $228,220,643,535 $47,803,146
1974 $200,024,444,775 $43,134,496
1973 $175,896,529,392 $36,896,280
1972 $145,594,833,997 $30,645,123
1971 $124,959,712,859 $21,965,951
1970 $113,656,669,765 $18,432,032
1969 $100,996,667,239 $16,452,028
1968 $91,485,448,148 $16,074,028
1967 $84,401,995,573 $16,632,032
1966 $76,622,444,787 $16,443,034
1965 $70,717,012,186 $15,603,032
1964 $65,720,771,779 $15,393,032
1963 $60,035,924,618 $13,923,029
1962 $52,413,872,628 $12,642,026
1961 $46,649,487,320 $11,592,024
1960 $42,012,422,612 $12,012,025

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/seychelles | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Seychelles by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Seychelles
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Seychelles
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $40,385 $62,014 $17,859 $33,239
2023 $39,277 $60,030 $18,263 $31,781
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $16,837 $29,973
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $14,983 $29,980
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $14,041 $31,056
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $19,142 $34,219
2018 $34,904 $43,387 $18,440 $32,091
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $17,480 $30,675
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $16,567 $28,811
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $15,333 $25,435
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $15,188 $24,985
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $14,821 $22,487
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $12,337 $22,264
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $12,110 $21,781
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $10,935 $18,982
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $9,747 $18,453
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $11,265 $18,881
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $12,669 $19,473
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $12,783 $17,503
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $11,802 $15,846
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $10,828 $14,160
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $9,070 $14,142
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $8,864 $14,570
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $8,153 $14,615
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $8,064 $14,638
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $8,243 $13,853
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $8,210 $13,675
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $7,747 $13,458
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $7,004 $11,931
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $7,181 $10,809
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $6,975 $10,692
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $6,979 $11,020
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $6,520 $10,243
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $5,655 $9,387
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $5,642 $8,955
1989 $16,424 - $4,689 -
1988 $15,781 - $4,392 -
1987 $14,268 - $3,872 -
1986 $11,341 - $3,368 -
1985 $8,009 - $2,754 -
1984 $7,758 - $2,488 -
1983 $7,851 - $2,426 -
1982 $7,574 - $2,441 -
1981 $7,640 - $2,557 -
1980 $8,476 - $2,478 -
1979 $7,006 - $2,030 -
1978 $5,623 - $1,377 -
1977 $4,614 - $1,044 -
1976 $4,042 - $814 -
1975 $4,116 - $806 -
1974 $3,629 - $745 -
1973 $3,213 - $649 -
1972 $2,677 - $547 -
1971 $2,311 - $402 -
1970 $2,112 - $344 -
1969 $1,886 - $314 -
1968 $1,718 - $314 -
1967 $1,595 - $333 -
1966 $1,459 - $338 -
1965 $1,357 - $328 -
1964 $1,272 - $332 -
1963 $1,171 - $308 -
1962 $1,030 - $287 -
1961 $923 - $270.3 -
1960 $837 - $288.1 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/seychelles | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $40,385, ranking 29/197, compared to $17,859 in the Seychelles, ranking 63/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while the Seychelles ranks 67th at $33,239.

Economic indicators

Italy Seychelles
Gross domestic product
$2.38T
2024
$2.17B
2024
GDP rank
8/197
2024
178/197
2024
GDP growth
0.69%
2023-2024
3.47%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$40,385
2024
$17,859
2024
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2024
63/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$33,239
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
67/197
2024
Government debt
$3.22T
2024
$1.25B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
135.3%
2024
57.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$54,652
2024
$10,288
2024
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2024
57/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,800
2026
$10,944
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
$811M
2024
Number of millionaires
1,344,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
74
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
23.9%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
2.6%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.6%
2024
33.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.98%
2023-2024
0.31%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.75%
2024
Unemployment rate
6.5%
2024
2.59%
2024
Population
58562681
126311

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Seychelles
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Seychelles
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 50.6% 135.3% 33.8% 57.6%
2023 54% 134.6% 32.9% 55.3%
2022 54.9% 138.3% 31.3% 60%
2021 56% 145.8% 38.8% 71%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 46.7% 77.4%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 31.7% 48.9%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 33% 51.3%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 34.3% 56.7%
2016 49% 134.2% 34.5% 62.8%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 31.5% 64.7%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 33.4% 70.4%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 37.8% 68.2%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 38.6% 80.1%
2011 49% 119.1% 36.4% 82.5%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 34.6% 82.2%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 32.1% 106.1%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 27% 192.1%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 41.9% 144%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 43.6% 135.1%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 39% 144.1%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 39.9% 163.2%
2003 47% 105.1% 44.6% 177%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 56.3% 195.9%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 46.8% 199.8%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 55.4% 177.8%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 56.1% 159.8%
1998 48% 113.9% 60.7% 161.2%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 54.7% 143%
1996 51.3% 118.9% 59.1% 146.7%
1995 51.4% 119.1% 53.1% 133.5%
1994 55.1% 130.8% 63.6% 123.5%
1993 57.8% 124.1% 60.4% 82.2%
1992 56.8% 113% 50.7% 79.9%
1991 55.3% 105.3% 52.1% 89.2%
1990 54.2% 101.7% 46.1% 80.4%
1989 51.6% 91.8% 51.7% 39.9%
1988 50.4% 89.2% 46.7% 41.3%
1987 49.8% 87.4% 49.7% 37%
1986 50.5% 83.4% 58% 31.5%
1985 49.8% 79.1% 53% 26.5%
1984 49.1% 73.1% 50.5% 15.3%
1983 48.9% 67.8% 47.9% 12.4%
1982 46.7% 61.8% - -
1981 44.6% 57.3% - -
1980 40.8% 55.1% - -
1979 40.1% 58.9% - -
1978 40.9% 59.9% - -
1977 38.5% 56% - -
1976 38.1% 57.3% - -
1975 39.1% 57.9% - -
1974 34.8% 50.8% - -
1973 35.3% 51.1% - -
1972 36.4% 48.2% - -
1971 34.4% 42.4% - -
1970 32.3% 37.8% - -
1969 32.1% 37% - -
1968 32.6% 36.4% - -
1967 17.9% 33.3% - -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/seychelles | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government spending was $1.2T, accounting for 50.6% of its GDP, while the Seychelles spent $732M, or 33.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 135.3% in Italy and 57.6% in the Seychelles, ranking 8/185 and 85/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Seychelles
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Seychelles
2024 -3.45% -0.69%
2023 -7.24% -1.14%
2022 -8.11% -0.76%
2021 -8.88% -5.76%
2020 -9.38% -15.7%
2019 -1.45% 0.42%
2018 -2.19% -0.8%
2017 -2.51% -1.67%
2016 -2.4% 0.02%
2015 -2.46% 1.39%
2014 -2.82% 2.87%
2013 -2.87% 0.33%
2012 -2.99% 2.93%
2011 -3.52% 3.36%
2010 -4.16% 0.52%
2009 -5.06% 4.84%
2008 -2.58% 7.88%
2007 -1.33% -9.93%
2006 -3.61% -2.54%
2005 -4.1% 0.42%
2004 -3.46% 0.44%
2003 -3.23% 3.4%
2002 -2.88% -16.3%
2001 -3.18% -8.93%
2000 -2.42% -14.7%
1999 -1.77% -10.3%
1998 -2.99% -16.7%
1997 -2.98% -5.91%
1996 -6.61% -9.69%
1995 -7.2% -2.58%
1994 -8.84% -6.95%
1993 -9.76% -3.62%
1992 -10.1% 6.44%
1991 -11.1% 3.15%
1990 -11.1% 11.9%
1989 -11.4% 8.26%
1988 -11% 11.8%
1987 -11.5% 2.77%
1986 -12% -10.1%
1985 -12.4% -4.86%
1984 -11.5% -6.09%
1983 -10.1% -3.13%
1982 -10% -
1981 -10.9% -
1980 -6.97% -
1979 -8.23% -
1978 -8.47% -
1977 -6.96% -
1976 -7.88% -
1975 -10.3% -
1974 -6.24% -
1973 -6.36% -
1972 -6.84% -
1971 -4.71% -
1970 -3.22% -
1969 -2.85% -
1968 -2.55% -
1967 -0.97% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/seychelles | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $82B, equivalent to 3.45% of GDP. This compares to the Seychelles' deficit of $15M, or 0.69% of GDP.

Over the past 42 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 42 of those years, while the Seychelles ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 5.92% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.04% of GDP for the Seychelles.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Seychelles
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Seychelles
2024 0.98% 0.31%
2023 5.62% -1.04%
2022 8.2% 2.63%
2021 1.87% 9.77%
2020 -0.14% 1.2%
2019 0.61% 1.81%
2018 1.14% 3.7%
2017 1.23% 2.86%
2016 -0.09% -1.02%
2015 0.04% 4.04%
2014 0.24% 1.39%
2013 1.22% 4.34%
2012 3.04% 7.11%
2011 2.78% 2.56%
2010 1.53% -2.4%
2009 0.77% 31.8%
2008 3.35% 37%
2007 1.83% 5.32%
2006 2.09% -0.35%
2005 1.99% 0.91%
2004 2.21% 3.86%
2003 2.67% 3.3%
2002 2.47% 0.18%
2001 2.79% 5.97%
2000 2.54% 6.27%
1999 1.66% 6.35%
1998 1.96% 2.58%
1997 2.04% 0.62%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/seychelles | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.02%, compared with 5.03% in the Seychelles. In 2024, inflation was 0.98% in Italy and 0.31% in the Seychelles.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $8.76M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.82M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.92M
Chemicals & pharma $1.45M
Precious metals & jewellery $780K
Raw agricultural goods $681K
Metals $620K
Animal & marine products $460K
Raw materials & minerals $162K
Wood & paper products $151K
Seychelles
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $48.9M
Machinery & equipment $401K
Animal & marine products $271K
Precious metals & jewellery $22K
Textiles & consumer goods $16K
Chemicals & pharma $5K
Wood & paper products $1K

Balance of trade

Italy Seychelles
Current account balance
$25.8B
2024
-$176M
2024
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2024
97/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.08%
2024
-8.11%
2024
Goods imports
$562B
2024
$1.39B
2024
Goods exports
$621B
2024
$595M
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$1B
2024
Service exports
$155B
2024
$1.71B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2024
103.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.5%
2024
85.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Seychelles
Economic freedom 63.3 66.5
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 60/197
Property rights 84.8 82.6
Government integrity 60.8 71.7
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 61.7
Tax burden 57.5 77.3
Government spending 15.3 68
Fiscal health 17.2 92.2
Business freedom 74.5 71.3
Labor freedom 70.6 52
Monetary freedom 79.1 79.8
Trade freedom 79.4 81.2
Investment freedom 80 30
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Seychelles
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Seychelles
2026 63.3 66.5
2025 60.9 66.4
2024 60.1 60.4
2023 62.3 59.5
2022 65.4 61.1
2021 64.9 66.3
2020 63.8 64.3
2019 62.2 61.4
2018 62.5 61.6
2017 62.5 61.8
2016 61.2 62.2
2015 61.7 57.5
2014 60.9 56.2
2013 60.6 54.9
2012 58.8 53
2011 60.3 51.2
2010 62.7 47.9
2009 61.4 47.8
2008 62.6 -
2007 62.8 -
2006 62 -
2005 64.9 -
2004 64.2 -
2003 64.3 -
2002 63.6 -
2001 63 -
2000 61.9 -
1999 61.6 -
1998 59.1 -
1997 58.1 -
1996 60.8 -
1995 61.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/seychelles | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 66.5 for the Seychelles, ranking 60/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Seychelles
Services, % of GDP
65%
2024
65.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
12.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2%
2024
2.45%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.28T
2024
$2.12B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$61,620
2024
$32,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$291B
2024
$774M
2024
Total reserves ranking
12/177
2024
145/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$19B
2024
-$262M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$26.9B
2024
$226M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
-$35.4M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
25.3%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.6%
2024
17.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/seychelles | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.