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Economy of Italy vs Saint Lucia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Italy has a GDP of $2.38T compared to $2.55B for Saint Lucia, ranking 8/197 and 173/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.22T in government debt (135.3% of GDP), compared to $1.97B (77.2% of GDP) in Saint Lucia.

Italy vs Saint Lucia GDP by year

Italy
Saint Lucia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Saint Lucia
2024 $2,380,825,077,244 $2,549,062,963
2023 $2,316,727,999,333 $2,430,166,667
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $2,342,714,815
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $1,867,185,185
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $1,499,274,074
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $2,095,344,444
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $2,060,955,556
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $1,998,503,704
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $1,868,544,444
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $1,807,640,741
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $1,749,185,185
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $1,660,392,593
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $1,598,207,407
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $1,568,370,370
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $1,482,385,185
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $1,401,507,889
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $1,437,731,111
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $1,336,088,815
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $1,268,319,185
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $1,135,555,556
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $1,066,666,667
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $987,407,407
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $900,000,000
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $892,592,593
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $932,592,593
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $921,851,852
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $877,407,407
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $805,925,926
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $788,888,889
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $762,962,963
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $713,703,704
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $684,814,815
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $674,074,074
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $613,703,704
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $579,629,630
1989 $930,801,709,004 $486,666,667
1988 $893,663,934,841 $429,629,630
1987 $807,570,134,449 $375,555,556
1986 $641,862,313,287 $340,000,000
1985 $453,259,761,687 $284,444,444
1984 $438,896,930,791 $251,481,481
1983 $444,063,496,940 $197,037,037
1982 $428,257,421,618 $183,333,333
1981 $431,695,533,981 $194,444,444
1980 $478,356,755,596 $170,370,370
1979 $394,584,507,108 -
1978 $315,784,469,541 -
1977 $258,190,019,750 -
1976 $225,235,205,862 -
1975 $228,220,643,535 -
1974 $200,024,444,775 -
1973 $175,896,529,392 -
1972 $145,594,833,997 -
1971 $124,959,712,859 -
1970 $113,656,669,765 -
1969 $100,996,667,239 -
1968 $91,485,448,148 -
1967 $84,401,995,573 -
1966 $76,622,444,787 -
1965 $70,717,012,186 -
1964 $65,720,771,779 -
1963 $60,035,924,618 -
1962 $52,413,872,628 -
1961 $46,649,487,320 -
1960 $42,012,422,612 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-lucia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Saint Lucia by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Saint Lucia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Saint Lucia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $40,385 $62,014 $14,182 $27,567
2023 $39,277 $60,030 $13,555 $25,975
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $13,104 $24,599
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $10,459 $19,101
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $8,411 $14,912
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $11,794 $18,710
2018 $34,904 $43,387 $11,643 $17,433
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $11,333 $16,131
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $10,638 $15,307
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $10,335 $14,353
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $10,045 $14,403
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $9,577 $14,010
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $9,260 $13,443
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $9,129 $13,471
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $8,674 $12,718
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $8,251 $12,600
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $8,517 $12,969
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $7,964 $12,199
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $7,611 $11,758
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $6,863 $10,818
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $6,495 $10,610
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $6,059 $9,707
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $5,568 $9,205
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $5,570 $9,106
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $5,880 $9,314
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $5,883 $9,214
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $5,673 $8,965
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $5,282 $8,456
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $5,244 $8,490
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $5,148 $8,222
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $4,892 $8,041
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $4,765 $7,865
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $4,760 $7,753
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $4,399 $7,127
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $4,205 $6,951
1989 $16,424 - $3,565 -
1988 $15,781 - $3,182 -
1987 $14,268 - $2,819 -
1986 $11,341 - $2,591 -
1985 $8,009 - $2,202 -
1984 $7,758 - $1,979 -
1983 $7,851 - $1,576 -
1982 $7,574 - $1,489 -
1981 $7,640 - $1,605 -
1980 $8,476 - $1,428 -
1979 $7,006 - - -
1978 $5,623 - - -
1977 $4,614 - - -
1976 $4,042 - - -
1975 $4,116 - - -
1974 $3,629 - - -
1973 $3,213 - - -
1972 $2,677 - - -
1971 $2,311 - - -
1970 $2,112 - - -
1969 $1,886 - - -
1968 $1,718 - - -
1967 $1,595 - - -
1966 $1,459 - - -
1965 $1,357 - - -
1964 $1,272 - - -
1963 $1,171 - - -
1962 $1,030 - - -
1961 $923 - - -
1960 $837 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-lucia | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $40,385, ranking 29/197, compared to $14,182 in Saint Lucia, ranking 70/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while Saint Lucia ranks 75th at $27,567.

Economic indicators

Italy Saint Lucia
Gross domestic product
$2.38T
2024
$2.55B
2024
GDP rank
8/197
2024
173/197
2024
GDP growth
0.69%
2023-2024
3.89%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$40,385
2024
$14,182
2024
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2024
70/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$27,567
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
75/197
2024
Government debt
$3.22T
2024
$1.97B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
135.3%
2024
77.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$54,652
2024
$10,952
2024
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2024
52/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,800
2026
$10,412
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,344,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
74
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
34.1%
2015
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
2.1%
2015
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.6%
2024
24.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.98%
2023-2024
-0.11%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
6.5%
2024
10.1%
2024
Population
58562681
180638

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Saint Lucia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Saint Lucia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 50.6% 135.3% 24.5% 77.2%
2023 54% 134.6% 25.6% 76.6%
2022 54.9% 138.3% 23% 74.4%
2021 56% 145.8% 27.4% 87%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 34.9% 100%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 25.1% 62.1%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 23.2% 60.5%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 23.3% 60.4%
2016 49% 134.2% 23% 61.3%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 23.7% 61.1%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 23.6% 62.4%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 25.4% 62.1%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 28% 60.8%
2011 49% 119.1% 27% 55.2%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 26% 53%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 24.5% 51%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 22.2% 46.7%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 22.6% 49.1%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 24.7% 48.6%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 26% 51.9%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 22.9% 49.6%
2003 47% 105.1% 22.9% 45.6%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 23.6% 48.8%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 22.1% 38.1%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 20.7% 32.5%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 20.9% 28.9%
1998 48% 113.9% 18.8% 29.4%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 19.5% 27.2%
1996 51.3% 118.9% 18.9% 24.1%
1995 51.4% 119.1% 19.2% 22.9%
1994 55.1% 130.8% 19.1% 23.8%
1993 57.8% 124.1% 21.8% 22.9%
1992 56.8% 113% 18.4% 22.2%
1991 55.3% 105.3% 18.4% 19.8%
1990 54.2% 101.7% 16.7% 17%
1989 51.6% 91.8% 19% 18.1%
1988 50.4% 89.2% 18.2% 18.6%
1987 49.8% 87.4% 19.9% 19.6%
1986 50.5% 83.4% 21.1% 17.2%
1985 49.8% 79.1% 20.4% 17.1%
1984 49.1% 73.1% - -
1983 48.9% 67.8% - -
1982 46.7% 61.8% - -
1981 44.6% 57.3% - -
1980 40.8% 55.1% - -
1979 40.1% 58.9% - -
1978 40.9% 59.9% - -
1977 38.5% 56% - -
1976 38.1% 57.3% - -
1975 39.1% 57.9% - -
1974 34.8% 50.8% - -
1973 35.3% 51.1% - -
1972 36.4% 48.2% - -
1971 34.4% 42.4% - -
1970 32.3% 37.8% - -
1969 32.1% 37% - -
1968 32.6% 36.4% - -
1967 17.9% 33.3% - -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-lucia | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government spending was $1.2T, accounting for 50.6% of its GDP, while Saint Lucia spent $625M, or 24.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 135.3% in Italy and 77.2% in Saint Lucia, ranking 8/185 and 46/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Saint Lucia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Saint Lucia
2024 -3.45% -2.13%
2023 -7.24% -3.09%
2022 -8.11% -1.67%
2021 -8.88% -5.1%
2020 -9.38% -12%
2019 -1.45% -3.51%
2018 -2.19% -1.03%
2017 -2.51% -1.14%
2016 -2.4% -0.79%
2015 -2.46% -2.35%
2014 -2.82% -3.08%
2013 -2.87% -4.84%
2012 -2.99% -7.62%
2011 -3.52% -5.38%
2010 -4.16% -4.17%
2009 -5.06% -2.67%
2008 -2.58% -0.72%
2007 -1.33% -1.62%
2006 -3.61% -5.07%
2005 -4.1% -6.18%
2004 -3.46% -2.63%
2003 -3.23% -3.23%
2002 -2.88% -3.1%
2001 -3.18% -3.08%
2000 -2.42% -1.16%
1999 -1.77% 1.62%
1998 -2.99% 2.25%
1997 -2.98% -1.13%
1996 -6.61% -0.58%
1995 -7.2% -0.13%
1994 -8.84% -0.02%
1993 -9.76% -0.26%
1992 -10.1% -0.66%
1991 -11.1% -0.43%
1990 -11.1% 0.29%
1989 -11.4% 0.89%
1988 -11% 2.02%
1987 -11.5% 0.56%
1986 -12% -1.61%
1985 -12.4% -1.5%
1984 -11.5% -
1983 -10.1% -
1982 -10% -
1981 -10.9% -
1980 -6.97% -
1979 -8.23% -
1978 -8.47% -
1977 -6.96% -
1976 -7.88% -
1975 -10.3% -
1974 -6.24% -
1973 -6.36% -
1972 -6.84% -
1971 -4.71% -
1970 -3.22% -
1969 -2.85% -
1968 -2.55% -
1967 -0.97% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-lucia | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $82B, equivalent to 3.45% of GDP. This compares to Saint Lucia's deficit of $54.2M, or 2.13% of GDP.

Over the past 40 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 40 of those years, while Saint Lucia ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 5.68% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.15% of GDP for Saint Lucia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Saint Lucia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Saint Lucia
2024 0.98% -0.11%
2023 5.62% 4.07%
2022 8.2% 6.38%
2021 1.87% 2.41%
2020 -0.14% -1.76%
2019 0.61% 0.54%
2018 1.14% 1.94%
2017 1.23% 0.1%
2016 -0.09% -3.08%
2015 0.04% -0.98%
2014 0.24% 3.52%
2013 1.22% 1.47%
2012 3.04% 4.18%
2011 2.78% 2.77%
2010 1.53% 3.25%
2009 0.77% -0.16%
2008 3.35% 5.55%
2007 1.83% 2.82%
2006 2.09% 2.4%
2005 1.99% 3.9%
2004 2.21% 1.46%
2003 2.67% 1.03%
2002 2.47% -0.26%
2001 2.79% 5.31%
2000 2.54% 3.71%
1999 1.66% 3.5%
1998 1.96% 3.2%
1997 2.04% -0.006%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-lucia | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.02%, compared with 2.04% in Saint Lucia. In 2024, inflation was 0.98% in Italy and -0.11% in Saint Lucia.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.78M
Precious metals & jewellery $540K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $462K
Textiles & consumer goods $457K
Chemicals & pharma $168K
Raw materials & minerals $95K
Metals $66K
Wood & paper products $41K
Animal & marine products $12K
Raw agricultural goods $9K
Saint Lucia
Export category Export value

Balance of trade

Italy Saint Lucia
Current account balance
$25.8B
2024
-$64.1M
2024
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2024
86/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.08%
2024
-2.52%
2024
Goods imports
$562B
2024
$848M
2024
Goods exports
$621B
2024
$137M
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$598M
2024
Service exports
$155B
2024
$1.46B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.5%
2024
19%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Saint Lucia
Economic freedom 63.3 67.5
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 57/197
Property rights 84.8 64.3
Government integrity 60.8 59.7
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 77.3
Tax burden 57.5 77.7
Government spending 15.3 82.6
Fiscal health 17.2 80
Business freedom 74.5 71.9
Labor freedom 70.6 65.2
Monetary freedom 79.1 81
Trade freedom 79.4 60
Investment freedom 80 50
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Saint Lucia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Saint Lucia
2026 63.3 67.5
2025 60.9 67
2024 60.1 62.2
2023 62.3 60.7
2022 65.4 64.3
2021 64.9 67.5
2020 63.8 68.2
2019 62.2 68.7
2018 62.5 67.6
2017 62.5 65
2016 61.2 70
2015 61.7 70.2
2014 60.9 70.7
2013 60.6 70.4
2012 58.8 71.3
2011 60.3 70.8
2010 62.7 70.5
2009 61.4 68.8
2008 62.6 -
2007 62.8 -
2006 62 -
2005 64.9 -
2004 64.2 -
2003 64.3 -
2002 63.6 -
2001 63 -
2000 61.9 -
1999 61.6 -
1998 59.1 -
1997 58.1 -
1996 60.8 -
1995 61.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-lucia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 67.5 for Saint Lucia, ranking 57/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Saint Lucia
Services, % of GDP
65%
2024
75.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
9.75%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2%
2024
1.13%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.28T
2024
$2.27B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$61,620
2024
$24,840
2024
Total reserves including gold
$291B
2024
$406M
2024
Total reserves ranking
12/177
2024
162/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$19B
2024
-$187M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$26.9B
2024
$187M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
-$350K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.42%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
25%
2016
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.6%
2024
n/a

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/saint-lucia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.