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Economy of Iraq vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Iraq has a GDP of $280B compared to $2.37T for Italy, ranking 51/197 and 8/197 by economy size, respectively.

Iraq has $120B in government debt (50.2% of GDP), compared to $3.21T (137.3% of GDP) in Italy.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Iraq
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Italy
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Iraq Italy
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $1,537,252,193 $7,007,485,325 $42,012,422,612 $488,503,132,608
1961 $1,671,960,965 $7,520,837,448 $46,649,487,320 $528,595,785,998
1962 $1,784,174,541 $7,867,047,599 $52,413,872,628 $561,388,020,896
1963 $1,805,901,510 $8,059,609,508 $60,035,924,618 $592,880,361,770
1964 $2,136,408,198 $9,254,568,662 $65,720,771,779 $609,467,389,164
1965 $2,335,785,506 $10,250,719,342 $70,717,012,186 $629,384,928,005
1966 $2,530,306,096 $10,759,449,895 $76,622,444,787 $667,052,320,831
1967 $2,551,522,656 $9,806,505,272 $84,401,995,573 $714,937,421,886
1968 $2,896,598,841 $11,719,960,412 $91,485,448,148 $761,726,892,208
1969 $3,007,758,797 $12,100,177,781 $100,996,667,239 $808,177,455,098
1970 $3,281,318,687 $12,650,053,065 $113,656,669,765 $851,095,738,477
1971 $3,865,346,535 $13,329,936,812 $124,959,712,859 $866,569,577,729
1972 $4,113,848,002 $13,827,850,447 $145,594,833,997 $898,550,204,801
1973 $5,134,367,778 $14,438,869,358 $175,896,529,392 $962,579,655,370
1974 $11,516,762,614 $16,765,457,418 $200,024,444,775 $1,015,522,894,586
1975 $13,458,516,763 $18,859,574,485 $228,220,643,535 $994,296,811,886
1976 $17,754,825,601 $22,098,725,967 $225,235,205,862 $1,065,144,288,780
1977 $19,838,130,715 $22,518,592,787 $258,190,019,750 $1,092,417,317,093
1978 $23,762,275,652 $26,359,581,202 $315,784,469,541 $1,127,813,165,154
1979 $37,816,457,839 $31,860,629,534 $394,584,507,108 $1,195,021,350,830
1980 $52,569,000,000 $39,747,322,740 $478,356,755,596 $1,236,010,778,504
1981 $37,823,000,000 $39,457,673,065 $431,695,533,981 $1,246,445,522,983
1982 $42,382,333,333 $40,812,640,889 $428,257,421,618 $1,251,600,643,353
1983 $40,712,903,226 $35,477,076,846 $444,063,496,940 $1,266,234,400,973
1984 $46,938,387,097 $34,950,156,507 $438,896,930,791 $1,307,081,253,664
1985 $48,425,161,290 $35,458,295,527 $453,259,761,687 $1,343,654,508,026
1986 $47,264,516,129 $37,106,251,927 $641,862,313,287 $1,382,082,648,971
1987 $56,774,193,548 $40,559,093,083 $807,570,134,449 $1,426,198,182,881
1988 $62,684,516,129 $40,551,371,874 $893,663,934,841 $1,486,018,315,012
1989 $65,831,935,484 $39,286,763,062 $930,801,709,004 $1,536,370,314,480
1990 $180,408,064,516 $62,001,516,292 $1,183,945,130,899 $1,566,879,170,826
1991 $407,796,350 $22,291,338,827 $1,249,092,439,519 $1,590,984,785,700
1992 $553,671,958 $29,556,579,056 $1,323,204,350,354 $1,604,257,980,661
1993 $1,031,944,881 $38,509,216,456 $1,067,412,587,671 $1,590,576,776,648
1994 $3,991,349,283 $39,993,566,700 $1,101,750,159,702 $1,624,790,459,615
1995 $12,894,029,888 $40,841,438,912 $1,177,369,428,266 $1,671,695,507,214
1996 $10,433,698,621 $45,342,486,348 $1,314,776,508,972 $1,694,189,587,392
1997 $20,764,857,056 $54,972,294,638 $1,244,988,176,444 $1,726,814,955,887
1998 $20,617,405,044 $74,213,129,684 $1,272,729,786,997 $1,757,973,143,578
1999 $36,881,601,584 $87,259,924,322 $1,255,004,736,464 $1,787,471,784,896
2000 $48,364,250,944 $101,916,218,527 $1,149,661,363,439 $1,856,863,206,513
2001 $36,176,430,129 $103,716,679,378 $1,172,041,488,806 $1,894,119,928,193
2002 $32,928,454,672 $95,208,069,161 $1,281,746,271,196 $1,899,232,719,747
2003 $21,921,569,479 $60,307,856,289 $1,582,930,016,539 $1,900,496,731,462
2004 $36,633,669,269 $92,503,535,427 $1,812,808,753,295 $1,928,510,465,814
2005 $50,065,104,668 $94,053,181,142 $1,864,982,261,287 $1,943,213,635,519
2006 $65,147,051,918 $99,356,180,856 $1,958,563,654,386 $1,978,181,374,738
2007 $88,837,057,320 $101,232,561,441 $2,222,524,108,128 $2,007,108,163,772
2008 $131,614,434,154 $109,562,085,020 $2,417,508,414,187 $1,986,572,667,176
2009 $111,657,580,326 $113,264,515,567 $2,209,484,319,013 $1,881,181,927,615
2010 $138,516,722,650 $120,516,349,622 $2,144,936,254,535 $1,909,947,188,309
2011 $185,749,664,444 $129,611,081,239 $2,306,974,020,278 $1,923,230,167,273
2012 $218,002,476,129 $147,674,239,073 $2,097,929,495,122 $1,863,124,632,394
2013 $234,637,675,129 $158,939,252,264 $2,153,225,581,941 $1,829,252,558,793
2014 $228,415,656,175 $162,537,141,324 $2,173,255,507,986 $1,829,227,175,768
2015 $166,774,104,959 $166,774,104,959 $1,845,428,048,839 $1,845,428,048,839
2016 $166,743,557,748 $189,767,872,908 $1,887,111,188,177 $1,868,241,619,490
2017 $187,217,660,051 $186,314,571,375 $1,970,720,904,585 $1,898,202,609,462
2018 $227,367,469,034 $191,221,819,559 $2,099,435,266,459 $1,913,894,038,927
2019 $233,636,097,800 $201,765,390,224 $2,019,606,796,584 $1,922,107,755,078
2020 $180,898,797,517 $177,479,307,670 $1,907,481,094,079 $1,751,650,987,235
2021 $209,691,945,713 $180,145,367,593 $2,179,207,773,596 $1,908,092,024,821
2022 $287,372,232,138 $194,483,223,959 $2,104,067,630,319 $2,000,084,512,920
2023 $268,881,051,644 $195,490,074,355 $2,304,605,139,863 $2,014,392,567,519
2024 $279,641,257,615 $192,469,260,104 $2,372,774,547,793 $2,029,012,875,282

Economic indicators

Iraq Italy
Gross domestic product
$280B
2024
$2.37T
2024
GDP rank
51/197
2024
8/197
2024
GDP growth
4%
2023-2024
2.96%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$6,074
2024
$40,226
2024
GDP per capita rank
114/197
2024
29/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$14,464
2024
$60,847
2024
Government debt
$120B
2024
$3.21T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
50.2%
2025
137.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,606
2024
$54,420
2024
Government debt per person rank
108/185
2024
6/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,159
2025
$23,309
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,338,142
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
74
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.2%
2023
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
42.1%
2025
50.8%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
-12.3%
2023-2024
0.98%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
16.2%
2021
6.5%
2024
Population
47813338
58790597

GDP per capita in Iraq vs Italy

Iraq's GDP per capita is $6,074, ranking 114/197, compared to $40,226 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Iraq ranks 115th at $14,464, while Italy ranks 31st at $60,847.

Iraq
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Iraq Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $218.9 - $837 -
1961 $232.4 - $923 -
1962 $240.7 - $1,030 -
1963 $235.5 - $1,171 -
1964 $269.4 - $1,272 -
1965 $284.8 - $1,357 -
1966 $298.2 - $1,459 -
1967 $290.6 - $1,595 -
1968 $319 - $1,718 -
1969 $320 - $1,886 -
1970 $337 - $2,112 -
1971 $384 - $2,311 -
1972 $394 - $2,677 -
1973 $476 - $3,213 -
1974 $1,031 - $3,629 -
1975 $1,166 - $4,116 -
1976 $1,489 - $4,042 -
1977 $1,609 - $4,614 -
1978 $1,863 - $5,623 -
1979 $2,871 - $7,006 -
1980 $3,868 - $8,476 -
1981 $2,700 - $7,640 -
1982 $2,942 - $7,574 -
1983 $2,743 - $7,851 -
1984 $3,066 - $7,758 -
1985 $3,088 - $8,009 -
1986 $2,940 - $11,341 -
1987 $3,436 - $14,268 -
1988 $3,707 - $15,781 -
1989 $3,791 - $16,424 -
1990 $10,261 - $20,874 $18,668
1991 $23 $2,694 $22,007 $19,583
1992 $30.3 $3,547 $23,297 $20,182
1993 $53.7 $4,509 $18,782 $20,472
1994 $198.2 $4,560 $19,382 $21,354
1995 $619 $4,598 $20,712 $22,431
1996 $485 $5,034 $23,123 $23,092
1997 $936 $6,020 $21,884 $23,931
1998 $901 $7,964 $22,365 $25,074
1999 $1,560 $9,194 $22,050 $25,655
2000 $1,980 $10,628 $20,190 $27,146
2001 $1,436 $10,720 $20,570 $28,137
2002 $1,266 $9,682 $22,451 $28,833
2003 $818 $6,068 $27,578 $29,253
2004 $1,328 $9,290 $31,348 $29,585
2005 $1,762 $9,457 $32,063 $30,138
2006 $2,277 $10,223 $33,537 $32,461
2007 $3,129 $10,783 $37,826 $34,109
2008 $4,543 $11,657 $40,829 $35,422
2009 $3,715 $11,687 $37,100 $34,484
2010 $4,462 $12,186 $35,857 $34,978
2011 $5,776 $12,912 $38,432 $36,392
2012 $6,478 $14,402 $34,854 $36,281
2013 $6,650 $14,669 $35,702 $36,459
2014 $6,249 $13,168 $36,028 $36,666
2015 $4,440 $9,334 $30,640 $37,394
2016 $4,334 $9,079 $31,392 $40,483
2017 $4,759 $10,192 $32,844 $42,142
2018 $5,647 $12,034 $34,904 $43,387
2019 $5,672 $12,249 $33,813 $46,662
2020 $4,295 $10,574 $32,091 $44,436
2021 $4,868 $12,732 $36,853 $49,825
2022 $6,521 $14,391 $35,654 $56,247
2023 $5,965 $14,653 $39,065 $57,893
2024 $6,074 $14,464 $40,226 $60,847

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Iraq's government spending was $113B, accounting for 42.1% of its GDP, while Italy's spent $1.2T, or 50.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50.2% in Iraq and 137.3% in Italy, ranking 109/185 and 10/185, respectively.

Iraq
Government spending

Government debt
Italy
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Iraq Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 16.5% 31.4%
1961 - - 17.3% 30%
1962 - - 17.5% 29%
1963 - - 16.7% 27.2%
1964 - - 18.2% 27.2%
1965 - - 18.6% 28.4%
1966 - - 19.1% 33.4%
1967 - - 17.9% 33.3%
1968 - - 32.6% 36.4%
1969 - - 32.1% 37%
1970 - - 32.3% 37.8%
1971 - - 34.4% 42.4%
1972 - - 36.4% 48.2%
1973 - - 35.3% 51.1%
1974 - - 34.8% 50.8%
1975 - - 39.1% 57.9%
1976 - - 38.1% 57.3%
1977 - - 38.5% 56%
1978 - - 40.9% 59.9%
1979 - - 40.1% 58.9%
1980 - - 40.8% 55.1%
1981 - - 44.6% 57.3%
1982 - - 46.7% 61.8%
1983 - - 48.9% 67.8%
1984 - - 49.1% 73.1%
1985 - - 49.8% 79.1%
1986 - - 50.5% 83.4%
1987 - - 49.8% 87.4%
1988 - - 50.4% 89.2%
1989 - - 51.6% 91.8%
1990 - - 54.2% 101.7%
1991 - - 55.3% 105.3%
1992 - - 56.8% 113%
1993 - - 57.8% 124.1%
1994 - - 55.1% 130.8%
1995 - - 51.4% 119.1%
1996 - - 51.3% 118.9%
1997 - - 49.3% 116.5%
1998 - - 48% 113.9%
1999 - - 47.1% 113.1%
2000 - - 46.4% 108.7%
2001 - - 47.1% 108.5%
2002 - - 46.5% 105.9%
2003 - - 47% 105.1%
2004 91.5% 344% 46.7% 104.7%
2005 63.2% 227.3% 47.1% 106.2%
2006 50.3% 143.2% 47.6% 106.3%
2007 44% 117.1% 46.6% 103.5%
2008 57.3% 74.2% 47.8% 105.8%
2009 61.1% 87.4% 51.1% 116.1%
2010 49.6% 53.5% 49.8% 118.7%
2011 43.4% 40.7% 49% 119.1%
2012 42.9% 34.8% 50.5% 125.9%
2013 48.2% 32% 50.9% 131.8%
2014 43.8% 27.6% 50.7% 134.8%
2015 43.5% 48.3% 50.2% 134.7%
2016 42.4% 60.3% 49% 134.2%
2017 35.5% 55.9% 48.8% 133.7%
2018 31.1% 44.4% 48.3% 134.1%
2019 34.7% 41.7% 48.4% 133.8%
2020 41.9% 72.5% 56.8% 154.3%
2021 36.3% 54.7% 56% 145.7%
2022 33.9% 39% 54.9% 138.3%
2023 41.2% 42.1% 54% 134.6%
2024 40.4% 42.9% 50.6% 135.3%
2025 42.1% 50.2% 50.8% 137.3%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Iraq's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$4.17B, equivalent to -1.49% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of -$81.8B, or -3.45% of GDP.

Over the past 21 years, Iraq recorded a fiscal deficit in 13 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Iraq posted an annual deficit equal to -2.93% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.03% of GDP for Italy.

Deficit/surplus
Iraq

Italy
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Iraq Italy
1862 - -3.96%
1863 - -4.16%
1864 - -3.06%
1865 - -2.72%
1866 - -3.1%
1867 - -1.45%
1868 - -0.79%
1869 - 0.33%
1870 - -0.82%
1871 - -0.13%
1872 - 0%
1873 - 0.21%
1874 - -0.08%
1875 - 0.58%
1876 - -0.05%
1877 - -0.009%
1878 - 0.09%
1879 - 0.73%
1880 - 0.38%
1881 - -0.04%
1882 - -0.5%
1883 - -0.51%
1884 - -1.46%
1885 - 0.2%
1886 - -0.5%
1887 - -1.94%
1888 - -2.11%
1889 - -1.32%
1890 - -0.32%
1891 - -1.41%
1892 - -0.25%
1893 - -0.49%
1894 - -0.23%
1895 - -0.69%
1896 - -0.43%
1897 - 0.009%
1898 - -0.21%
1899 - -0.11%
1900 - 0.28%
1901 - 0.36%
1902 - 0.48%
1903 - 0.32%
1904 - 0.58%
1905 - -1.57%
1906 - -0.69%
1907 - -0.51%
1908 - -1.31%
1909 - -0.69%
1910 - -0.32%
1911 - -0.63%
1912 - -1.86%
1913 - -0.86%
1914 - -12.4%
1915 - -25.8%
1916 - -28.2%
1917 - -27.6%
1918 - -22.7%
1919 - -11.2%
1920 - -5.89%
1921 - -7.77%
1922 - -11%
1923 - -3.21%
1924 - 1.19%
1925 - 1.7%
1926 - -0.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1928 - -2.09%
1929 - -0.59%
1930 - -0.55%
1931 - -2.14%
1932 - -3.06%
1933 - -4.85%
1934 - -2.5%
1935 - -9.83%
1936 - -7.93%
1937 - -5.78%
1938 - -5.97%
1939 - -9.49%
1940 - -24.3%
1941 - -25.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1943 - -16.1%
1944 - -35.1%
1945 - -16.9%
1946 - -9.82%
1947 - -6.62%
1948 - -4.58%
1949 - -2.82%
1950 - -2.42%
1951 - -3.86%
1952 - -4.08%
1953 - -2.33%
1954 - -1.84%
1955 - -2.03%
1956 - -1.46%
1957 - -1.09%
1958 - -0.98%
1959 - -1%
1960 - -0.28%
1961 - -0.57%
1962 - -0.95%
1963 - -0.3%
1964 - -2.35%
1965 - -2.67%
1966 - -1.59%
1967 - -0.97%
1968 - -2.55%
1969 - -2.85%
1970 - -3.22%
1971 - -4.71%
1972 - -6.84%
1973 - -6.36%
1974 - -6.24%
1975 - -10.3%
1976 - -7.88%
1977 - -6.96%
1978 - -8.47%
1979 - -8.23%
1980 - -6.97%
1981 - -10.9%
1982 - -10%
1983 - -10.1%
1984 - -11.5%
1985 - -12.4%
1986 - -12%
1987 - -11.5%
1988 - -11%
1989 - -11.4%
1990 - -11.1%
1991 - -11.1%
1992 - -10.1%
1993 - -9.76%
1994 - -8.84%
1995 - -7.2%
1996 - -6.61%
1997 - -2.98%
1998 - -2.99%
1999 - -1.77%
2000 - -2.42%
2001 - -3.18%
2002 - -2.88%
2003 - -3.23%
2004 -35.4% -3.46%
2005 4.07% -4.1%
2006 10.7% -3.61%
2007 9.98% -1.33%
2008 -0.86% -2.58%
2009 -14.9% -5.06%
2010 -4.18% -4.16%
2011 4.74% -3.52%
2012 4.09% -2.99%
2013 -6.06% -2.87%
2014 -5.63% -2.82%
2015 -12.8% -2.46%
2016 -14.4% -2.4%
2017 -1.52% -2.51%
2018 7.69% -2.19%
2019 0.83% -1.45%
2020 -12.8% -9.38%
2021 -0.38% -8.88%
2022 8.1% -8.11%
2023 -1.14% -7.24%
2024 -1.49% -3.45%
2025 -4.18% -3.26%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Iraq has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.97%, compared with 2.09% in Italy. In 2024, inflation was -12.3% in Iraq and 0.98% in Italy.

Inflation
Iraq

Italy
Year Inflation
Iraq Italy Iraq Italy
1996 -16.1% 4.01%
1997 23.1% 2.04%
1998 14.8% 1.96%
1999 12.6% 1.66%
2000 4.98% 2.54%
2001 16.4% 2.79%
2002 19.3% 2.47%
2003 33.6% 2.67%
2004 27% 2.21%
2005 37% 1.99%
2006 53.2% 2.09%
2007 -10.1% 1.83%
2008 12.7% 3.35%
2009 6.87% 0.77%
2010 2.88% 1.53%
2011 5.8% 2.78%
2012 6.09% 3.04%
2013 1.88% 1.22%
2014 2.24% 0.24%
2015 1.39% 0.04%
2016 0.56% -0.09%
2017 0.18% 1.23%
2018 0.37% 1.14%
2019 -0.2% 0.61%
2020 0.57% -0.14%
2021 6.04% 1.87%
2022 4.99% 8.2%
2023 4.36% 5.62%
2024 -12.3% 0.98%

Top exports between countries

Iraq
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $27K
Raw materials & minerals $1K
Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $669M
Metals $117M
Chemicals & pharma $110M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $65.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $64.8M
Raw materials & minerals $22.1M
Raw agricultural goods $10.6M
Precious metals & jewellery $5.8M
Wood & paper products $4.65M
Animal & marine products $2.44M

Balance of trade

Iraq Italy
Current account balance
$28.4B
2023
$26.8B
2024
Current account balance ranking
17/189
2023
19/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+10.6%
2023
+1.13%
2024
Goods imports
$56B
2023
$554B
2024
Goods exports
$99.1B
2023
$624B
2024
Service imports
$25.2B
2023
$163B
2024
Service exports
$8.7B
2023
$155B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.2%
2024
30.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.5%
2024
32.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Iraq Italy
Economic freedom 15.6 60.9
Economic freedom ranking 196/197 89/197
Property rights 6.3 82.2
Government integrity 19.9 60.6
Judicial effectiveness 7.1 78.8
Tax burden 95.5 57.4
Government spending 65.3 9.5
Fiscal health 94.7 0
Business freedom 43.1 77.6
Labor freedom 56.8 70.7
Monetary freedom 67.1 74.2
Trade freedom 40 79.6
Investment freedom 10 80
Financial freedom 10 60

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Iraq is 15.6, ranking 196/197, compared to 60.9 for Italy, ranking 89/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Iraq
Italy
Year Economic freedom index
Iraq Italy
1995 - 61.2
1996 17.2 60.8
1997 17.2 58.1
1998 17.2 59.1
1999 17.2 61.6
2000 17.2 61.9
2001 17.2 63
2002 15.6 63.6
2003 - 64.3
2004 - 64.2
2005 - 64.9
2006 - 62
2007 - 62.8
2008 - 62.6
2009 - 61.4
2010 - 62.7
2011 - 60.3
2012 - 58.8
2013 - 60.6
2014 - 60.9
2015 - 61.7
2016 - 61.2
2017 - 62.5
2018 - 62.5
2019 - 62.2
2020 - 63.8
2021 - 64.9
2022 - 65.4
2023 - 62.3
2024 - 60.1
2025 - 60.9

More economic indicators

Iraq Italy
Services, % of GDP
45.8%
2024
65.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
51.6%
2024
21.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.39%
2024
2.03%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$278B
2024
$2.26T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$14,550
2024
$60,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$101B
2024
$291B
2024
Total reserves ranking
28/177
2024
12/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$5.65B
2023
$12.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$7.46B
2024
$21.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$439M
2024
$34.1B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.66%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
17.5%
2023
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.4%
2024
22.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Iraq vs Italy
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.