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Economy of Guinea-Bissau vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Guinea-Bissau has a GDP of $2.22B compared to $2.38T for Italy, ranking 176/197 and 8/197 by economy size, respectively.

Guinea-Bissau has $1.82B in government debt (82.2% of GDP), compared to $3.22T (135.3% of GDP) in Italy.

Guinea-Bissau vs Italy GDP by year

Guinea-Bissau
Italy
1x
Year GDP, current $
Guinea-Bissau Italy
2024 $2,218,393,805 $2,380,825,077,244
2023 $2,127,688,181 $2,316,727,999,333
2022 $1,859,601,384 $2,104,067,630,319
2021 $1,908,094,558 $2,179,207,773,596
2020 $1,705,057,581 $1,907,481,094,079
2019 $1,596,227,316 $2,019,606,796,584
2018 $1,554,133,594 $2,099,435,266,459
2017 $1,469,978,606 $1,970,720,904,585
2016 $1,245,074,264 $1,887,111,188,177
2015 $1,152,384,167 $1,845,428,048,839
2014 $1,135,250,721 $2,173,255,507,986
2013 $1,109,682,824 $2,153,225,581,941
2012 $1,049,412,177 $2,097,929,495,122
2011 $1,157,074,319 $2,306,974,020,278
2010 $940,112,539 $2,144,936,254,535
2009 $890,167,833 $2,209,484,319,013
2008 $952,667,544 $2,417,508,414,187
2007 $753,162,998 $2,222,524,108,128
2006 $634,781,901 $1,958,563,654,386
2005 $639,776,041 $1,864,982,261,287
2004 $582,169,841 $1,812,808,753,295
2003 $553,614,800 $1,582,930,016,539
2002 $466,773,711 $1,281,746,271,196
2001 $412,610,872 $1,172,041,488,806
2000 $391,345,597 $1,149,661,363,439
1999 $579,365,780 $1,255,004,736,464
1998 $591,034,143 $1,272,729,786,997
1997 $698,107,222 $1,244,988,176,444
1996 $702,965,148 $1,314,776,508,972
1995 $660,195,402 $1,177,369,428,266
1994 $612,502,085 $1,101,750,159,702
1993 $615,779,519 $1,067,412,587,671
1992 $588,309,271 $1,323,204,350,354
1991 $668,470,891 $1,249,092,439,519
1990 $634,187,269 $1,183,945,130,899
1989 $554,072,303 $930,801,709,004
1988 $427,514,322 $893,663,934,841
1987 $451,893,375 $807,570,134,449
1986 $338,524,233 $641,862,313,287
1985 $373,959,151 $453,259,761,687
1984 $359,980,491 $438,896,930,791
1983 $425,225,177 $444,063,496,940
1982 $430,284,022 $428,257,421,618
1981 $402,230,865 $431,695,533,981
1980 $287,648,258 $478,356,755,596
1979 $308,143,183 $394,584,507,108
1978 $318,876,550 $315,784,469,541
1977 $298,871,675 $258,190,019,750
1976 $292,152,321 $225,235,205,862
1975 $283,311,997 $228,220,643,535
1974 $256,769,730 $200,024,444,775
1973 $232,331,281 $175,896,529,392
1972 $227,986,203 $145,594,833,997
1971 $204,167,297 $124,959,712,859
1970 $204,670,551 $113,656,669,765
1969 - $100,996,667,239
1968 - $91,485,448,148
1967 - $84,401,995,573
1966 - $76,622,444,787
1965 - $70,717,012,186
1964 - $65,720,771,779
1963 - $60,035,924,618
1962 - $52,413,872,628
1961 - $46,649,487,320
1960 - $42,012,422,612

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/italy | CC BY

GDP per capita in Guinea-Bissau vs Italy by year

Guinea-Bissau
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Guinea-Bissau Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $1,008 $3,119 $40,385 $62,014
2023 $988 $2,990 $39,277 $60,030
2022 $883 $2,789 $35,654 $57,261
2021 $927 $2,523 $36,853 $49,825
2020 $847 $2,340 $32,091 $44,436
2019 $811 $2,247 $33,813 $46,662
2018 $809 $2,058 $34,904 $43,387
2017 $783 $2,082 $32,844 $42,142
2016 $680 $1,824 $31,392 $40,483
2015 $645 $1,730 $30,640 $37,384
2014 $652 $1,456 $36,028 $36,666
2013 $654 $1,416 $35,702 $36,459
2012 $635 $1,402 $34,854 $36,281
2011 $720 $1,472 $38,432 $36,392
2010 $600 $1,370 $35,857 $34,974
2009 $583 $1,315 $37,100 $34,502
2008 $640 $1,309 $40,829 $35,422
2007 $519 $1,260 $37,826 $34,108
2006 $449 $1,226 $33,537 $32,454
2005 $463 $1,187 $32,063 $30,138
2004 $431 $1,105 $31,348 $29,581
2003 $420 $1,089 $27,578 $29,249
2002 $362 $1,095 $22,451 $28,833
2001 $327 $1,064 $20,570 $28,134
2000 $317 $1,014 $20,190 $27,152
1999 $479 $1,001 $22,050 $25,655
1998 $498 $861 $22,365 $25,075
1997 $599 $1,118 $21,884 $23,937
1996 $615 $1,052 $23,123 $23,101
1995 $589 $945 $20,712 $22,446
1994 $561 $909 $19,382 $21,369
1993 $582 $890 $18,782 $20,485
1992 $574 $880 $23,297 $20,196
1991 $672 $877 $22,007 $19,596
1990 $651 $824 $20,874 $18,680
1989 $578 - $16,424 -
1988 $454 - $15,781 -
1987 $488 - $14,268 -
1986 $371 - $11,341 -
1985 $417 - $8,009 -
1984 $407 - $7,758 -
1983 $489 - $7,851 -
1982 $503 - $7,574 -
1981 $477 - $7,640 -
1980 $347 - $8,476 -
1979 $376 - $7,006 -
1978 $403 - $5,623 -
1977 $403 - $4,614 -
1976 $421 - $4,042 -
1975 $435 - $4,116 -
1974 $419 - $3,629 -
1973 $392 - $3,213 -
1972 $389 - $2,677 -
1971 $348 - $2,311 -
1970 $350 - $2,112 -
1969 - - $1,886 -
1968 - - $1,718 -
1967 - - $1,595 -
1966 - - $1,459 -
1965 - - $1,357 -
1964 - - $1,272 -
1963 - - $1,171 -
1962 - - $1,030 -
1961 - - $923 -
1960 - - $837 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/italy | CC BY

Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is $1,008, ranking 177/197, compared to $40,385 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Guinea-Bissau ranks 179th at $3,119, while Italy ranks 31st at $62,014.

Economic indicators

Guinea-Bissau Italy
Gross domestic product
$2.22B
2024
$2.38T
2024
GDP rank
176/197
2024
8/197
2024
GDP growth
4.15%
2023-2024
0.69%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$1,008
2024
$40,385
2024
GDP per capita rank
177/197
2024
29/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,119
2024
$62,014
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
179/197
2024
31/197
2024
Government debt
$1.82B
2024
$3.22T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
82.2%
2024
135.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$828
2024
$54,652
2024
Government debt per person rank
146/185
2024
6/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,711
2026
$23,800
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,344,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
74
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.1%
2021
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.4%
2021
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
50.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.7%
2023-2024
0.98%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
2.67%
2022
6.5%
2024
Population
2311915
58562681

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Guinea-Bissau
Spending

Debt
Italy
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Guinea-Bissau Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.4% 82.2% 50.6% 135.3%
2023 21.9% 79.4% 54% 134.6%
2022 21.3% 80.7% 54.9% 138.3%
2021 25% 78.8% 56% 145.8%
2020 25% 77.6% 56.8% 154.4%
2019 18.8% 65.1% 48.4% 133.9%
2018 19.5% 59.1% 48.3% 134.2%
2017 18.1% 51.8% 48.8% 133.7%
2016 20.5% 59.1% 49% 134.2%
2015 21.5% 56.3% 50.2% 134.8%
2014 23% 60.1% 50.7% 134.8%
2013 12.4% 49.6% 50.9% 131.9%
2012 13% 47.4% 50.5% 125.9%
2011 17.3% 45.6% 49% 119.1%
2010 18.5% 61.7% 49.8% 118.8%
2009 20.6% 148.3% 51.1% 116.1%
2008 21.8% 148.8% 47.8% 105.8%
2007 23.7% 164% 46.6% 103.5%
2006 19.8% 190.4% 47.6% 106.3%
2005 20.2% 203.7% 47.1% 106.2%
2004 23% 202% 46.7% 104.7%
2003 17% 183.4% 47% 105.1%
2002 14.1% 197.5% 46.5% 105.9%
2001 19.1% 204.4% 47.1% 108.5%
2000 23.5% 217.1% 46.4% 108.7%
1999 12.1% 109.9% 47.1% 113.1%
1998 8.72% 109.1% 48% 113.9%
1997 12.7% 94.3% 49.3% 116.5%
1996 8.93% 117.3% 51.3% 118.9%
1995 8.14% 103.3% 51.4% 119.1%
1994 18.4% 105.5% 55.1% 130.8%
1993 13.1% 112.4% 57.8% 124.1%
1992 10.1% 85.3% 56.8% 113%
1991 9.19% 88.9% 55.3% 105.3%
1990 - - 54.2% 101.7%
1989 - - 51.6% 91.8%
1988 - - 50.4% 89.2%
1987 - - 49.8% 87.4%
1986 - - 50.5% 83.4%
1985 - - 49.8% 79.1%
1984 - - 49.1% 73.1%
1983 - - 48.9% 67.8%
1982 - - 46.7% 61.8%
1981 - - 44.6% 57.3%
1980 - - 40.8% 55.1%
1979 - - 40.1% 58.9%
1978 - - 40.9% 59.9%
1977 - - 38.5% 56%
1976 - - 38.1% 57.3%
1975 - - 39.1% 57.9%
1974 - - 34.8% 50.8%
1973 - - 35.3% 51.1%
1972 - - 36.4% 48.2%
1971 - - 34.4% 42.4%
1970 - - 32.3% 37.8%
1969 - - 32.1% 37%
1968 - - 32.6% 36.4%
1967 - - 17.9% 33.3%
1966 - - 19.1% 33.4%
1965 - - 18.6% 28.4%
1964 - - 18.2% 27.2%
1963 - - 16.7% 27.2%
1962 - - 17.5% 29%
1961 - - 17.3% 30%
1960 - - 16.5% 31.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/italy | CC BY

In 2024, Guinea-Bissau's government spending was $452M, accounting for 20.4% of its GDP, while Italy spent $1.2T, or 50.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 82.2% in Guinea-Bissau and 135.3% in Italy, ranking 41/185 and 8/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Guinea-Bissau

Italy
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Guinea-Bissau Italy
2024 -7.26% -3.45%
2023 -8.15% -7.24%
2022 -6.06% -8.11%
2021 -5.88% -8.88%
2020 -9.64% -9.38%
2019 -3.86% -1.45%
2018 -4.76% -2.19%
2017 -1.32% -2.51%
2016 -5.34% -2.4%
2015 -3.16% -2.46%
2014 -2.44% -2.82%
2013 -1.67% -2.87%
2012 -2.12% -2.99%
2011 -1.35% -3.52%
2010 -0.23% -4.16%
2009 2.68% -5.06%
2008 -0.73% -2.58%
2007 -8.77% -1.33%
2006 -4.57% -3.61%
2005 -4.96% -4.1%
2004 -5.92% -3.46%
2003 -5.63% -3.23%
2002 -3.7% -2.88%
2001 -1.83% -3.18%
2000 -2.8% -2.42%
1999 -4.06% -1.77%
1998 -5.95% -2.99%
1997 -2.56% -2.98%
1996 3.48% -6.61%
1995 2.45% -7.2%
1994 -5.54% -8.84%
1993 -0.34% -9.76%
1992 -0.25% -10.1%
1991 1.61% -11.1%
1990 - -11.1%
1989 - -11.4%
1988 - -11%
1987 - -11.5%
1986 - -12%
1985 - -12.4%
1984 - -11.5%
1983 - -10.1%
1982 - -10%
1981 - -10.9%
1980 - -6.97%
1979 - -8.23%
1978 - -8.47%
1977 - -6.96%
1976 - -7.88%
1975 - -10.3%
1974 - -6.24%
1973 - -6.36%
1972 - -6.84%
1971 - -4.71%
1970 - -3.22%
1969 - -2.85%
1968 - -2.55%
1967 - -0.97%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.67%
1964 - -2.35%
1963 - -0.3%
1962 - -0.95%
1961 - -0.57%
1960 - -0.28%
1959 - -1%
1958 - -0.98%
1957 - -1.09%
1956 - -1.46%
1955 - -2.03%
1954 - -1.84%
1953 - -2.33%
1952 - -4.08%
1951 - -3.86%
1950 - -2.42%
1949 - -2.82%
1948 - -4.58%
1947 - -6.62%
1946 - -9.82%
1945 - -16.9%
1944 - -35.1%
1943 - -16.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1941 - -25.1%
1940 - -24.3%
1939 - -9.49%
1938 - -5.97%
1937 - -5.78%
1936 - -7.93%
1935 - -9.83%
1934 - -2.5%
1933 - -4.85%
1932 - -3.06%
1931 - -2.14%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -0.59%
1928 - -2.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1926 - -0.09%
1925 - 1.7%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - -3.21%
1922 - -11%
1921 - -7.77%
1920 - -5.89%
1919 - -11.2%
1918 - -22.7%
1917 - -27.6%
1916 - -28.2%
1915 - -25.8%
1914 - -12.4%
1913 - -0.86%
1912 - -1.86%
1911 - -0.63%
1910 - -0.32%
1909 - -0.69%
1908 - -1.31%
1907 - -0.51%
1906 - -0.69%
1905 - -1.57%
1904 - 0.58%
1903 - 0.32%
1902 - 0.48%
1901 - 0.36%
1900 - 0.28%
1899 - -0.11%
1898 - -0.21%
1897 - 0.009%
1896 - -0.43%
1895 - -0.69%
1894 - -0.23%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.25%
1891 - -1.41%
1890 - -0.32%
1889 - -1.32%
1888 - -2.11%
1887 - -1.94%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - 0.2%
1884 - -1.46%
1883 - -0.51%
1882 - -0.5%
1881 - -0.04%
1880 - 0.38%
1879 - 0.73%
1878 - 0.09%
1877 - -0.009%
1876 - -0.05%
1875 - 0.58%
1874 - -0.08%
1873 - 0.21%
1872 - 0%
1871 - -0.13%
1870 - -0.82%
1869 - 0.33%
1868 - -0.79%
1867 - -1.45%
1866 - -3.1%
1865 - -2.72%
1864 - -3.06%
1863 - -4.16%
1862 - -3.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/italy | CC BY

In 2024, Guinea-Bissau's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $161M, equivalent to 7.26% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of $82B, or 3.45% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Guinea-Bissau recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Guinea-Bissau posted an annual deficit equal to 3.25% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.63% of GDP for Italy.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Guinea-Bissau

Italy
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Guinea-Bissau Italy
2024 3.7% 0.98%
2023 7.2% 5.62%
2022 7.9% 8.2%
2021 3.3% 1.87%
2020 1.5% -0.14%
2019 0.3% 0.61%
2018 0.4% 1.14%
2017 -0.2% 1.23%
2016 2.7% -0.09%
2015 1.5% 0.04%
2014 -1% 0.24%
2013 0.8% 1.22%
2012 2.1% 3.04%
2011 5.1% 2.78%
2010 1.1% 1.53%
2009 -1.6% 0.77%
2008 10.4% 3.35%
2007 4.6% 1.83%
2006 2% 2.09%
2005 3.4% 1.99%
2004 0.8% 2.21%
2003 -3.5% 2.67%
2002 3.3% 2.47%
2001 3.3% 2.79%
2000 8.6% 2.54%
1999 -2.1% 1.66%
1998 8.1% 1.96%
1997 49.1% 2.04%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/italy | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Guinea-Bissau has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.39%, compared with 2.02% in Italy. In 2024, inflation was 3.7% in Guinea-Bissau and 0.98% in Italy.

Top exports between countries

Guinea-Bissau
Export category Export value
Italy
Export category Export value
Weapons & explosives $2.34M
Textiles & consumer goods $885K
Machinery & equipment $457K
Wood & paper products $238K
Metals $182K
Miscellaneous $124K
Raw materials & minerals $81K
Chemicals & pharma $76K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $73K
Animal & marine products $63K

Balance of trade

Guinea-Bissau Italy
Current account balance
-$160M
2023
$25.8B
2024
Current account balance ranking
95/190
2023
19/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.53%
2023
+1.08%
2024
Goods imports
$403M
2023
$562B
2024
Goods exports
$240M
2023
$621B
2024
Service imports
$189M
2023
$160B
2024
Service exports
$44.8M
2023
$155B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
27%
2024
30.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
11.8%
2024
32.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Guinea-Bissau Italy
Economic freedom 43.2 63.3
Economic freedom ranking 181/197 80/197
Property rights 28.4 84.8
Government integrity 21 60.8
Judicial effectiveness 13.2 80.9
Tax burden 89 57.5
Government spending 86.5 15.3
Fiscal health 6.5 17.2
Business freedom 34.6 74.5
Labor freedom 55.9 70.6
Monetary freedom 75.9 79.1
Trade freedom 47 79.4
Investment freedom 30 80
Financial freedom 30 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Guinea-Bissau
Italy
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Guinea-Bissau Italy
2026 43.2 63.3
2025 43.6 60.9
2024 42.7 60.1
2023 44.6 62.3
2022 46 65.4
2021 54.9 64.9
2020 53.3 63.8
2019 54 62.2
2018 56.9 62.5
2017 56.1 62.5
2016 51.8 61.2
2015 52 61.7
2014 51.3 60.9
2013 51.1 60.6
2012 50.1 58.8
2011 46.5 60.3
2010 43.6 62.7
2009 45.4 61.4
2008 44.4 62.6
2007 46.1 62.8
2006 46.5 62
2005 46 64.9
2004 42.6 64.2
2003 43.1 64.3
2002 42.3 63.6
2001 42.5 63
2000 34.7 61.9
1999 33.5 61.6
1998 - 59.1
1997 - 58.1
1996 - 60.8
1995 - 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/italy | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Guinea-Bissau is 43.2, ranking 181/197, compared to 63.3 for Italy, ranking 80/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Guinea-Bissau Italy
Services, % of GDP
37.9%
2024
65%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
15.6%
2024
22.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
42.2%
2024
2%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.18B
2024
$2.28T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$3,140
2024
$61,620
2024
Total reserves including gold n/a
$291B
2024
Total reserves ranking n/a
12/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$24.8M
2023
$19B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$26.7M
2024
$26.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$389K
2024
$45.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.75%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
50.5%
2021
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.9%
2024
22.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/italy | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.