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Economy of France vs Ivory Coast compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

France has a GDP of $3.16T compared to $87.1B for Ivory Coast, ranking 7/197 and 77/197 by economy size, respectively.

France has $3.58T in government debt (113.1% of GDP), compared to $51.6B (59.3% of GDP) in Ivory Coast.

France vs Ivory Coast GDP by year

France
Ivory Coast
1x
Year GDP, current $
France Ivory Coast
2024 $3,160,442,622,465 $87,113,179,149
2023 $3,056,250,648,138 $80,780,312,569
2022 $2,794,788,137,067 $70,922,824,814
2021 $2,966,433,692,008 $72,794,636,654
2020 $2,647,926,055,110 $63,027,852,805
2019 $2,722,793,515,172 $60,382,894,697
2018 $2,781,576,320,884 $58,522,477,787
2017 $2,588,868,323,335 $52,512,343,997
2016 $2,470,407,619,777 $48,407,761,037
2015 $2,442,483,452,643 $45,815,005,169
2014 $2,861,236,112,552 $48,843,005,614
2013 $2,816,077,607,875 $42,760,235,485
2012 $2,683,007,095,787 $36,302,302,877
2011 $2,870,408,553,990 $36,693,710,801
2010 $2,646,230,027,988 $34,936,307,980
2009 $2,700,075,882,519 $33,886,813,250
2008 $2,926,802,941,586 $34,078,240,293
2007 $2,655,816,911,867 $28,760,090,953
2006 $2,317,861,544,691 $25,281,413,263
2005 $2,192,146,403,028 $24,036,918,703
2004 $2,109,792,297,237 $23,510,575,681
2003 $1,835,095,983,049 $21,251,754,340
2002 $1,492,427,756,382 $18,054,383,321
2001 $1,370,376,677,299 $16,810,537,044
2000 $1,360,959,069,477 $16,577,533,892
1999 $1,486,915,879,702 $18,870,992,456
1998 $1,496,906,382,032 $19,619,654,756
1997 $1,449,392,222,971 $18,047,558,038
1996 $1,598,889,216,566 $18,071,152,831
1995 $1,595,219,345,512 $11,000,146,267
1994 $1,385,822,778,828 $8,313,557,510
1993 $1,314,383,368,080 $11,045,760,288
1992 $1,389,663,073,110 $11,152,971,274
1991 $1,258,961,748,634 $10,492,628,581
1990 $1,257,649,439,827 $10,795,850,583
1989 $1,016,742,237,302 $9,757,410,645
1988 $1,010,827,662,152 $10,255,169,806
1987 $926,320,855,615 $10,087,654,465
1986 $764,946,585,851 $9,158,302,100
1985 $547,220,981,165 $6,977,650,644
1984 $525,033,325,828 $6,841,639,247
1983 $553,356,312,936 $6,838,184,773
1982 $578,152,310,610 $7,567,110,849
1981 $609,184,791,792 $8,432,589,942
1980 $694,529,183,483 $10,175,617,609
1979 $608,218,624,730 $9,142,933,967
1978 $501,724,418,605 $7,900,526,298
1977 $406,401,711,688 $6,265,068,189
1976 $368,363,152,144 $4,662,053,825
1975 $357,324,307,786 $3,893,839,190
1974 $282,739,225,314 $3,070,152,309
1973 $261,970,536,240 $2,508,421,426
1972 $201,738,881,664 $1,849,400,402
1971 $164,694,210,962 $1,584,128,509
1970 $147,312,861,698 $1,455,482,795
1969 $140,660,914,841 $1,361,360,293
1968 $128,710,572,572 $1,281,281,277
1967 $118,088,635,381 $1,082,922,725
1966 $109,306,730,313 $1,024,102,880
1965 $100,927,668,584 $919,771,229
1964 $93,424,179,943 $921,063,327
1963 $84,227,606,650 $761,047,198
1962 $75,196,980,365 $645,284,474
1961 $67,158,050,215 $618,245,634
1960 $61,959,085,885 $546,203,559

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ivory-coast | CC BY

GDP per capita in France vs Ivory Coast by year

France
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ivory Coast
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
France Ivory Coast
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $46,103 $62,557 $2,728 $7,669
2023 $44,700 $60,839 $2,592 $7,237
2022 $40,989 $57,043 $2,333 $6,719
2021 $43,725 $52,517 $2,456 $6,045
2020 $39,170 $49,482 $2,180 $5,544
2019 $40,408 $51,130 $2,142 $5,516
2018 $41,418 $46,381 $2,131 $4,946
2017 $38,687 $44,469 $1,964 $4,690
2016 $37,024 $42,880 $1,863 $4,531
2015 $36,702 $40,905 $1,815 $4,404
2014 $43,148 $40,218 $1,991 $4,074
2013 $42,669 $39,583 $1,786 $3,619
2012 $40,864 $37,671 $1,547 $3,291
2011 $43,930 $37,510 $1,597 $3,176
2010 $40,695 $35,908 $1,554 $3,361
2009 $41,728 $34,685 $1,540 $3,177
2008 $45,465 $35,053 $1,584 $3,116
2007 $41,486 $34,066 $1,368 $2,985
2006 $36,432 $32,424 $1,230 $2,942
2005 $34,696 $30,431 $1,198 $2,842
2004 $33,645 $28,921 $1,200 $2,794
2003 $29,480 $28,024 $1,111 $2,702
2002 $24,145 $28,350 $968 $2,851
2001 $22,332 $27,347 $925 $2,962
2000 $22,341 $26,007 $937 $3,041
1999 $24,576 $24,204 $1,096 $3,065
1998 $24,869 $23,263 $1,177 $3,086
1997 $24,169 $22,190 $1,125 $3,040
1996 $26,758 $21,268 $1,170 $2,832
1995 $26,792 $20,701 $740 $2,683
1994 $23,360 $19,892 $582 $2,551
1993 $22,239 $19,094 $804 $2,577
1992 $23,615 $18,801 $845 $2,625
1991 $21,501 $18,198 $827 $2,677
1990 $21,586 $17,475 $886 $2,693
1989 $17,547 - $833 -
1988 $17,550 - $910 -
1987 $16,176 - $930 -
1986 $13,430 - $877 -
1985 $9,657 - $695 -
1984 $9,312 - $709 -
1983 $9,862 - $737 -
1982 $10,360 - $849 -
1981 $10,956 - $986 -
1980 $12,565 - $1,238 -
1979 $11,063 - $1,157 -
1978 $9,167 - $1,039 -
1977 $7,459 - $856 -
1976 $6,792 - $661 -
1975 $6,617 - $575 -
1974 $5,261 - $474 -
1973 $4,907 - $406 -
1972 $3,809 - $313 -
1971 $3,137 - $280.3 -
1970 $2,833 - $269 -
1969 $2,729 - $262.2 -
1968 $2,518 - $256.8 -
1967 $2,328 - $225.6 -
1966 $2,173 - $221.8 -
1965 $2,024 - $207 -
1964 $1,891 - $215.5 -
1963 $1,723 - $185.1 -
1962 $1,554 - $163.1 -
1961 $1,402 - $162.3 -
1960 $1,307 - $148.7 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ivory-coast | CC BY

France's GDP per capita is $46,103, ranking 27/197, compared to $2,728 in Ivory Coast, ranking 142/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), France ranks 30th at $62,557, while Ivory Coast ranks 145th at $7,669.

Economic indicators

France Ivory Coast
Gross domestic product
$3.16T
2024
$87.1B
2024
GDP rank
7/197
2024
77/197
2024
GDP growth
1.19%
2023-2024
6.02%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$46,103
2024
$2,728
2024
GDP per capita rank
27/197
2024
142/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,557
2024
$7,669
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
30/197
2024
145/197
2024
Government debt
$3.58T
2024
$51.6B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.1%
2024
59.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$52,165
2024
$1,616
2024
Government debt per person rank
8/185
2024
125/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$35,669
2026
$2,733
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.37T
2018
$7.33B
2020
Number of millionaires
2,897,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
52
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2023
27.8%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2023
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.2%
2024
20.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2%
2023-2024
3.45%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
7.44%
2024
2.31%
2022
Population
68788006
33722528

Spending and national debt comparison by year

France
Spending

Debt
Ivory Coast
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
France Ivory Coast
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 57.2% 113.1% 20.4% 59.3%
2023 56.8% 109.6% 21.3% 57.5%
2022 58.4% 111.4% 21.9% 56%
2021 59.5% 112.8% 20.5% 50.2%
2020 61.7% 114.9% 20.4% 46.3%
2019 55.3% 98.1% 17.2% 37.2%
2018 56.4% 98.5% 17.6% 35.3%
2017 57.7% 98.7% 18.1% 32.6%
2016 57.4% 98.1% 17.6% 31.1%
2015 57.6% 96.9% 16.5% 29.2%
2014 58.4% 96.1% 15.2% 26.7%
2013 58.6% 94.5% 15.9% 24.6%
2012 57.9% 91.7% 16.1% 24.7%
2011 57% 88.7% 13.2% 50%
2010 57.7% 86.3% 14.5% 45.6%
2009 58% 84.1% 14.4% 46.5%
2008 54.3% 69.8% 14.6% 51.2%
2007 53.6% 65.5% 14.8% 53.5%
2006 53.7% 65.4% 14.5% 57.5%
2005 54.3% 68.2% 13.6% 58.2%
2004 54% 66.9% 13.5% 56.7%
2003 54.4% 65.4% 12.7% 56.4%
2002 53.9% 61.3% 13.1% 63%
2001 52.8% 59.3% 11.4% 71.2%
2000 52.6% 59.7% 12.9% 74%
1999 53.7% 61.4% 13.7% 78%
1998 54% 62.1% 14.6% 75.2%
1997 55.6% 62% 15.2% 84.2%
1996 56% 60.6% - -
1995 56% 57.8% - -
1994 55.9% 51.6% - -
1993 56.5% 48.2% - -
1992 54% 41.7% - -
1991 52.7% 37.8% - -
1990 51.6% 36.8% - -
1989 48.9% 34% - -
1988 50.1% 33.3% - -
1987 50.7% 33.4% - -
1986 51.3% 31.1% - -
1985 51.9% 30.6% - -
1984 51.2% 29% - -
1983 50.2% 26.6% - -
1982 49.9% 25.3% - -
1981 48.5% 22% - -
1980 46% 20.7% - -
1979 44.9% 21.1% - -
1978 44.7% 21.2% - -
1977 21.4% 15% - -
1976 21.7% 15.1% - -
1975 22% 16.1% - -
1974 19.9% 15.4% - -
1973 19.7% 15.8% - -
1972 19.8% 17.7% - -
1971 20% 20.1% - -
1970 20.5% 21% - -
1969 21.5% 14.4% - -
1968 22.7% 15.8% - -
1967 21.4% 16.1% - -
1966 21.4% 15.3% - -
1965 21.1% 17.6% - -
1964 21% 19.6% - -
1963 22.6% 22.2% - -
1962 21.7% 23.6% - -
1961 21.9% 26.3% - -
1960 22.2% 28.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ivory-coast | CC BY

In 2024, France's government spending was $1.81T, accounting for 57.2% of its GDP, while Ivory Coast spent $17.7B, or 20.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.1% in France and 59.3% in Ivory Coast, ranking 14/185 and 82/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
France

Ivory Coast
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
France Ivory Coast
2024 -5.77% -3.97%
2023 -5.44% -5.19%
2022 -4.74% -6.74%
2021 -6.58% -4.86%
2020 -8.93% -5.42%
2019 -2.39% -2.22%
2018 -2.32% -2.9%
2017 -3.36% -3.27%
2016 -3.76% -2.98%
2015 -3.89% -2.04%
2014 -4.57% -1.57%
2013 -4.94% -1.62%
2012 -5.17% -2.28%
2011 -5.3% -2.89%
2010 -7.16% -1.34%
2009 -7.38% -1%
2008 -3.5% -0.21%
2007 -2.99% -0.39%
2006 -2.66% -1.03%
2005 -3.5% -1.03%
2004 -3.55% -1.04%
2003 -4.09% -1.26%
2002 -3.18% -0.64%
2001 -1.42% 0.7%
2000 -1.32% -0.83%
1999 -1.55% -1.27%
1998 -2.39% -0.7%
1997 -3.71% -0.75%
1996 -3.89% -
1995 -5.11% -
1994 -5.46% -
1993 -6.4% -
1992 -4.64% -
1991 -2.89% -
1990 -2.45% -
1989 -1.9% -
1988 -2.7% -
1987 -2.13% -
1986 -3.3% -
1985 -3.08% -
1984 -2.8% -
1983 -2.58% -
1982 -2.91% -
1981 -2.39% -
1980 -0.27% -
1979 -0.36% -
1978 -1.73% -
1977 0.9% -
1976 1.01% -
1975 -0.28% -
1974 3.05% -
1973 1.97% -
1972 1.94% -
1971 -0.13% -
1970 0.02% -
1969 -0.49% -
1968 -2.54% -
1967 -0.8% -
1966 -0.57% -
1965 -0.07% -
1964 -0.25% -
1963 -2.24% -
1962 -1.53% -
1961 -1.36% -
1960 -1.95% -
1959 0.56% -
1958 0.08% -
1957 -1.99% -
1956 -2.62% -
1955 -1.04% -
1954 -0.78% -
1953 -4.79% -
1952 -6.82% -
1951 -4.42% -
1950 -5.56% -
1949 -7.31% -
1948 -9.11% -
1947 -7.6% -
1946 -8.1% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -6.89% -
1936 -4.76% -
1935 -4.22% -
1934 -4.31% -
1933 -4.96% -
1932 -1.86% -
1931 -2.06% -
1930 -1.65% -
1929 1.48% -
1928 1.13% -
1927 -0.04% -
1926 -0.02% -
1925 -0.87% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.05% -
1912 0.23% -
1911 0.31% -
1910 -0.12% -
1909 -0.11% -
1908 -0.15% -
1907 0.23% -
1906 -0.04% -
1905 0.18% -
1904 0.3% -
1903 0.21% -
1902 -0.37% -
1901 -0.39% -
1900 0.21% -
1899 0.21% -
1898 0.29% -
1897 0.01% -
1896 -0.03% -
1895 -0.07% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 -0.3% -
1892 -0.03% -
1891 0.36% -
1890 0.31% -
1889 0.09% -
1888 0.18% -
1887 -0.07% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 -0.59% -
1884 -0.35% -
1883 -0.23% -
1882 -0.15% -
1881 0.64% -
1880 0.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ivory-coast | CC BY

In 2024, France's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $182B, equivalent to 5.77% of GDP. This compares to Ivory Coast's deficit of $3.45B, or 3.97% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, France recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Ivory Coast ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, France posted an annual deficit equal to 4.13% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.1% of GDP for Ivory Coast.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
France

Ivory Coast
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
France Ivory Coast
2024 2% 3.45%
2023 4.88% 4.37%
2022 5.22% 5.23%
2021 1.64% 4.16%
2020 0.48% 2.41%
2019 1.11% 0.79%
2018 1.85% 0.4%
2017 1.03% 0.69%
2016 0.18% 0.72%
2015 0.04% 1.25%
2014 0.51% 0.45%
2013 0.86% 2.58%
2012 1.95% 1.3%
2011 2.11% 4.91%
2010 1.53% 1.23%
2009 0.09% 1.02%
2008 2.81% 6.31%
2007 1.49% 1.89%
2006 1.68% 2.47%
2005 1.75% 3.89%
2004 2.14% 1.46%
2003 2.1% 3.3%
2002 1.92% 3.08%
2001 1.63% 4.36%
2000 1.68% 2.53%
1999 0.54% 0.7%
1998 0.65% 4.61%
1997 1.2% 4.02%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ivory-coast | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, France has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.61%, compared with 2.63% in Ivory Coast. In 2024, inflation was 2% in France and 3.45% in Ivory Coast.

Top exports between countries

France
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $355M
Chemicals & pharma $328M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $259M
Raw agricultural goods $143M
Textiles & consumer goods $76M
Raw materials & minerals $67.4M
Metals $66M
Animal & marine products $49.7M
Wood & paper products $25.8M
Miscellaneous $11.7M
Ivory Coast
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $631M
Raw agricultural goods $118M
Machinery & equipment $54.7M
Raw materials & minerals $20.4M
Wood & paper products $10.1M
Chemicals & pharma $8.85M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.98M
Animal & marine products $1.21M
Metals $721K
Weapons & explosives $547K

Balance of trade

France Ivory Coast
Current account balance
$2.69B
2024
-$9.21B
2023
Current account balance ranking
42/190
2024
175/190
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.09%
2024
-11.4%
2023
Goods imports
$733B
2024
$15.4B
2023
Goods exports
$668B
2024
$17.1B
2023
Service imports
$341B
2024
$8.78B
2023
Service exports
$403B
2024
$1.5B
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.2%
2024
25.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.9%
2024
26%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

France Ivory Coast
Economic freedom 64.6 58.1
Economic freedom ranking 72/197 111/197
Property rights 91.2 43.9
Government integrity 73.4 39.3
Judicial effectiveness 84.7 30.2
Tax burden 54.6 81.6
Government spending 0.9 86.6
Fiscal health 34.8 48
Business freedom 78.4 68.3
Labor freedom 59.1 57.1
Monetary freedom 73.2 67.6
Trade freedom 79.4 74.4
Investment freedom 75 50
Financial freedom 70 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

France
Ivory Coast
1x
Year Economic freedom index
France Ivory Coast
2026 64.6 58.1
2025 64.4 57.8
2024 62.5 58.4
2023 63.6 60.4
2022 65.9 61.6
2021 65.7 61.7
2020 66 59.7
2019 63.8 62.4
2018 63.9 62
2017 63.3 63
2016 62.3 60
2015 62.5 58.5
2014 63.5 57.7
2013 64.1 54.1
2012 63.2 54.3
2011 64.6 55.4
2010 64.2 54.1
2009 63.3 55
2008 64.7 53.9
2007 62.1 54.9
2006 61.1 56.2
2005 60.5 56.6
2004 60.9 57.8
2003 59.2 56.7
2002 58 57.3
2001 58 54.8
2000 57.4 50.2
1999 59.1 51.7
1998 58.9 51.3
1997 59.1 50.5
1996 63.7 49.9
1995 64.4 53.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ivory-coast | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for France is 64.6, ranking 72/197, compared to 58.1 for Ivory Coast, ranking 111/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

France Ivory Coast
Services, % of GDP
70.9%
2024
51.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.2%
2024
24%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.3%
2024
15.9%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.1T
2024
$80.9B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,880
2024
$7,360
2024
Total reserves including gold
$283B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
-$10.3B
2024
-$2B
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$52.1B
2024
$3.12B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$41.7B
2024
$228M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
6.44%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.6%
2021
37.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
20.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ivory-coast | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.