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Economy of Ivory Coast vs Portugal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Ivory Coast has a GDP of $87.1B compared to $313B for Portugal, ranking 77/197 and 46/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ivory Coast has $51.6B in government debt (59.3% of GDP), compared to $297B (94.9% of GDP) in Portugal.

Ivory Coast vs Portugal GDP by year

Ivory Coast
Portugal
1x
Year GDP, current $
Ivory Coast Portugal
2024 $87,113,179,149 $313,271,185,085
2023 $80,780,312,569 $292,323,800,949
2022 $70,922,824,814 $256,898,677,175
2021 $72,794,636,654 $256,055,879,091
2020 $63,027,852,805 $229,618,773,423
2019 $60,382,894,697 $240,115,970,063
2018 $58,522,477,787 $242,092,894,543
2017 $52,512,343,997 $220,862,990,767
2016 $48,407,761,037 $206,305,431,242
2015 $45,815,005,169 $199,038,523,120
2014 $48,843,005,614 $230,078,616,300
2013 $42,760,235,485 $226,677,408,292
2012 $36,302,302,877 $216,536,676,772
2011 $36,693,710,801 $245,426,767,676
2010 $34,936,307,980 $238,443,864,993
2009 $33,886,813,250 $244,667,762,836
2008 $34,078,240,293 $263,416,394,624
2007 $28,760,090,953 $240,496,147,317
2006 $25,281,413,263 $208,756,449,276
2005 $24,036,918,703 $197,253,876,705
2004 $23,510,575,681 $189,382,122,532
2003 $21,251,754,340 $165,226,175,537
2002 $18,054,383,321 $134,795,565,549
2001 $16,810,537,044 $121,604,107,165
2000 $16,577,533,892 $118,605,192,877
1999 $18,870,992,456 $127,470,385,557
1998 $19,619,654,756 $123,946,327,916
1997 $18,047,558,038 $117,016,535,163
1996 $18,071,152,831 $122,630,089,680
1995 $11,000,146,267 $118,122,007,430
1994 $8,313,557,510 $99,688,641,304
1993 $11,045,760,288 $95,009,751,901
1992 $11,152,971,274 $107,592,098,307
1991 $10,492,628,581 $89,233,599,278
1990 $10,795,850,583 $78,713,860,217
1989 $9,757,410,645 $60,594,092,182
1988 $10,255,169,806 $56,347,250,696
1987 $10,087,654,465 $48,182,925,857
1986 $9,158,302,100 $38,745,901,354
1985 $6,977,650,644 $27,115,807,742
1984 $6,841,639,247 $25,217,969,050
1983 $6,838,184,773 $27,239,650,742
1982 $7,567,110,849 $30,527,754,793
1981 $8,432,589,942 $31,977,276,873
1980 $10,175,617,609 $32,896,519,824
1979 $9,142,933,967 $26,622,819,672
1978 $7,900,526,298 $23,487,614,051
1977 $6,265,068,189 $21,439,523,311
1976 $4,662,053,825 $20,332,831,565
1975 $3,893,839,190 $19,347,607,843
1974 $3,070,152,309 $17,512,391,476
1973 $2,508,421,426 $15,090,564,186
1972 $1,849,400,402 $11,239,117,865
1971 $1,584,128,509 $9,201,604,240
1970 $1,455,482,795 $8,108,235,704
1969 $1,361,360,293 $7,287,555,035
1968 $1,281,281,277 $6,644,693,214
1967 $1,082,922,725 $6,002,607,030
1966 $1,024,102,880 $5,370,108,031
1965 $919,771,229 $4,901,711,248
1964 $921,063,327 $4,429,202,657
1963 $761,047,198 $4,084,251,593
1962 $645,284,474 $3,835,883,663
1961 $618,245,634 $3,573,719,085
1960 $546,203,559 $3,339,150,158

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/portugal | CC BY

GDP per capita in Ivory Coast vs Portugal by year

Ivory Coast
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Portugal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Ivory Coast Portugal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,728 $7,669 $29,292 $51,680
2023 $2,592 $7,237 $27,635 $49,353
2022 $2,333 $6,719 $24,621 $45,250
2021 $2,456 $6,045 $24,711 $38,658
2020 $2,180 $5,544 $22,299 $35,967
2019 $2,142 $5,516 $23,343 $37,866
2018 $2,131 $4,946 $23,541 $34,897
2017 $1,964 $4,690 $21,442 $32,971
2016 $1,863 $4,531 $19,980 $31,589
2015 $1,815 $4,404 $19,216 $29,608
2014 $1,991 $4,074 $22,121 $28,765
2013 $1,786 $3,619 $21,676 $27,966
2012 $1,547 $3,291 $20,593 $26,476
2011 $1,597 $3,176 $23,247 $26,803
2010 $1,554 $3,361 $22,552 $27,292
2009 $1,540 $3,177 $23,151 $26,472
2008 $1,584 $3,116 $24,949 $26,666
2007 $1,368 $2,985 $22,811 $25,738
2006 $1,230 $2,942 $19,839 $24,677
2005 $1,198 $2,842 $18,780 $22,725
2004 $1,200 $2,794 $18,064 $21,476
2003 $1,111 $2,702 $15,798 $20,850
2002 $968 $2,851 $12,937 $20,357
2001 $925 $2,962 $11,735 $19,529
2000 $937 $3,041 $11,526 $18,883
1999 $1,096 $3,065 $12,475 $17,718
1998 $1,177 $3,086 $12,199 $16,688
1997 $1,125 $3,040 $11,576 $15,789
1996 $1,170 $2,832 $12,185 $14,922
1995 $740 $2,683 $11,781 $14,406
1994 $582 $2,551 $9,977 $13,578
1993 $804 $2,577 $9,535 $13,202
1992 $845 $2,625 $10,811 $13,182
1991 $827 $2,677 $8,959 $12,739
1990 $886 $2,693 $7,885 $11,780
1989 $833 - $6,056 -
1988 $910 - $5,624 -
1987 $930 - $4,804 -
1986 $877 - $3,862 -
1985 $695 - $2,705 -
1984 $709 - $2,523 -
1983 $737 - $2,735 -
1982 $849 - $3,080 -
1981 $986 - $3,246 -
1980 $1,238 - $3,368 -
1979 $1,157 - $2,756 -
1978 $1,039 - $2,457 -
1977 $856 - $2,267 -
1976 $661 - $2,173 -
1975 $575 - $2,128 -
1974 $474 - $2,000 -
1973 $406 - $1,748 -
1972 $313 - $1,302 -
1971 $280.3 - $1,065 -
1970 $269 - $934 -
1969 $262.2 - $832 -
1968 $256.8 - $752 -
1967 $225.6 - $676 -
1966 $221.8 - $601 -
1965 $207 - $545 -
1964 $215.5 - $490 -
1963 $185.1 - $452 -
1962 $163.1 - $426 -
1961 $162.3 - $400 -
1960 $148.7 - $377 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/portugal | CC BY

Ivory Coast's GDP per capita is $2,728, ranking 142/197, compared to $29,292 in Portugal, ranking 44/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ivory Coast ranks 145th at $7,669, while Portugal ranks 42nd at $51,680.

Economic indicators

Ivory Coast Portugal
Gross domestic product
$87.1B
2024
$313B
2024
GDP rank
77/197
2024
46/197
2024
GDP growth
6.02%
2023-2024
2.14%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,728
2024
$29,292
2024
GDP per capita rank
142/197
2024
44/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,669
2024
$51,680
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
145/197
2024
42/197
2024
Government debt
$51.6B
2024
$297B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.3%
2024
94.9%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,616
2024
$27,807
2024
Government debt per person rank
125/185
2024
27/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,733
2026
$16,747
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$7.33B
2020
$61.9B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
171,797
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
27.8%
2021
26.9%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.1%
2021
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
42.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.45%
2023-2024
2.42%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
2.31%
2022
6.43%
2024
Population
33722528
10667081

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Ivory Coast
Spending

Debt
Portugal
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Ivory Coast Portugal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.4% 59.3% 42.8% 94.9%
2023 21.3% 57.5% 42.3% 97.7%
2022 21.9% 56% 43.9% 111.2%
2021 20.5% 50.2% 47.3% 123.9%
2020 20.4% 46.3% 49.1% 134.1%
2019 17.2% 37.2% 42.5% 116.1%
2018 17.6% 35.3% 43.3% 121.1%
2017 18.1% 32.6% 45.5% 126%
2016 17.6% 31.1% 44.9% 131.2%
2015 16.5% 29.2% 48.2% 131%
2014 15.2% 26.7% 51.7% 132.5%
2013 15.9% 24.6% 50% 130.8%
2012 16.1% 24.7% 48.8% 128.6%
2011 13.2% 50% 50% 114%
2010 14.5% 45.6% 51.9% 100.1%
2009 14.4% 46.5% 50.3% 87.8%
2008 14.6% 51.2% 45.5% 75.6%
2007 14.8% 53.5% 44.5% 72.7%
2006 14.5% 57.5% 45.1% 73.7%
2005 13.6% 58.2% 46.8% 72.2%
2004 13.5% 56.7% 46.1% 67.1%
2003 12.7% 56.4% 45.4% 63.9%
2002 13.1% 63% 44.2% 60%
2001 11.4% 71.2% 44.1% 57.4%
2000 12.9% 74% 42.8% 54.2%
1999 13.7% 78% 42.5% 55.4%
1998 14.6% 75.2% 42.6% 55.6%
1997 15.2% 84.2% 42.4% 58.7%
1996 - - 43% 63.3%
1995 - - 42.6% 62.2%
1994 - - 42.8% 60.4%
1993 - - 46.5% 57.2%
1992 - - 48.2% 58.1%
1991 - - 45.9% 63.9%
1990 - - 42.2% 60.2%
1989 - - 36.2% 55.4%
1988 - - 36.2% 56.8%
1987 - - 37.5% 57.2%
1986 - - 38.9% 59.8%
1985 - - 37.5% 59.4%
1984 - - 34.6% 51.3%
1983 - - 34.7% 46.7%
1982 - - 35.8% 43%
1981 - - 35.3% 39.3%
1980 - - 32.4% 31%
1979 - - 30.8% 35.2%
1978 - - 31.7% 31.4%
1977 - - 35.1% 26.9%
1976 - - 38.2% 24.5%
1975 - - 31.9% 19.2%
1974 - - 25.8% 13.5%
1973 - - 25.7% 13.6%
1972 - - 22.8% 14.5%
1971 - - 15.5% 15.7%
1970 - - 15.5% 16.5%
1969 - - 14.9% 16.8%
1968 - - 14.3% 17.2%
1967 - - 14.1% 18.5%
1966 - - 14.4% 20.2%
1965 - - 13.4% 20.4%
1964 - - 13.9% 21.9%
1963 - - 14.6% 20.8%
1962 - - 14.5% 18.7%
1961 - - 14.6% 17.1%
1960 - - 14.3% 16.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/portugal | CC BY

In 2024, Ivory Coast's government spending was $17.7B, accounting for 20.4% of its GDP, while Portugal spent $134B, or 42.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.3% in Ivory Coast and 94.9% in Portugal, ranking 82/185 and 27/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Ivory Coast

Portugal
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ivory Coast Portugal
2024 -3.97% 0.7%
2023 -5.19% 1.21%
2022 -6.74% -0.31%
2021 -4.86% -2.83%
2020 -5.42% -5.75%
2019 -2.22% 0.12%
2018 -2.9% -0.43%
2017 -3.27% -3%
2016 -2.98% -1.94%
2015 -2.04% -4.37%
2014 -1.57% -7.32%
2013 -1.62% -5.21%
2012 -2.28% -6.2%
2011 -2.89% -7.73%
2010 -1.34% -11.4%
2009 -1% -9.87%
2008 -0.21% -3.81%
2007 -0.39% -2.91%
2006 -1.03% -4.07%
2005 -1.03% -6.11%
2004 -1.04% -5.99%
2003 -1.26% -5.66%
2002 -0.64% -3.73%
2001 0.7% -4.73%
2000 -0.83% -3.35%
1999 -1.27% -2.99%
1998 -0.7% -4.3%
1997 -0.75% -3.65%
1996 - -4.63%
1995 - -5.14%
1994 - -7.37%
1993 - -8.06%
1992 - -5.19%
1991 - -7.93%
1990 - -6.82%
1989 - -2.86%
1988 - -3.52%
1987 - -6.79%
1986 - -7.45%
1985 - -8.35%
1984 - -5.23%
1983 - -4.86%
1982 - -7.02%
1981 - -8.34%
1980 - -6.92%
1979 - -6.08%
1978 - -7.15%
1977 - -7.5%
1976 - -10.2%
1975 - -7.1%
1974 - -3.2%
1973 - -5.39%
1972 - -7.72%
1971 - -0.23%
1970 - -0.24%
1969 - -1.53%
1968 - -1.24%
1967 - -0.46%
1966 - -2%
1965 - -0.03%
1964 - -1.93%
1963 - -3.33%
1962 - -1.69%
1961 - -3.17%
1960 - -3.13%
1959 - -1.73%
1958 - -0.52%
1957 - 0.08%
1956 - -0.18%
1955 - -0.31%
1954 - -0.58%
1953 - -0.35%
1952 - -0.34%
1951 - 0.94%
1950 - -0.83%
1949 - -0.46%
1948 - -2.04%
1947 - -1.65%
1946 - -2.32%
1945 - -2.38%
1944 - -1.44%
1943 - 0.03%
1942 - -0.35%
1941 - -0.08%
1940 - -1.74%
1939 - -0.73%
1938 - -0.08%
1937 - -0.09%
1936 - 0.08%
1935 - 0.75%
1934 - 0.6%
1933 - -0.07%
1932 - -0.03%
1931 - 0.04%
1930 - 0.79%
1929 - 1.86%
1928 - 0.2%
1927 - -2.27%
1926 - -4.21%
1925 - -1.48%
1924 - -3.16%
1923 - -3.47%
1922 - -10%
1921 - -6.5%
1920 - -5.66%
1919 - -8.83%
1918 - -8.3%
1917 - -5.49%
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.34%
1912 - -0.02%
1911 - -0.73%
1910 - -0.19%
1909 - -0.82%
1908 - -0.56%
1907 - -0.69%
1906 - -0.45%
1905 - -0.75%
1904 - -0.26%
1903 - -0.91%
1902 - -0.5%
1901 - -0.69%
1900 - -0.35%
1899 - -0.77%
1898 - -0.5%
1897 - -0.93%
1896 - -1.35%
1895 - -0.2%
1894 - -0.16%
1893 - -0.02%
1892 - -0.8%
1891 - -2.15%
1890 - -2.01%
1889 - -1.95%
1888 - -2.14%
1887 - -0.67%
1886 - -1.43%
1885 - -1.68%
1884 - -1.48%
1883 - -1.1%
1882 - -0.39%
1881 - -1.2%
1880 - -1.63%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/portugal | CC BY

In 2024, Ivory Coast's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.45B, equivalent to 3.97% of GDP. This compares to Portugal's surplus of $2.19B, or 0.7% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Ivory Coast recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while Portugal ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Ivory Coast posted an annual deficit equal to 2.1% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.13% of GDP for Portugal.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Ivory Coast

Portugal
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Ivory Coast Portugal
2024 3.45% 2.42%
2023 4.37% 4.31%
2022 5.23% 7.83%
2021 4.16% 1.27%
2020 2.41% -0.01%
2019 0.79% 0.34%
2018 0.4% 0.99%
2017 0.69% 1.37%
2016 0.72% 0.61%
2015 1.25% 0.49%
2014 0.45% -0.28%
2013 2.58% 0.27%
2012 1.3% 2.77%
2011 4.91% 3.65%
2010 1.23% 1.4%
2009 1.02% -0.84%
2008 6.31% 2.59%
2007 1.89% 2.45%
2006 2.47% 3.11%
2005 3.89% 2.28%
2004 1.46% 2.37%
2003 3.3% 3.22%
2002 3.08% 3.6%
2001 4.36% 4.37%
2000 2.53% 2.85%
1999 0.7% 2.34%
1998 4.61% 2.57%
1997 4.02% 2.34%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/portugal | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Ivory Coast has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.63%, compared with 2.17% in Portugal. In 2024, inflation was 3.45% in Ivory Coast and 2.42% in Portugal.

Top exports between countries

Ivory Coast
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $81.5M
Raw materials & minerals $27.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $13.1M
Raw agricultural goods $5.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.84M
Wood & paper products $591K
Chemicals & pharma $315K
Metals $226K
Animal & marine products $96K
Precious metals & jewellery $7K
Portugal
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $14.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $11.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10.7M
Metals $9.16M
Wood & paper products $7.82M
Raw materials & minerals $4.72M
Chemicals & pharma $3.67M
Animal & marine products $336K
Raw agricultural goods $320K
Precious metals & jewellery $45K

Balance of trade

Ivory Coast Portugal
Current account balance
-$9.21B
2023
$6.51B
2024
Current account balance ranking
175/190
2023
28/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-11.4%
2023
+2.08%
2024
Goods imports
$15.4B
2023
$109B
2024
Goods exports
$17.1B
2023
$81.4B
2024
Service imports
$8.78B
2023
$27.9B
2024
Service exports
$1.5B
2023
$62.7B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.2%
2024
43.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
26%
2024
45.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ivory Coast Portugal
Economic freedom 58.1 71.2
Economic freedom ranking 111/197 33/197
Property rights 43.9 88.9
Government integrity 39.3 63.4
Judicial effectiveness 30.2 90.1
Tax burden 81.6 60.6
Government spending 86.6 44.6
Fiscal health 48 82
Business freedom 68.3 83.1
Labor freedom 57.1 54.8
Monetary freedom 67.6 77.7
Trade freedom 74.4 79.4
Investment freedom 50 70
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Ivory Coast
Portugal
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Ivory Coast Portugal
2026 58.1 71.2
2025 57.8 70.5
2024 58.4 68.7
2023 60.4 69.5
2022 61.6 70.8
2021 61.7 67.5
2020 59.7 67
2019 62.4 65.3
2018 62 63.4
2017 63 62.6
2016 60 65.1
2015 58.5 65.3
2014 57.7 63.5
2013 54.1 63.1
2012 54.3 63
2011 55.4 64
2010 54.1 64.4
2009 55 64.9
2008 53.9 63.9
2007 54.9 64
2006 56.2 62.9
2005 56.6 62.4
2004 57.8 64.9
2003 56.7 64.9
2002 57.3 65.4
2001 54.8 66
2000 50.2 65.5
1999 51.7 65.6
1998 51.3 65
1997 50.5 63.6
1996 49.9 64.5
1995 53.4 62.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/portugal | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Ivory Coast is 58.1, ranking 111/197, compared to 71.2 for Portugal, ranking 33/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Ivory Coast Portugal
Services, % of GDP
51.9%
2024
66.3%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2024
18.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
15.9%
2024
2.02%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$80.9B
2024
$288B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,360
2024
$50,730
2024
Total reserves including gold n/a
$42.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking n/a
48/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$2B
2023
-$6.64B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$3.12B
2024
$13.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$228M
2024
$6.84B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
6.44%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.5%
2021
16.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
20.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/portugal | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.