Ivory Coast has a GDP of $87.1B compared to $25B for Malta, ranking 77/197 and 119/197 by economy size, respectively.
Ivory Coast has $51.6B in government debt (59.3% of GDP), compared to $11.5B (46.2% of GDP) in Malta.
Ivory Coast vs Malta GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|
| 2024 | $87,113,179,149 | $24,971,574,502 |
| 2023 | $80,780,312,569 | $22,610,561,526 |
| 2022 | $70,922,824,814 | $18,928,276,162 |
| 2021 | $72,794,636,654 | $19,739,875,611 |
| 2020 | $63,027,852,805 | $16,404,663,226 |
| 2019 | $60,382,894,697 | $16,337,793,531 |
| 2018 | $58,522,477,787 | $16,153,779,511 |
| 2017 | $52,512,343,997 | $14,161,366,724 |
| 2016 | $48,407,761,037 | $12,025,782,834 |
| 2015 | $45,815,005,169 | $11,340,795,042 |
| 2014 | $48,843,005,614 | $11,888,032,874 |
| 2013 | $42,760,235,485 | $10,796,782,636 |
| 2012 | $36,302,302,877 | $9,609,532,089 |
| 2011 | $36,693,710,801 | $9,789,361,703 |
| 2010 | $34,936,307,980 | $9,097,044,159 |
| 2009 | $33,886,813,250 | $8,734,745,698 |
| 2008 | $34,078,240,293 | $9,135,419,465 |
| 2007 | $28,760,090,953 | $7,908,412,306 |
| 2006 | $25,281,413,263 | $6,749,838,806 |
| 2005 | $24,036,918,703 | $6,393,234,993 |
| 2004 | $23,510,575,681 | $6,104,141,520 |
| 2003 | $21,251,754,340 | $5,418,315,224 |
| 2002 | $18,054,383,321 | $4,455,127,414 |
| 2001 | $16,810,537,044 | $4,070,867,133 |
| 2000 | $16,577,533,892 | $4,036,809,815 |
| 1999 | $18,870,992,456 | $4,111,857,809 |
| 1998 | $19,619,654,756 | $4,010,111,688 |
| 1997 | $18,047,558,038 | $3,787,023,707 |
| 1996 | $18,071,152,831 | $3,822,547,197 |
| 1995 | $11,000,146,267 | $3,709,396,045 |
| 1994 | $8,313,557,510 | $2,998,505,428 |
| 1993 | $11,045,760,288 | $2,709,193,538 |
| 1992 | $11,152,971,274 | $3,021,942,759 |
| 1991 | $10,492,628,581 | $2,750,216,747 |
| 1990 | $10,795,850,583 | $2,547,328,748 |
| 1989 | $9,757,410,645 | $2,118,655,677 |
| 1988 | $10,255,169,806 | $2,019,503,068 |
| 1987 | $10,087,654,465 | $1,751,293,461 |
| 1986 | $9,158,302,100 | $1,435,038,441 |
| 1985 | $6,977,650,644 | $1,117,797,439 |
| 1984 | $6,841,639,247 | $1,101,807,023 |
| 1983 | $6,838,184,773 | $1,165,729,707 |
| 1982 | $7,567,110,849 | $1,234,474,404 |
| 1981 | $8,432,589,942 | $1,243,509,394 |
| 1980 | $10,175,617,609 | $1,250,198,601 |
| 1979 | $9,142,933,967 | $1,001,288,847 |
| 1978 | $7,900,526,298 | $793,673,402 |
| 1977 | $6,265,068,189 | $625,563,171 |
| 1976 | $4,662,053,825 | $527,936,989 |
| 1975 | $3,893,839,190 | $474,618,321 |
| 1974 | $3,070,152,309 | $376,081,124 |
| 1973 | $2,508,421,426 | $345,616,106 |
| 1972 | $1,849,400,402 | $295,106,628 |
| 1971 | $1,584,128,509 | $264,578,485 |
| 1970 | $1,455,482,795 | $250,728,796 |
| 1969 | $1,361,360,293 | - |
| 1968 | $1,281,281,277 | - |
| 1967 | $1,082,922,725 | - |
| 1966 | $1,024,102,880 | - |
| 1965 | $919,771,229 | - |
| 1964 | $921,063,327 | - |
| 1963 | $761,047,198 | - |
| 1962 | $645,284,474 | - |
| 1961 | $618,245,634 | - |
| 1960 | $546,203,559 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/malta | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Ivory Coast vs Malta by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $2,728 | $7,669 | $43,899 | $69,864 |
| 2023 | $2,592 | $7,237 | $40,906 | $67,057 |
| 2022 | $2,333 | $6,719 | $35,639 | $60,589 |
| 2021 | $2,456 | $6,045 | $38,097 | $56,852 |
| 2020 | $2,180 | $5,544 | $31,823 | $49,972 |
| 2019 | $2,142 | $5,516 | $32,422 | $51,393 |
| 2018 | $2,131 | $4,946 | $33,382 | $48,178 |
| 2017 | $1,964 | $4,690 | $30,317 | $45,764 |
| 2016 | $1,863 | $4,531 | $26,459 | $41,000 |
| 2015 | $1,815 | $4,404 | $25,530 | $38,369 |
| 2014 | $1,991 | $4,074 | $27,425 | $35,206 |
| 2013 | $1,786 | $3,619 | $25,416 | $33,138 |
| 2012 | $1,547 | $3,291 | $22,878 | $30,716 |
| 2011 | $1,597 | $3,176 | $23,517 | $29,426 |
| 2010 | $1,554 | $3,361 | $21,947 | $28,909 |
| 2009 | $1,540 | $3,177 | $21,176 | $26,782 |
| 2008 | $1,584 | $3,116 | $22,315 | $26,654 |
| 2007 | $1,368 | $2,985 | $19,444 | $25,012 |
| 2006 | $1,230 | $2,942 | $16,654 | $23,219 |
| 2005 | $1,198 | $2,842 | $15,831 | $22,227 |
| 2004 | $1,200 | $2,794 | $15,212 | $21,566 |
| 2003 | $1,111 | $2,702 | $13,594 | $20,813 |
| 2002 | $968 | $2,851 | $11,251 | $19,532 |
| 2001 | $925 | $2,962 | $10,358 | $18,435 |
| 2000 | $937 | $3,041 | $10,348 | $18,214 |
| 1999 | $1,096 | $3,065 | $10,609 | $16,898 |
| 1998 | $1,177 | $3,086 | $10,408 | $16,219 |
| 1997 | $1,125 | $3,040 | $9,893 | $15,465 |
| 1996 | $1,170 | $2,832 | $10,062 | $14,661 |
| 1995 | $740 | $2,683 | $9,828 | $13,950 |
| 1994 | $582 | $2,551 | $8,000 | $12,938 |
| 1993 | $804 | $2,577 | $7,296 | $12,103 |
| 1992 | $845 | $2,625 | $8,220 | $11,429 |
| 1991 | $827 | $2,677 | $7,559 | $10,784 |
| 1990 | $886 | $2,693 | $7,192 | $10,086 |
| 1989 | $833 | - | $6,041 | - |
| 1988 | $910 | - | $5,814 | - |
| 1987 | $930 | - | $5,084 | - |
| 1986 | $877 | - | $4,195 | - |
| 1985 | $695 | - | $3,322 | - |
| 1984 | $709 | - | $3,333 | - |
| 1983 | $737 | - | $3,527 | - |
| 1982 | $849 | - | $3,788 | - |
| 1981 | $986 | - | $3,898 | - |
| 1980 | $1,238 | - | $3,948 | - |
| 1979 | $1,157 | - | $3,196 | - |
| 1978 | $1,039 | - | $2,559 | - |
| 1977 | $856 | - | $2,038 | - |
| 1976 | $661 | - | $1,727 | - |
| 1975 | $575 | - | $1,560 | - |
| 1974 | $474 | - | $1,245 | - |
| 1973 | $406 | - | $1,144 | - |
| 1972 | $313 | - | $976 | - |
| 1971 | $280.3 | - | $874 | - |
| 1970 | $269 | - | $828 | - |
| 1969 | $262.2 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $256.8 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $225.6 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $221.8 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $207 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $215.5 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $185.1 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $163.1 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $162.3 | - | - | - |
| 1960 | $148.7 | - | - | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/malta | CC BY
Ivory Coast's GDP per capita is $2,728, ranking 142/197, compared to $43,899 in Malta, ranking 28/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ivory Coast ranks 145th at $7,669, while Malta ranks 25th at $69,864.
Economic indicators
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$87.1B
2024 |
$25B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
77/197
2024 |
119/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
6.02%
2023-2024 |
6.8%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$2,728
2024 |
$43,899
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
142/197
2024 |
28/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$7,669
2024 |
$69,864
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
145/197
2024 |
25/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$51.6B
2024 |
$11.5B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
59.3%
2024 |
46.2%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$1,616
2024 |
$20,269
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
125/185
2024 |
31/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$2,733
2026 |
$23,692
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$7.33B
2020 |
$4.29B
2024 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
27.8%
2021 |
27.7%
2022 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.1%
2021 |
2.7%
2022 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
20.4%
2024 |
37.3%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
3.45%
2023-2024 |
1.65%
2023-2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
2.31%
2022 |
3.12%
2024 |
| Population |
33722528
|
581729
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2024 | 20.4% | 59.3% | 37.3% | 46.2% |
| 2023 | 21.3% | 57.5% | 36.1% | 46.8% |
| 2022 | 21.9% | 56% | 38.3% | 50.1% |
| 2021 | 20.5% | 50.2% | 39.4% | 49.6% |
| 2020 | 20.4% | 46.3% | 42.1% | 48.6% |
| 2019 | 17.2% | 37.2% | 34.9% | 39.2% |
| 2018 | 17.6% | 35.3% | 34.5% | 41.4% |
| 2017 | 18.1% | 32.6% | 32.7% | 45.6% |
| 2016 | 17.6% | 31.1% | 35.5% | 53.1% |
| 2015 | 16.5% | 29.2% | 37.8% | 55% |
| 2014 | 15.2% | 26.7% | 39.6% | 60.7% |
| 2013 | 15.9% | 24.6% | 40.1% | 64.9% |
| 2012 | 16.1% | 24.7% | 41.7% | 65.6% |
| 2011 | 13.2% | 50% | 41.5% | 68.9% |
| 2010 | 14.5% | 45.6% | 40.1% | 65% |
| 2009 | 14.4% | 46.5% | 41.1% | 66% |
| 2008 | 14.6% | 51.2% | 42.1% | 61.5% |
| 2007 | 14.8% | 53.5% | 41.2% | 62% |
| 2006 | 14.5% | 57.5% | 42.5% | 64.5% |
| 2005 | 13.6% | 58.2% | 42.5% | 70.2% |
| 2004 | 13.5% | 56.7% | 42% | 70.4% |
| 2003 | 12.7% | 56.4% | 45.6% | 68.6% |
| 2002 | 13.1% | 63% | 43.6% | 65.1% |
| 2001 | 11.4% | 71.2% | 44.4% | 70% |
| 2000 | 12.9% | 74% | 42.9% | 64.4% |
| 1999 | 13.7% | 78% | - | 69.8% |
| 1998 | 14.6% | 75.2% | - | 66.4% |
| 1997 | 15.2% | 84.2% | - | 60.8% |
| 1996 | - | - | - | 51.5% |
| 1995 | - | - | - | 45.3% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/malta | CC BY
In 2024, Ivory Coast's government spending was $17.7B, accounting for 20.4% of its GDP, while Malta spent $9.32B, or 37.3% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.3% in Ivory Coast and 46.2% in Malta, ranking 82/185 and 118/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|
| 2024 | -3.97% | -3.58% |
| 2023 | -5.19% | -4.65% |
| 2022 | -6.74% | -5.31% |
| 2021 | -4.86% | -6.95% |
| 2020 | -5.42% | -8.72% |
| 2019 | -2.22% | 0.72% |
| 2018 | -2.9% | 1.86% |
| 2017 | -3.27% | 3.4% |
| 2016 | -2.98% | 1.1% |
| 2015 | -2.04% | -0.84% |
| 2014 | -1.57% | -1.49% |
| 2013 | -1.62% | -2.19% |
| 2012 | -2.28% | -3.31% |
| 2011 | -2.89% | -2.99% |
| 2010 | -1.34% | -2.22% |
| 2009 | -1% | -3.11% |
| 2008 | -0.21% | -4.06% |
| 2007 | -0.39% | -2.05% |
| 2006 | -1.03% | -2.46% |
| 2005 | -1.03% | -2.83% |
| 2004 | -1.04% | -4.28% |
| 2003 | -1.26% | -9.04% |
| 2002 | -0.64% | -5.62% |
| 2001 | 0.7% | -6.5% |
| 2000 | -0.83% | -5.83% |
| 1999 | -1.27% | - |
| 1998 | -0.7% | - |
| 1997 | -0.75% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/malta | CC BY
In 2024, Ivory Coast's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.45B, equivalent to 3.97% of GDP. This compares to Malta's deficit of $893M, or 3.58% of GDP.
Over the past 25 years, Ivory Coast recorded a fiscal deficit in 24 of those years, while Malta ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Ivory Coast posted an annual deficit equal to 2.24% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.24% of GDP for Malta.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|
| 2024 | 3.45% | 1.65% |
| 2023 | 4.37% | 5.09% |
| 2022 | 5.23% | 6.15% |
| 2021 | 4.16% | 1.5% |
| 2020 | 2.41% | 0.64% |
| 2019 | 0.79% | 1.64% |
| 2018 | 0.4% | 1.16% |
| 2017 | 0.69% | 1.36% |
| 2016 | 0.72% | 0.64% |
| 2015 | 1.25% | 1.1% |
| 2014 | 0.45% | 0.31% |
| 2013 | 2.58% | 1.18% |
| 2012 | 1.3% | 2.38% |
| 2011 | 4.91% | 2.96% |
| 2010 | 1.23% | 1.52% |
| 2009 | 1.02% | 2.08% |
| 2008 | 6.31% | 4.26% |
| 2007 | 1.89% | 1.25% |
| 2006 | 2.47% | 2.77% |
| 2005 | 3.89% | 3.01% |
| 2004 | 1.46% | 2.79% |
| 2003 | 3.3% | 1.3% |
| 2002 | 3.08% | 2.19% |
| 2001 | 4.36% | 2.93% |
| 2000 | 2.53% | 2.37% |
| 1999 | 0.7% | 2.13% |
| 1998 | 4.61% | 2.39% |
| 1997 | 4.02% | 3.11% |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/malta | CC BY
Over the past 28 years, Ivory Coast has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.63%, compared with 2.21% in Malta. In 2024, inflation was 3.45% in Ivory Coast and 1.65% in Malta.
Top exports between countries
|
Ivory Coast
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $20.7M |
| Wood & paper products | $38K |
| Machinery & equipment | $17K |
| Metals | $8K |
|
Malta
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Chemicals & pharma | $2.78M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $222K |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $128K |
| Machinery & equipment | $45K |
| Metals | $8K |
Balance of trade
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$9.21B
2023 |
$1.78B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
175/190
2023 |
47/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-11.4%
2023 |
+7.12%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$15.4B
2023 |
$7.56B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$17.1B
2023 |
$4.58B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$8.78B
2023 |
$17.4B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$1.5B
2023 |
$25B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
25.2%
2024 |
99.7%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
26%
2024 |
118.5%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 58.1 | 68.2 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 111/197 | 49/197 |
| Property rights | 43.9 | 85.5 |
| Government integrity | 39.3 | 54.3 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 30.2 | 80.2 |
| Tax burden | 81.6 | 68.5 |
| Government spending | 86.6 | 58.4 |
| Fiscal health | 48 | 63.2 |
| Business freedom | 68.3 | 83.2 |
| Labor freedom | 57.1 | 62.6 |
| Monetary freedom | 67.6 | 73.1 |
| Trade freedom | 74.4 | 79.4 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 60 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 50 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|
| 2026 | 58.1 | 68.2 |
| 2025 | 57.8 | 66.8 |
| 2024 | 58.4 | 64.5 |
| 2023 | 60.4 | 67.5 |
| 2022 | 61.6 | 71.5 |
| 2021 | 61.7 | 70.2 |
| 2020 | 59.7 | 69.5 |
| 2019 | 62.4 | 68.6 |
| 2018 | 62 | 68.5 |
| 2017 | 63 | 67.7 |
| 2016 | 60 | 66.7 |
| 2015 | 58.5 | 66.5 |
| 2014 | 57.7 | 66.4 |
| 2013 | 54.1 | 67.5 |
| 2012 | 54.3 | 67 |
| 2011 | 55.4 | 65.7 |
| 2010 | 54.1 | 67.2 |
| 2009 | 55 | 66.1 |
| 2008 | 53.9 | 66 |
| 2007 | 54.9 | 66.1 |
| 2006 | 56.2 | 67.3 |
| 2005 | 56.6 | 68.9 |
| 2004 | 57.8 | 63.3 |
| 2003 | 56.7 | 61.1 |
| 2002 | 57.3 | 62.2 |
| 2001 | 54.8 | 62.9 |
| 2000 | 50.2 | 58.3 |
| 1999 | 51.7 | 59.3 |
| 1998 | 51.3 | 61.2 |
| 1997 | 50.5 | 57.9 |
| 1996 | 49.9 | 55.8 |
| 1995 | 53.4 | 56.3 |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).
GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/malta | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Ivory Coast is 58.1, ranking 111/197, compared to 68.2 for Malta, ranking 49/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Ivory Coast
|
Malta
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
51.9%
2024 |
81.8%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
24%
2024 |
10.7%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
15.9%
2024 |
0.23%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$80.9B
2024 |
$20.9B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$7,360
2024 |
$61,340
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold | n/a |
$1.42B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking | n/a |
137/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$2B
2023 |
-$6.13B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$3.12B
2024 |
$42.6B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$228M
2024 |
$36.5B
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
6.44%
2024 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
37.5%
2021 |
16.7%
2021 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
20.9%
2024 |
19%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/malta | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.