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Economy of Ivory Coast vs Netherlands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Ivory Coast has a GDP of $87.1B compared to $1.21T for the Netherlands, ranking 77/197 and 19/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ivory Coast has $51.6B in government debt (59.3% of GDP), compared to $532B (43.8% of GDP) in the Netherlands.

Ivory Coast vs Netherlands GDP by year

Ivory Coast
Netherlands
1x
Year GDP, current $
Ivory Coast Netherlands
2024 $87,113,179,149 $1,214,927,698,573
2023 $80,780,312,569 $1,135,475,867,551
2022 $70,922,824,814 $1,046,540,797,549
2021 $72,794,636,654 $1,054,472,123,450
2020 $63,027,852,805 $932,560,861,701
2019 $60,382,894,697 $928,903,005,576
2018 $58,522,477,787 $929,733,599,797
2017 $52,512,343,997 $848,233,537,846
2016 $48,407,761,037 $797,163,949,290
2015 $45,815,005,169 $775,743,675,303
2014 $48,843,005,614 $901,556,501,756
2013 $42,760,235,485 $883,951,539,007
2012 $36,302,302,877 $845,689,017,066
2011 $36,693,710,801 $913,140,741,333
2010 $34,936,307,980 $852,464,982,433
2009 $33,886,813,250 $878,954,223,140
2008 $34,078,240,293 $957,901,566,041
2007 $28,760,090,953 $853,499,460,873
2006 $25,281,413,263 $737,593,995,289
2005 $24,036,918,703 $688,133,699,636
2004 $23,510,575,681 $661,224,886,143
2003 $21,251,754,340 $582,435,617,082
2002 $18,054,383,321 $475,529,972,123
2001 $16,810,537,044 $432,536,219,669
2000 $16,577,533,892 $417,649,282,154
1999 $18,870,992,456 $447,778,514,140
1998 $19,619,654,756 $438,612,530,549
1997 $18,047,558,038 $417,506,211,882
1996 $18,071,152,831 $451,372,549,020
1995 $11,000,146,267 $452,967,334,614
1994 $8,313,557,510 $379,688,232,232
1993 $11,045,760,288 $354,070,495,966
1992 $11,152,971,274 $363,497,050,125
1991 $10,492,628,581 $327,982,316,124
1990 $10,795,850,583 $318,799,003,994
1989 $9,757,410,645 $258,716,904,292
1988 $10,255,169,806 $262,295,966,105
1987 $10,087,654,465 $245,406,949,521
1986 $9,158,302,100 $201,157,708,221
1985 $6,977,650,644 $144,057,523,222
1984 $6,841,639,247 $144,124,462,912
1983 $6,838,184,773 $153,671,294,109
1982 $7,567,110,849 $158,712,765,536
1981 $8,432,589,942 $164,375,775,854
1980 $10,175,617,609 $195,439,301,707
1979 $9,142,933,967 $179,933,827,310
1978 $7,900,526,298 $156,089,077,205
1977 $6,265,068,189 $127,203,923,857
1976 $4,662,053,825 $109,329,386,564
1975 $3,893,839,190 $100,397,061,694
1974 $3,070,152,309 $87,371,810,804
1973 $2,508,421,426 $71,946,639,603
1972 $1,849,400,402 $54,787,070,173
1971 $1,584,128,509 $44,644,730,576
1970 $1,455,482,795 $38,220,884,519
1969 $1,361,360,293 $34,086,038,090
1968 $1,281,281,277 $30,097,635,751
1967 $1,082,922,725 $27,143,828,099
1966 $1,024,102,880 $24,741,480,717
1965 $919,771,229 $22,721,869,808
1964 $921,063,327 $20,232,048,553
1963 $761,047,198 $17,193,744,109
1962 $645,284,474 $15,847,582,341
1961 $618,245,634 $14,599,836,396
1960 $546,203,559 $13,282,979,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/netherlands | CC BY

GDP per capita in Ivory Coast vs Netherlands by year

Ivory Coast
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Ivory Coast Netherlands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,728 $7,669 $67,520 $86,174
2023 $2,592 $7,237 $63,516 $81,729
2022 $2,333 $6,719 $59,123 $78,630
2021 $2,456 $6,045 $60,142 $68,574
2020 $2,180 $5,544 $53,468 $62,597
2019 $2,142 $5,516 $53,555 $62,345
2018 $2,131 $4,946 $53,955 $58,819
2017 $1,964 $4,690 $49,514 $56,038
2016 $1,863 $4,531 $46,809 $53,162
2015 $1,815 $4,404 $45,794 $50,957
2014 $1,991 $4,074 $53,457 $49,751
2013 $1,786 $3,619 $52,602 $49,622
2012 $1,547 $3,291 $50,474 $47,653
2011 $1,597 $3,176 $54,702 $47,004
2010 $1,554 $3,361 $51,306 $45,301
2009 $1,540 $3,177 $53,172 $44,959
2008 $1,584 $3,116 $58,247 $46,714
2007 $1,368 $2,985 $52,101 $44,203
2006 $1,230 $2,942 $45,124 $41,208
2005 $1,198 $2,842 $42,165 $37,778
2004 $1,200 $2,794 $40,611 $35,961
2003 $1,111 $2,702 $35,897 $34,286
2002 $968 $2,851 $29,447 $34,568
2001 $925 $2,962 $26,956 $33,259
2000 $937 $3,041 $26,225 $31,895
1999 $1,096 $3,065 $28,319 $29,316
1998 $1,177 $3,086 $27,924 $27,749
1997 $1,125 $3,040 $26,745 $26,062
1996 $1,170 $2,832 $29,064 $24,564
1995 $740 $2,683 $29,301 $23,480
1994 $582 $2,551 $24,683 $22,414
1993 $804 $2,577 $23,156 $21,443
1992 $845 $2,625 $23,939 $20,831
1991 $827 $2,677 $21,764 $20,177
1990 $886 $2,693 $21,322 $19,203
1989 $833 - $17,423 -
1988 $910 - $17,771 -
1987 $930 - $16,734 -
1986 $877 - $13,804 -
1985 $695 - $9,941 -
1984 $709 - $9,992 -
1983 $737 - $10,696 -
1982 $849 - $11,089 -
1981 $986 - $11,537 -
1980 $1,238 - $13,812 -
1979 $1,157 - $12,817 -
1978 $1,039 - $11,196 -
1977 $856 - $9,180 -
1976 $661 - $7,937 -
1975 $575 - $7,346 -
1974 $474 - $6,450 -
1973 $406 - $5,353 -
1972 $313 - $4,110 -
1971 $280.3 - $3,384 -
1970 $269 - $2,931 -
1969 $262.2 - $2,647 -
1968 $256.8 - $2,364 -
1967 $225.6 - $2,155 -
1966 $221.8 - $1,986 -
1965 $207 - $1,848 -
1964 $215.5 - $1,668 -
1963 $185.1 - $1,437 -
1962 $163.1 - $1,342 -
1961 $162.3 - $1,254 -
1960 $148.7 - $1,156 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/netherlands | CC BY

Ivory Coast's GDP per capita is $2,728, ranking 142/197, compared to $67,520 in the Netherlands, ranking 13/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ivory Coast ranks 145th at $7,669, while the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174.

Economic indicators

Ivory Coast Netherlands
Gross domestic product
$87.1B
2024
$1.21T
2024
GDP rank
77/197
2024
19/197
2024
GDP growth
6.02%
2023-2024
1.08%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,728
2024
$67,520
2024
GDP per capita rank
142/197
2024
13/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,669
2024
$86,174
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
145/197
2024
11/197
2024
Government debt
$51.6B
2024
$532B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.3%
2024
43.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,616
2024
$29,571
2024
Government debt per person rank
125/185
2024
24/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,733
2026
$47,815
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$7.33B
2020
$1.1T
2017
Number of millionaires n/a
1,267,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
13
2025
Income share by richest 10%
27.8%
2021
21.4%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.1%
2021
3.6%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
44.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.45%
2023-2024
3.35%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
2.31%
2022
3.64%
2024
Population
33722528
18252623

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Ivory Coast
Spending

Debt
Netherlands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Ivory Coast Netherlands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.4% 59.3% 44.4% 43.8%
2023 21.3% 57.5% 44% 45.9%
2022 21.9% 56% 43.3% 48.4%
2021 20.5% 50.2% 45.9% 50.5%
2020 20.4% 46.3% 47.8% 53.4%
2019 17.2% 37.2% 42.1% 47.7%
2018 17.6% 35.3% 42.4% 51.6%
2017 18.1% 32.6% 42.8% 56%
2016 17.6% 31.1% 43.9% 60.9%
2015 16.5% 29.2% 45.3% 63.8%
2014 15.2% 26.7% 46.7% 67.2%
2013 15.9% 24.6% 47.5% 67.2%
2012 16.1% 24.7% 47.6% 65.7%
2011 13.2% 50% 47.8% 61.2%
2010 14.5% 45.6% 48.9% 58.9%
2009 14.4% 46.5% 48.4% 56.3%
2008 14.6% 51.2% 44.3% 54.4%
2007 14.8% 53.5% 43.3% 42.7%
2006 14.5% 57.5% 44% 45%
2005 13.6% 58.2% 43.4% 49.6%
2004 13.5% 56.7% 44.7% 50.1%
2003 12.7% 56.4% 45.8% 49.8%
2002 13.1% 63% 44.8% 48.7%
2001 11.4% 71.2% 44.1% 49.4%
2000 12.9% 74% 43.2% 52.2%
1999 13.7% 78% 44.3% 58.6%
1998 14.6% 75.2% 44.6% 62.7%
1997 15.2% 84.2% 45.7% 65.7%
1996 - - 47.3% 71.2%
1995 - - 53.9% 73%
1994 - - 49.4% 73.5%
1993 - - 50.9% 76.7%
1992 - - 50.2% 75.6%
1991 - - 49.6% 74.8%
1990 - - 48.8% 75%
1989 - - 54.5% 73.7%
1988 - - 56.4% 73.7%
1987 - - 58.5% 71.3%
1986 - - 57% 68.9%
1985 - - 57.3% 67.1%
1984 - - 58.1% 61.9%
1983 - - 59.1% 58.4%
1982 - - 59.1% 52.4%
1981 - - 56.8% 46.9%
1980 - - 55.2% 43.6%
1979 - - 53.7% 39.5%
1978 - - 52.3% 38.1%
1977 - - 50.6% 34.9%
1976 - - 50.8% 35.2%
1975 - - 50.8% 36.1%
1974 - - 46.4% 36.3%
1973 - - 44.6% 38.1%
1972 - - 44.9% 41.3%
1971 - - 44.6% 43.7%
1970 - - 43.2% 46.1%
1969 - - 42.1% 48.2%
1968 - - 25.4% 54.4%
1967 - - 24.1% 55%
1966 - - 24.4% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 55.8%
1964 - - 22.3% 57.1%
1963 - - 21.9% 61.7%
1962 - - 22.1% 63.8%
1961 - - 22.2% 65.9%
1960 - - 20.4% 66.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Ivory Coast's government spending was $17.7B, accounting for 20.4% of its GDP, while the Netherlands spent $540B, or 44.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.3% in Ivory Coast and 43.8% in the Netherlands, ranking 82/185 and 123/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Ivory Coast

Netherlands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ivory Coast Netherlands
2024 -3.97% -0.94%
2023 -5.19% -0.37%
2022 -6.74% 0.002%
2021 -4.86% -2.26%
2020 -5.42% -3.72%
2019 -2.22% 1.91%
2018 -2.9% 1.49%
2017 -3.27% 1.35%
2016 -2.98% 0.23%
2015 -2.04% -1.84%
2014 -1.57% -2.17%
2013 -1.62% -2.87%
2012 -2.28% -3.83%
2011 -2.89% -4.42%
2010 -1.34% -5.3%
2009 -1% -5.06%
2008 -0.21% -0.06%
2007 -0.39% -0.16%
2006 -1.03% 0.04%
2005 -1.03% -0.51%
2004 -1.04% -1.82%
2003 -1.26% -3.19%
2002 -0.64% -2.23%
2001 0.7% -0.47%
2000 -0.83% 1.14%
1999 -1.27% 0.28%
1998 -0.7% -1.34%
1997 -0.75% -1.6%
1996 - -1.91%
1995 - -8.72%
1994 - -3.53%
1993 - -3.13%
1992 - -3.12%
1991 - -2.05%
1990 - -4.08%
1989 - -5%
1988 - -4.23%
1987 - -5.39%
1986 - -4.62%
1985 - -3.6%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -5.47%
1982 - -6.17%
1981 - -4.92%
1980 - -3.95%
1979 - -2.46%
1978 - -2.09%
1977 - -0.75%
1976 - -2.02%
1975 - -2.82%
1974 - -0.26%
1973 - 0.54%
1972 - -0.7%
1971 - -1.58%
1970 - -1.52%
1969 - -1.14%
1968 - -3.06%
1967 - -1.97%
1966 - -2.37%
1965 - -1.15%
1964 - -1.2%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - -1.38%
1961 - -0.38%
1960 - 0.9%
1959 - -0.74%
1958 - -0.89%
1957 - 0.3%
1956 - -0.83%
1955 - -0.25%
1954 - 0.76%
1953 - -2.95%
1952 - 2.19%
1951 - 2.13%
1950 - 0.81%
1949 - 2.3%
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -3.19%
1938 - -0.37%
1937 - 0.02%
1936 - -0.41%
1935 - -0.69%
1934 - -0.92%
1933 - -2.55%
1932 - -1.97%
1931 - -1.66%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -1.16%
1928 - -0.62%
1927 - -0.33%
1926 - -0.78%
1925 - -2.04%
1924 - -3.37%
1923 - -2.62%
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.45%
1912 - -0.47%
1911 - -0.13%
1910 - -0.93%
1909 - -0.34%
1908 - -0.57%
1907 - 0.03%
1906 - 0.16%
1905 - 0.1%
1904 - -0.72%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - -0.14%
1901 - 0.03%
1900 - 0.06%
1899 - -0.13%
1898 - -0.48%
1897 - -0.45%
1896 - 0.08%
1895 - -0.06%
1894 - 0.12%
1893 - -0.76%
1892 - -1.72%
1891 - -0.06%
1890 - -0.06%
1889 - 0.04%
1888 - -0.31%
1887 - -0.37%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.55%
1884 - 0%
1883 - -2.1%
1882 - -1.11%
1881 - -1.06%
1880 - 0.21%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Ivory Coast's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.45B, equivalent to 3.97% of GDP. This compares to the Netherlands' deficit of $11.5B, or 0.94% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Ivory Coast recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while the Netherlands ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Ivory Coast posted an annual deficit equal to 2.1% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.35% of GDP for the Netherlands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Ivory Coast

Netherlands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Ivory Coast Netherlands
2024 3.45% 3.35%
2023 4.37% 3.84%
2022 5.23% 10%
2021 4.16% 2.68%
2020 2.41% 1.27%
2019 0.79% 2.63%
2018 0.4% 1.7%
2017 0.69% 1.38%
2016 0.72% 0.32%
2015 1.25% 0.6%
2014 0.45% 0.98%
2013 2.58% 2.51%
2012 1.3% 2.46%
2011 4.91% 2.34%
2010 1.23% 1.28%
2009 1.02% 1.19%
2008 6.31% 2.49%
2007 1.89% 1.61%
2006 2.47% 1.1%
2005 3.89% 1.69%
2004 1.46% 1.26%
2003 3.3% 2.09%
2002 3.08% 3.29%
2001 4.36% 4.16%
2000 2.53% 2.36%
1999 0.7% 2.16%
1998 4.61% 1.96%
1997 4.02% 2.11%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/netherlands | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Ivory Coast has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.63%, compared with 2.31% in the Netherlands. In 2024, inflation was 3.45% in Ivory Coast and 3.35% in the Netherlands.

Top exports between countries

Ivory Coast
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.93B
Raw materials & minerals $518M
Raw agricultural goods $61.6M
Precious metals & jewellery $6.23M
Machinery & equipment $3.73M
Textiles & consumer goods $888K
Metals $417K
Chemicals & pharma $362K
Wood & paper products $160K
Weapons & explosives $13K
Netherlands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $85M
Raw agricultural goods $73.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $54.2M
Raw materials & minerals $50.9M
Animal & marine products $37.1M
Chemicals & pharma $27.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $17.3M
Metals $11.4M
Wood & paper products $4.6M
Miscellaneous $1.49M

Balance of trade

Ivory Coast Netherlands
Current account balance
-$9.21B
2023
$111B
2024
Current account balance ranking
175/190
2023
5/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-11.4%
2023
+9.13%
2024
Goods imports
$15.4B
2023
$606B
2024
Goods exports
$17.1B
2023
$693B
2024
Service imports
$8.78B
2023
$262B
2024
Service exports
$1.5B
2023
$308B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.2%
2024
71.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
26%
2024
82.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ivory Coast Netherlands
Economic freedom 58.1 78.5
Economic freedom ranking 111/197 11/197
Property rights 43.9 96
Government integrity 39.3 86.8
Judicial effectiveness 30.2 96.1
Tax burden 81.6 54
Government spending 86.6 42.2
Fiscal health 48 95.9
Business freedom 68.3 85
Labor freedom 57.1 59.3
Monetary freedom 67.6 77
Trade freedom 74.4 79.4
Investment freedom 50 90
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Ivory Coast
Netherlands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Ivory Coast Netherlands
2026 58.1 78.5
2025 57.8 78.2
2024 58.4 77.3
2023 60.4 78
2022 61.6 79.5
2021 61.7 76.8
2020 59.7 77
2019 62.4 76.8
2018 62 76.2
2017 63 75.8
2016 60 74.6
2015 58.5 73.7
2014 57.7 74.2
2013 54.1 73.5
2012 54.3 73.3
2011 55.4 74.7
2010 54.1 75
2009 55 77
2008 53.9 77.4
2007 54.9 75.5
2006 56.2 75.4
2005 56.6 72.9
2004 57.8 74.5
2003 56.7 74.6
2002 57.3 75.1
2001 54.8 73
2000 50.2 70.4
1999 51.7 70.2
1998 51.3 69.2
1997 50.5 70.4
1996 49.9 69.7
1995 53.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/netherlands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Ivory Coast is 58.1, ranking 111/197, compared to 78.5 for the Netherlands, ranking 11/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Ivory Coast Netherlands
Services, % of GDP
51.9%
2024
70.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2024
17.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
15.9%
2024
1.73%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$80.9B
2024
$1.12T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,360
2024
$84,970
2024
Total reserves including gold n/a
$79.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking n/a
34/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$2B
2023
$11.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$3.12B
2024
-$17.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$228M
2024
-$5.93B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
6.44%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.5%
2021
14.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
19.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/netherlands | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.