Bahrain has a GDP of $47.7B compared to $36.3B for Cyprus, ranking 95/197 and 104/197 by economy size, respectively.
Bahrain has $64B in government debt (141.4% of GDP), compared to $23.8B (60.3% of GDP) in Cyprus.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1970 | $391,577,364 | $3,916,965,158 | - | - |
| 1971 | $422,181,562 | $3,979,916,383 | - | - |
| 1972 | $534,081,184 | $4,420,574,963 | - | - |
| 1973 | $761,132,545 | $5,036,098,060 | - | - |
| 1974 | $1,042,176,884 | $5,462,767,480 | - | - |
| 1975 | $1,099,107,601 | $4,980,141,416 | $489,912,574 | $3,097,709,457 |
| 1976 | $1,581,709,519 | $6,497,904,126 | $576,090,074 | $3,725,500,306 |
| 1977 | $1,989,060,283 | $7,343,778,518 | $734,876,021 | $4,335,066,701 |
| 1978 | $2,272,042,965 | $7,627,414,970 | $964,024,364 | $4,672,222,324 |
| 1979 | $2,710,160,739 | $7,892,030,438 | $1,288,699,776 | $5,135,032,548 |
| 1980 | $3,493,834,468 | $8,095,666,864 | $2,154,311,277 | $5,430,463,536 |
| 1981 | $3,943,109,532 | $7,665,244,758 | $2,087,496,374 | $5,567,148,219 |
| 1982 | $4,145,421,080 | $7,086,042,176 | $2,159,242,417 | $5,902,385,684 |
| 1983 | $4,247,030,468 | $7,537,874,925 | $2,160,364,071 | $6,231,867,577 |
| 1984 | $4,440,874,566 | $7,915,043,506 | $2,278,248,953 | $6,777,647,958 |
| 1985 | $4,152,376,484 | $7,538,424,481 | $2,430,411,900 | $7,108,569,382 |
| 1986 | $3,470,746,843 | $7,627,603,584 | $3,090,734,463 | $7,371,867,258 |
| 1987 | $3,856,922,694 | $8,420,798,792 | $3,704,813,886 | $7,892,708,170 |
| 1988 | $4,209,834,173 | $9,010,254,004 | $4,278,792,597 | $8,575,173,112 |
| 1989 | $4,393,093,963 | $9,043,051,972 | $4,563,482,604 | $9,256,678,609 |
| 1990 | $4,809,511,005 | $9,444,382,363 | $5,591,130,218 | $9,942,043,048 |
| 1991 | $5,248,911,170 | $10,504,986,340 | $5,770,197,348 | $10,015,564,575 |
| 1992 | $5,402,232,447 | $11,207,769,729 | $6,912,150,456 | $10,957,027,547 |
| 1993 | $5,913,001,064 | $12,650,210,449 | $6,590,291,048 | $11,033,726,793 |
| 1994 | $6,330,627,926 | $12,618,584,749 | $7,425,703,929 | $11,684,716,530 |
| 1995 | $6,651,180,851 | $13,114,494,169 | $9,933,137,128 | $12,661,847,364 |
| 1996 | $6,938,166,755 | $13,653,500,708 | $10,011,914,680 | $12,819,935,780 |
| 1997 | $7,219,407,713 | $14,075,803,380 | $9,547,816,420 | $13,158,501,395 |
| 1998 | $7,031,309,043 | $14,750,034,868 | $10,248,618,778 | $13,962,602,013 |
| 1999 | $7,528,469,149 | $15,384,286,109 | $10,497,907,228 | $14,660,446,536 |
| 2000 | $9,062,898,936 | $16,199,663,949 | $9,985,847,314 | $15,534,986,806 |
| 2001 | $8,976,196,809 | $16,603,189,277 | $10,397,898,907 | $16,149,016,881 |
| 2002 | $9,593,510,638 | $17,159,155,483 | $11,420,228,846 | $16,750,240,728 |
| 2003 | $11,074,813,830 | $18,239,571,634 | $14,547,329,558 | $17,189,649,730 |
| 2004 | $13,150,159,574 | $19,512,869,154 | $17,320,551,250 | $18,053,648,327 |
| 2005 | $15,968,723,404 | $20,833,694,756 | $18,433,412,511 | $18,929,789,646 |
| 2006 | $18,504,760,638 | $22,181,009,695 | $20,072,754,987 | $19,822,098,963 |
| 2007 | $21,730,000,000 | $24,020,694,053 | $23,968,727,074 | $20,832,674,396 |
| 2008 | $25,710,904,255 | $25,520,789,027 | $27,844,646,258 | $21,592,439,785 |
| 2009 | $22,938,218,085 | $26,168,987,899 | $26,048,179,949 | $21,157,334,410 |
| 2010 | $26,805,984,043 | $27,303,230,073 | $25,799,940,078 | $21,640,286,747 |
| 2011 | $29,914,680,851 | $27,829,679,464 | $27,641,547,910 | $21,730,464,390 |
| 2012 | $31,963,404,255 | $28,888,050,242 | $25,047,436,975 | $20,981,332,378 |
| 2013 | $33,823,324,468 | $30,416,985,616 | $23,959,712,861 | $19,599,191,826 |
| 2014 | $34,772,526,596 | $31,727,610,008 | $23,225,918,260 | $19,251,098,679 |
| 2015 | $32,523,297,872 | $32,523,297,872 | $19,909,278,417 | $19,909,278,417 |
| 2016 | $33,884,680,851 | $33,764,059,499 | $21,046,462,281 | $21,218,032,913 |
| 2017 | $37,204,813,830 | $35,436,675,411 | $22,946,570,629 | $22,438,246,417 |
| 2018 | $39,567,978,723 | $36,164,044,588 | $25,754,001,368 | $23,845,497,750 |
| 2019 | $40,446,808,511 | $36,906,448,211 | $26,196,667,100 | $25,246,562,823 |
| 2020 | $35,837,632,979 | $34,724,774,104 | $25,555,093,854 | $24,433,464,399 |
| 2021 | $40,840,212,766 | $36,235,315,986 | $30,372,642,502 | $27,215,993,570 |
| 2022 | $46,458,191,489 | $38,474,716,945 | $30,935,566,077 | $29,176,869,929 |
| 2023 | $46,192,260,638 | $39,966,811,156 | $33,886,930,712 | $29,983,292,283 |
| 2024 | $47,736,702,128 | $41,172,709,123 | $36,333,022,329 | $31,017,134,702 |
Economic indicators
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$47.7B
2024 |
$36.3B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
95/197
2024 |
104/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.34%
2023-2024 |
7.22%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$30,048
2024 |
$26,749
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
41/197
2024 |
45/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$67,211
2024 |
$61,240
2024 |
| Government debt |
$64B
2024 |
$23.8B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
141.4%
2025 |
60.3%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$40,267
2024 |
$17,490
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
13/185
2024 |
34/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$20,364
2025 |
$24,086
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$20.4B
2024 |
$10.9B
2024 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
10
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% | n/a |
26.3%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% | n/a |
3.6%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
29.6%
2025 |
40.4%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
0.92%
2023-2024 |
1.8%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
4.75%
2025 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
1.2%
2012 |
4.86%
2024 |
| Population |
1650128
|
1380052
|
GDP per capita in Bahrain vs Cyprus
Bahrain's GDP per capita is $30,048, ranking 41/197, compared to $26,749 in Cyprus, ranking 45/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bahrain ranks 26th at $67,211, while Cyprus ranks 30th at $61,240.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1970 | $1,742 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $1,830 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $2,206 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $2,981 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $3,874 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $3,880 | - | $743 | - |
| 1976 | $5,310 | - | $870 | - |
| 1977 | $6,358 | - | $1,102 | - |
| 1978 | $6,926 | - | $1,434 | - |
| 1979 | $7,891 | - | $1,902 | - |
| 1980 | $9,733 | - | $3,154 | - |
| 1981 | $10,557 | - | $3,030 | - |
| 1982 | $10,712 | - | $3,100 | - |
| 1983 | $10,599 | - | $3,055 | - |
| 1984 | $10,697 | - | $3,167 | - |
| 1985 | $9,649 | - | $3,324 | - |
| 1986 | $7,777 | - | $4,159 | - |
| 1987 | $8,333 | - | $4,908 | - |
| 1988 | $8,772 | - | $5,584 | - |
| 1989 | $8,833 | - | $5,870 | - |
| 1990 | $9,343 | $26,902 | $7,092 | $13,339 |
| 1991 | $10,434 | $31,657 | $7,222 | $13,537 |
| 1992 | $10,460 | $33,648 | $8,530 | $14,750 |
| 1993 | $11,152 | $37,870 | $7,978 | $14,842 |
| 1994 | $11,629 | $37,579 | $8,791 | $15,725 |
| 1995 | $11,901 | $38,839 | $11,514 | $17,085 |
| 1996 | $12,092 | $40,106 | $11,373 | $17,314 |
| 1997 | $12,255 | $40,965 | $10,637 | $17,777 |
| 1998 | $11,625 | $42,281 | $11,206 | $18,759 |
| 1999 | $12,123 | $43,561 | $11,273 | $19,663 |
| 2000 | $14,214 | $45,688 | $10,537 | $21,291 |
| 2001 | $13,573 | $46,162 | $10,785 | $22,869 |
| 2002 | $13,501 | $45,091 | $11,636 | $23,556 |
| 2003 | $14,486 | $45,427 | $14,553 | $24,281 |
| 2004 | $15,964 | $46,317 | $17,016 | $25,946 |
| 2005 | $17,966 | $47,268 | $17,790 | $27,763 |
| 2006 | $19,267 | $48,009 | $19,037 | $30,015 |
| 2007 | $20,908 | $49,347 | $22,344 | $32,889 |
| 2008 | $23,299 | $50,330 | $25,522 | $34,830 |
| 2009 | $19,465 | $48,626 | $23,480 | $33,884 |
| 2010 | $21,819 | $49,255 | $22,876 | $33,506 |
| 2011 | $25,033 | $52,677 | $24,110 | $33,406 |
| 2012 | $26,439 | $56,713 | $21,493 | $31,924 |
| 2013 | $26,990 | $56,310 | $20,238 | $30,452 |
| 2014 | $26,452 | $54,299 | $19,326 | $30,171 |
| 2015 | $23,734 | $48,034 | $16,326 | $31,931 |
| 2016 | $23,800 | $47,429 | $17,013 | $35,878 |
| 2017 | $24,785 | $50,185 | $18,295 | $38,415 |
| 2018 | $26,324 | $51,993 | $20,267 | $40,925 |
| 2019 | $27,260 | $56,600 | $20,360 | $45,116 |
| 2020 | $24,343 | $53,436 | $19,624 | $43,354 |
| 2021 | $27,148 | $54,955 | $23,057 | $48,784 |
| 2022 | $30,471 | $61,678 | $23,236 | $55,946 |
| 2023 | $29,290 | $64,171 | $25,195 | $57,214 |
| 2024 | $30,048 | $67,211 | $26,749 | $61,240 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Bahrain's government spending was $14.4B, accounting for 29.6% of its GDP, while Cyprus' spent $14.5B, or 40.4% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 141.4% in Bahrain and 60.3% in Cyprus, ranking 8/185 and 78/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1990 | 32.4% | 7.24% | - | - |
| 1991 | 28.5% | 6.71% | - | - |
| 1992 | 29.4% | 6.45% | - | - |
| 1993 | 26.7% | 5.95% | - | - |
| 1994 | 26.1% | 5.62% | - | - |
| 1995 | 25.1% | 13.6% | 30.4% | 46.7% |
| 1996 | 22.7% | 13.1% | 32.4% | 48.8% |
| 1997 | 31% | 14.8% | 34.2% | 53.5% |
| 1998 | 25.7% | 20% | 34.4% | 55% |
| 1999 | 27.1% | 24.7% | 34.3% | 55.7% |
| 2000 | 22.2% | 24.7% | 35% | 56% |
| 2001 | 26.5% | 25% | 35.7% | 57.5% |
| 2002 | 30.6% | 27.2% | 37.4% | 61% |
| 2003 | 28.1% | 31.1% | 40.4% | 63% |
| 2004 | 25% | 28.2% | 38.6% | 64.7% |
| 2005 | 23.9% | 23.2% | 39.7% | 64% |
| 2006 | 23.1% | 19.4% | 39.1% | 59% |
| 2007 | 22.4% | 15.7% | 37.6% | 53.1% |
| 2008 | 22.7% | 12.1% | 38.2% | 44.1% |
| 2009 | 24.6% | 20.5% | 41.9% | 52.8% |
| 2010 | 31.1% | 28.8% | 41.7% | 55.3% |
| 2011 | 30.2% | 31.6% | 42.1% | 64.8% |
| 2012 | 31.1% | 34.8% | 41.9% | 79.2% |
| 2013 | 32% | 42.3% | 42.1% | 102.7% |
| 2014 | 27.3% | 42.6% | 52.1% | 113% |
| 2015 | 34.8% | 63.2% | 43% | 111.6% |
| 2016 | 33.3% | 77.4% | 39.6% | 106.8% |
| 2017 | 30.7% | 84% | 38.4% | 96.4% |
| 2018 | 32.1% | 90.4% | 44.3% | 100.7% |
| 2019 | 31.2% | 97.1% | 40.3% | 92.3% |
| 2020 | 34.6% | 125.7% | 45.9% | 113.6% |
| 2021 | 30.6% | 122.3% | 42.6% | 96.5% |
| 2022 | 27.5% | 111.6% | 37.9% | 81% |
| 2023 | 27.9% | 123% | 41.9% | 73.6% |
| 2024 | 30.2% | 134% | 39.9% | 65.4% |
| 2025 | 29.6% | 141.4% | 40.4% | 60.3% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Bahrain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$5.11B, equivalent to -10.7% of GDP. This compares to Cyprus' surplus of $1.64B, or 4.51% of GDP.
Over the past 30 years, Bahrain recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Cyprus ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Bahrain posted an annual deficit equal to -5.44% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.25% of GDP for Cyprus.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|
| 1990 | -6.79% | - |
| 1991 | -3.47% | - |
| 1992 | -5.41% | - |
| 1993 | -2.77% | - |
| 1994 | -5.18% | - |
| 1995 | -3.99% | -0.71% |
| 1996 | 0.24% | -2.96% |
| 1997 | -6.39% | -4.82% |
| 1998 | -5.49% | -3.85% |
| 1999 | -4.85% | -4.05% |
| 2000 | 7.33% | -2.24% |
| 2001 | 0.7% | -2.11% |
| 2002 | -3.27% | -4.13% |
| 2003 | -1.7% | -5.91% |
| 2004 | 0.24% | -3.71% |
| 2005 | 2.8% | -2.22% |
| 2006 | 2.24% | -1.04% |
| 2007 | 1.52% | 3.23% |
| 2008 | 4.08% | 0.87% |
| 2009 | -5.36% | -5.43% |
| 2010 | -9.29% | -4.68% |
| 2011 | -4.9% | -5.65% |
| 2012 | -5.77% | -5.55% |
| 2013 | -8.55% | -5.16% |
| 2014 | -3.32% | -8.8% |
| 2015 | -17.5% | -0.77% |
| 2016 | -16.6% | 0.45% |
| 2017 | -13.4% | 2.13% |
| 2018 | -11.3% | -3.36% |
| 2019 | -8.57% | 1.03% |
| 2020 | -17.3% | -5.57% |
| 2021 | -10.6% | -1.64% |
| 2022 | -5.15% | 2.65% |
| 2023 | -8.46% | 2.01% |
| 2024 | -10.7% | 4.51% |
| 2025 | -10.4% | 3.84% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Bahrain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.28%, compared with 2.02% in Cyprus. In 2024, inflation was 0.92% in Bahrain and 1.8% in Cyprus.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
| 1996 | -0.45% | 2.98% | |
| 1997 | 2.43% | 3.61% | |
| 1998 | -0.37% | 2.23% | |
| 1999 | -1.29% | 1.63% | |
| 2000 | -0.7% | 4.14% | |
| 2001 | -1.21% | 1.97% | |
| 2002 | -0.5% | 2.8% | |
| 2003 | 1.59% | 4.14% | |
| 2004 | 2.35% | 2.29% | |
| 2005 | 2.59% | 2.56% | |
| 2006 | 2.01% | 2.3% | |
| 2007 | 3.26% | 2.37% | |
| 2008 | 3.53% | 4.67% | |
| 2009 | 2.8% | 0.33% | |
| 2010 | 1.96% | 2.43% | |
| 2011 | -0.4% | 3.29% | |
| 2012 | 2.76% | 2.39% | |
| 2013 | 3.3% | -0.4% | |
| 2014 | 2.65% | -1.35% | |
| 2015 | 1.85% | -2.1% | |
| 2016 | 2.79% | -1.43% | |
| 2017 | 1.39% | 0.53% | |
| 2018 | 2.09% | 1.44% | |
| 2019 | 1.01% | 0.25% | |
| 2020 | -2.32% | -0.64% | |
| 2021 | -0.61% | 2.45% | |
| 2022 | 3.63% | 8.4% | |
| 2023 | 0.07% | 3.54% | |
| 2024 | 0.92% | 1.8% | |
Top exports between countries
|
Bahrain
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Metals | $495K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $404K |
| Wood & paper products | $245K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $161K |
| Machinery & equipment | $39K |
| Weapons & explosives | $21K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $12K |
| Miscellaneous | $5K |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $4K |
|
Cyprus
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $3.75M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $1.18M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $454K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $171K |
| Animal & marine products | $123K |
| Machinery & equipment | $63K |
| Weapons & explosives | $44K |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $33K |
| Miscellaneous | $10K |
| Wood & paper products | $9K |
Balance of trade
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
$2.28B
2024 |
-$3.05B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
42/189
2024 |
155/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+4.78%
2024 |
-8.39%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$20.7B
2024 |
$11.8B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$24.3B
2024 |
$4.39B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$12.4B
2024 |
$22B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$17B
2024 |
$30.7B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
70.1%
2023 |
93.1%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
87.4%
2023 |
96.7%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 65.6 | 73.2 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 61/197 | 24/197 |
| Property rights | 65.4 | 83.7 |
| Government integrity | 39.8 | 57.3 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 30.2 | 89.2 |
| Tax burden | 99.9 | 79.9 |
| Government spending | 74.3 | 51.2 |
| Fiscal health | 0 | 85.2 |
| Business freedom | 76.5 | 78.9 |
| Labor freedom | 55.3 | 61.9 |
| Monetary freedom | 88.7 | 76.1 |
| Trade freedom | 86.6 | 79.6 |
| Investment freedom | 90 | 75 |
| Financial freedom | 80 | 60 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Bahrain is 65.6, ranking 61/197, compared to 73.2 for Cyprus, ranking 24/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|
| 1995 | 76.2 | - |
| 1996 | 76.4 | 67.7 |
| 1997 | 76.1 | 67.9 |
| 1998 | 75.6 | 68.2 |
| 1999 | 75.2 | 67.8 |
| 2000 | 75.7 | 67.2 |
| 2001 | 75.9 | 71 |
| 2002 | 75.6 | 73 |
| 2003 | 76.3 | 73.3 |
| 2004 | 75.1 | 74.1 |
| 2005 | 71.2 | 71.9 |
| 2006 | 71.6 | 71.8 |
| 2007 | 71.2 | 71.7 |
| 2008 | 72.2 | 71.3 |
| 2009 | 74.8 | 70.8 |
| 2010 | 76.3 | 70.9 |
| 2011 | 77.7 | 73.3 |
| 2012 | 75.2 | 71.8 |
| 2013 | 75.5 | 69 |
| 2014 | 75.1 | 67.6 |
| 2015 | 73.4 | 67.9 |
| 2016 | 74.3 | 68.7 |
| 2017 | 68.5 | 67.9 |
| 2018 | 67.7 | 67.8 |
| 2019 | 66.4 | 68.1 |
| 2020 | 66.3 | 70.1 |
| 2021 | 69.9 | 71.4 |
| 2022 | 62 | 72.9 |
| 2023 | 62.5 | 72.3 |
| 2024 | 63.4 | 72.2 |
| 2025 | 65.6 | 73.2 |
More economic indicators
|
Bahrain
|
Cyprus
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
51.9%
2023 |
76.9%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
43.4%
2023 |
10.3%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
0.25%
2023 |
1.18%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$45.8B
2024 |
$31B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$63,610
2024 |
$54,660
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$4.95B
2024 |
$2.09B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
102/177
2024 |
124/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$2.43B
2024 |
-$5.58B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$2.7B
2024 |
-$18.6B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$275M
2024 |
-$24.2B
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines | n/a |
13.9%
2021 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
29.3%
2023 |
18.9%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.