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Economy of Cyprus vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Cyprus has a GDP of $37.6B compared to $4.03T for Japan, ranking 103/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cyprus has $24.5B in government debt (65.1% of GDP), compared to $9.51T (236.1% of GDP) in Japan.

Cyprus vs Japan GDP by year

Cyprus
Japan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cyprus Japan
2024 $37,634,533,332 $4,027,597,523,551
2023 $35,075,423,857 $4,213,167,237,906
2022 $31,218,038,929 $4,262,463,317,797
2021 $30,372,642,502 $5,039,148,168,861
2020 $25,555,093,854 $5,054,068,005,376
2019 $26,196,667,100 $5,117,993,853,017
2018 $25,754,001,368 $5,040,880,939,325
2017 $22,946,570,629 $4,930,837,369,151
2016 $21,046,462,281 $5,003,677,627,544
2015 $19,909,278,417 $4,444,930,651,964
2014 $23,225,918,260 $4,896,994,405,353
2013 $23,959,712,861 $5,212,328,181,166
2012 $25,047,436,975 $6,272,362,996,105
2011 $27,641,549,302 $6,233,147,172,341
2010 $25,799,940,078 $5,759,071,769,013
2009 $26,048,179,949 $5,289,493,117,994
2008 $27,844,646,258 $5,106,679,115,127
2007 $23,968,727,074 $4,579,750,920,355
2006 $20,072,754,987 $4,601,663,122,650
2005 $18,433,412,511 $4,831,467,035,390
2004 $17,320,551,250 $4,893,116,005,657
2003 $14,547,329,558 $4,519,561,645,254
2002 $11,420,228,846 $4,182,846,045,874
2001 $10,397,898,907 $4,374,711,694,091
2000 $9,985,847,314 $4,968,359,075,957
1999 $10,497,907,228 $4,635,982,224,064
1998 $10,248,618,778 $4,098,362,709,531
1997 $9,547,816,420 $4,492,448,605,639
1996 $10,011,914,680 $4,923,391,533,852
1995 $9,933,137,128 $5,545,563,663,890
1994 $7,425,703,929 $4,998,797,547,741
1993 $6,590,291,048 $4,536,940,479,038
1992 $6,912,150,456 $3,980,702,922,118
1991 $5,770,197,348 $3,648,065,760,649
1990 $5,591,130,218 $3,185,904,656,664
1989 $4,563,482,604 $3,109,455,047,824
1988 $4,278,792,597 $3,125,724,434,401
1987 $3,704,813,886 $2,580,748,422,781
1986 $3,090,734,463 $2,120,083,812,110
1985 $2,430,411,900 $1,427,019,759,717
1984 $2,278,248,953 $1,345,824,500,837
1983 $2,160,364,071 $1,270,859,919,743
1982 $2,159,242,417 $1,158,731,426,906
1981 $2,087,496,374 $1,245,221,410,764
1980 $2,154,311,277 $1,129,377,244,854
1979 $1,288,699,776 $1,077,910,077,676
1978 $964,024,364 $1,035,611,588,217
1977 $734,876,021 $737,069,290,928
1976 $576,090,074 $598,883,902,156
1975 $489,912,574 $532,861,438,885
1974 - $490,035,789,970
1973 - $441,460,582,536
1972 - $324,933,841,269
1971 - $245,364,056,622
1970 - $217,223,652,719
1969 - $184,298,841,305
1968 - $156,897,496,759
1967 - $132,475,614,227
1966 - $113,046,784,179
1965 - $97,338,107,606
1964 - $87,490,590,818
1963 - $74,379,284,603
1962 - $64,987,857,542
1961 - $57,266,758,180
1960 - $47,419,238,274

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cyprus vs Japan by year

Cyprus
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cyprus Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $27,707 $63,007 $32,487 $52,039
2023 $26,079 $59,875 $33,836 $50,662
2022 $23,448 $55,876 $34,066 $47,192
2021 $23,057 $47,633 $40,095 $44,355
2020 $19,624 $42,569 $40,029 $42,426
2019 $20,360 $44,394 $40,416 $42,678
2018 $20,267 $40,262 $39,751 $42,142
2017 $18,295 $37,768 $38,834 $41,444
2016 $17,013 $35,247 $39,375 $40,597
2015 $16,326 $31,380 $34,961 $40,899
2014 $19,326 $29,893 $38,475 $39,555
2013 $20,238 $30,416 $40,899 $39,402
2012 $21,493 $31,924 $49,145 $37,606
2011 $24,110 $33,406 $48,760 $36,214
2010 $22,876 $33,502 $44,968 $35,336
2009 $23,480 $33,901 $41,309 $33,543
2008 $25,522 $34,830 $39,876 $35,274
2007 $22,344 $32,888 $35,779 $35,015
2006 $19,037 $30,009 $35,992 $33,632
2005 $17,790 $27,763 $37,813 $32,170
2004 $17,016 $25,942 $38,299 $30,832
2003 $14,553 $24,278 $35,387 $29,392
2002 $11,636 $23,556 $32,821 $28,624
2001 $10,785 $22,866 $34,406 $27,943
2000 $10,537 $21,296 $39,169 $27,288
1999 $11,273 $19,663 $36,610 $25,736
1998 $11,206 $18,760 $32,424 $25,508
1997 $10,637 $17,781 $35,638 $25,619
1996 $11,373 $17,320 $39,150 $24,999
1995 $11,514 $17,096 $44,198 $23,858
1994 $8,791 $15,735 $39,934 $22,823
1993 $7,978 $14,852 $36,345 $22,168
1992 $8,530 $14,759 $31,993 $21,825
1991 $7,222 $13,546 $29,428 $21,227
1990 $7,092 $13,348 $25,801 $19,912
1989 $5,870 - $25,266 -
1988 $5,584 - $25,500 -
1987 $4,908 - $21,142 -
1986 $4,159 - $17,452 -
1985 $3,324 - $11,809 -
1984 $3,167 - $11,207 -
1983 $3,055 - $10,652 -
1982 $3,100 - $9,780 -
1981 $3,030 - $10,583 -
1980 $3,154 - $9,669 -
1979 $1,902 - $9,301 -
1978 $1,434 - $9,012 -
1977 $1,102 - $6,473 -
1976 $870 - $5,310 -
1975 $743 - $4,776 -
1974 - - $4,448 -
1973 - - $4,061 -
1972 - - $3,031 -
1971 - - $2,321 -
1970 - - $2,101 -
1969 - - $1,803 -
1968 - - $1,553 -
1967 - - $1,326 -
1966 - - $1,144 -
1965 - - $994 -
1964 - - $903 -
1963 - - $776 -
1962 - - $685 -
1961 - - $609 -
1960 - - $509 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

Cyprus' GDP per capita is $27,707, ranking 45/197, compared to $32,487 in Japan, ranking 38/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cyprus ranks 29th at $63,007, while Japan ranks 41st at $52,039.

Economic indicators

Cyprus Japan
Gross domestic product
$37.6B
2024
$4.03T
2024
GDP rank
103/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP growth
3.94%
2023-2024
0.1%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$27,707
2024
$32,487
2024
GDP per capita rank
45/197
2024
38/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$63,007
2024
$52,039
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
29/197
2024
41/197
2024
Government debt
$24.5B
2024
$9.51T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
65.1%
2024
236.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$18,034
2024
$76,704
2024
Government debt per person rank
34/185
2024
3/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$25,384
2026
$23,653
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.9B
2024
$6.31T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
2,732,000
2025
Number of billionaires
10
2025
42
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.3%
2023
23.9%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.4%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
40%
2024
39.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.8%
2023-2024
2.74%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
0.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.87%
2024
2.54%
2024
Population
1386362
122677250

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cyprus
Spending

Debt
Japan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cyprus Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 40% 65.1% 39.1% 236.1%
2023 42% 73.6% 39.2% 240.5%
2022 38% 81.1% 41.8% 248.2%
2021 42.6% 96.5% 42.5% 253.7%
2020 45.9% 113.6% 44.5% 258.4%
2019 40.3% 92.3% 37.3% 236.4%
2018 44.3% 100.7% 36.7% 232.4%
2017 38.4% 96.4% 36.7% 231.3%
2016 39.6% 106.8% 37.2% 232.4%
2015 43% 111.6% 37.3% 228.3%
2014 52.1% 113% 38.4% 233.3%
2013 42.1% 102.7% 38.8% 229.5%
2012 41.9% 79.2% 38.6% 226.1%
2011 42.1% 64.8% 38.6% 219.2%
2010 41.7% 55.3% 37.7% 205.9%
2009 41.9% 52.8% 38.7% 198.8%
2008 38.2% 44.1% 34.1% 180.9%
2007 37.6% 53.1% 33.1% 173%
2006 39.1% 59% 33.1% 174.1%
2005 39.7% 64% 33.5% 174.6%
2004 38.6% 64.7% 33.7% 169.5%
2003 40.4% 63% 35% 160%
2002 37.4% 61% 35.4% 154.1%
2001 35.7% 57.5% 35.2% 145.1%
2000 35% 56% 36% 135.6%
1999 34.3% 55.7% 35.6% 129.5%
1998 34.4% 55% 38.6% 116%
1997 34.2% 53.5% 33.1% 105%
1996 32.4% 48.8% 33.8% 98.1%
1995 30.4% 46.7% 33.4% 92.5%
1994 - - 32.8% 84.4%
1993 - - 32.1% 72.8%
1992 - - 30.3% 66.8%
1991 - - 29.3% 62.4%
1990 - - 29.5% 63.2%
1989 - - 29.2% 65.7%
1988 - - 29.9% 71.9%
1987 - - 30.6% 75.8%
1986 - - 30.4% 74.1%
1985 - - 30.4% 68.3%
1984 - - 31.2% 65.6%
1983 - - 31.8% 63.5%
1982 - - 31.7% 57.7%
1981 - - 31.5% 52.8%
1980 - - 33.5% 47.8%
1979 - - 33.2% 43.8%
1978 - - 32.1% 39%
1977 - - 30.4% 31.1%
1976 - - 29.1% 26.1%
1975 - - 28.5% 20.9%
1974 - - 25.5% 16.7%
1973 - - 23.3% 15.9%
1972 - - 23.1% 16.3%
1971 - - 21.8% 12.6%
1970 - - 20.2% 11.2%
1969 - - 19.8% 11.4%
1968 - - 20.1% 11.8%
1967 - - 19.9% 11.4%
1966 - - 20.8% 11.2%
1965 - - 20.4% 9.78%
1964 - - 19.8% 8.53%
1963 - - 20% 8.66%
1962 - - 19.4% 9.01%
1961 - - 18.2% 8.44%
1960 - - 18.4% 10.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

In 2024, Cyprus' government spending was $15B, accounting for 40% of its GDP, while Japan spent $1.57T, or 39.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 65.1% in Cyprus and 236.1% in Japan, ranking 68/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cyprus

Japan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cyprus Japan
2024 4.28% -1.53%
2023 1.7% -2.26%
2022 2.65% -4.21%
2021 -1.64% -6.13%
2020 -5.57% -9.08%
2019 1.03% -3.04%
2018 -3.36% -2.47%
2017 2.13% -3.1%
2016 0.45% -3.6%
2015 -0.77% -3.68%
2014 -8.8% -5.62%
2013 -5.16% -7.61%
2012 -5.55% -8.2%
2011 -5.65% -8.99%
2010 -4.68% -9.08%
2009 -5.43% -9.69%
2008 0.87% -4.11%
2007 3.23% -2.9%
2006 -1.04% -3.03%
2005 -2.22% -4.44%
2004 -3.71% -5.31%
2003 -5.91% -7.43%
2002 -4.13% -7.34%
2001 -2.11% -6.2%
2000 -2.24% -7.28%
1999 -4.05% -6.75%
1998 -3.85% -10%
1997 -4.82% -3.53%
1996 -2.96% -4.87%
1995 -0.71% -4.3%
1994 - -3.76%
1993 - -2.39%
1992 - 0.57%
1991 - 1.67%
1990 - 1.96%
1989 - 1.23%
1988 - 0.49%
1987 - -0.36%
1986 - -1.36%
1985 - -1.37%
1984 - -2.62%
1983 - -3.95%
1982 - -3.81%
1981 - -3.85%
1980 - -4.66%
1979 - -5%
1978 - -5.79%
1977 - -4.02%
1976 - -3.89%
1975 - -2.92%
1974 - 0.38%
1973 - 0.56%
1972 - -0.13%
1971 - 1.21%
1970 - 1.74%
1969 - 1.26%
1968 - 0.88%
1967 - 0.8%
1966 - -0.34%
1965 - 0.48%
1964 - 0.85%
1963 - 1.08%
1962 - 1.49%
1961 - 2.58%
1960 - 1.85%
1959 - 0.97%
1958 - -0.1%
1957 - 1.27%
1956 - 1.39%
1955 - -0.67%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.65%
1952 - 2.22%
1951 - 5.06%
1950 - 6.99%
1949 - 12.5%
1948 - 7.53%
1947 - 6.09%
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - 0.32%
1942 - -0.13%
1941 - -0.19%
1940 - 0.31%
1939 - 0.11%
1938 - 0.45%
1937 - 0.71%
1936 - 0.34%
1935 - 0.26%
1934 - 0.34%
1933 - 0.28%
1932 - 0.31%
1931 - 0.23%
1930 - 0.19%
1929 - 0.5%
1928 - 0.42%
1927 - 0.58%
1926 - 0.65%
1925 - 0.75%
1924 - 0.84%
1923 - 0.87%
1922 - 0.89%
1921 - 1.43%
1920 - 1.19%
1919 - 1.21%
1918 - 1.58%
1917 - 1.54%
1916 - 1.37%
1915 - 1.41%
1914 - 1.31%
1913 - 1.21%
1912 - 1.27%
1911 - 1.21%
1910 - 1.57%
1909 - 1.51%
1908 - 1.63%
1907 - 1.77%
1906 - 0.46%
1905 - -0.68%
1904 - -0.81%
1903 - 0.19%
1902 - 0.44%
1901 - 0.21%
1900 - 0.53%
1899 - 0.2%
1898 - 0.6%
1897 - 0.33%
1896 - 0.88%
1895 - 0.28%
1894 - -0.24%
1893 - 0.6%
1892 - 0.63%
1891 - 0.61%
1890 - 0.74%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - 0.13%
1887 - 0.11%
1886 - 0.03%
1885 - 0.01%
1884 - 0.001%
1883 - 0.03%
1882 - 0.001%
1881 - 0.001%
1880 - 0.004%
1879 - 0.02%
1878 - 0.02%
1877 - -0.29%
1876 - -0.42%
1875 - 0.005%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

In 2024, Cyprus' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.61B, equivalent to 4.28% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of $61.6B, or 1.53% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Cyprus recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Cyprus posted an annual deficit equal to 2.27% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.53% of GDP for Japan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cyprus

Japan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cyprus Japan
2024 1.8% 2.74%
2023 3.54% 3.27%
2022 8.4% 2.5%
2021 2.45% -0.23%
2020 -0.64% -0.02%
2019 0.25% 0.47%
2018 1.44% 0.99%
2017 0.53% 0.48%
2016 -1.43% -0.13%
2015 -2.1% 0.8%
2014 -1.35% 2.76%
2013 -0.4% 0.34%
2012 2.39% -0.04%
2011 3.29% -0.27%
2010 2.43% -0.73%
2009 0.33% -1.35%
2008 4.67% 1.38%
2007 2.37% 0.06%
2006 2.3% 0.25%
2005 2.56% -0.28%
2004 2.29% -0.009%
2003 4.14% -0.26%
2002 2.8% -0.92%
2001 1.97% -0.74%
2000 4.14% -0.68%
1999 1.63% -0.34%
1998 2.23% 0.66%
1997 3.61% 1.75%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Cyprus has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.99%, compared with 0.44% in Japan. In 2024, inflation was 1.8% in Cyprus and 2.74% in Japan.

Top exports between countries

Cyprus
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $74.3M
Business & finance services $3.54M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.14M
Chemicals & pharma $1.06M
Metals $525K
Textiles & consumer goods $291K
Machinery & equipment $202K
Animal & marine products $82K
Precious metals & jewellery $53K
Raw materials & minerals $38K
Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $391M
Miscellaneous $152M
Raw materials & minerals $2.24M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.41M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $996K
Chemicals & pharma $929K
Metals $295K
Wood & paper products $270K
Precious metals & jewellery $116K
Weapons & explosives $109K

Balance of trade

Cyprus Japan
Current account balance
-$3.07B
2024
$194B
2024
Current account balance ranking
157/190
2024
3/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-8.16%
2024
+4.82%
2024
Goods imports
$11.9B
2024
$719B
2024
Goods exports
$4.43B
2024
$694B
2024
Service imports
$23.2B
2024
$246B
2024
Service exports
$32.1B
2024
$228B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
93.4%
2024
23.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
97%
2024
22.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cyprus Japan
Economic freedom 74.1 70.3
Economic freedom ranking 21/197 36/197
Property rights 85.1 94.2
Government integrity 59.7 81.1
Judicial effectiveness 89.8 97.9
Tax burden 80.8 63
Government spending 52.1 52
Fiscal health 91.5 41.7
Business freedom 82.3 77.8
Labor freedom 60.3 65.9
Monetary freedom 78.7 74.3
Trade freedom 79.4 76.2
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cyprus
Japan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cyprus Japan
2026 74.1 70.3
2025 73.2 70.2
2024 72.2 67.5
2023 72.3 69.3
2022 72.9 69.9
2021 71.4 74.1
2020 70.1 73.3
2019 68.1 72.1
2018 67.8 72.3
2017 67.9 69.6
2016 68.7 73.1
2015 67.9 73.3
2014 67.6 72.4
2013 69 71.8
2012 71.8 71.6
2011 73.3 72.8
2010 70.9 72.9
2009 70.8 72.8
2008 71.3 73
2007 71.7 72.7
2006 71.8 73.3
2005 71.9 67.3
2004 74.1 64.3
2003 73.3 67.6
2002 73 66.7
2001 71 70.9
2000 67.2 70.7
1999 67.8 69.1
1998 68.2 70.2
1997 67.9 70.3
1996 67.7 72.6
1995 - 75

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cyprus is 74.1, ranking 21/197, compared to 70.3 for Japan, ranking 36/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cyprus Japan
Services, % of GDP
76.5%
2024
69.8%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
11.1%
2024
28.6%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.16%
2024
0.94%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$32B
2024
$4.46T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$56,200
2024
$55,490
2024
Total reserves including gold
$2.09B
2024
$1.23T
2024
Total reserves ranking
124/177
2024
2/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$5.49B
2024
$191B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$50.4B
2024
$16.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$55.9B
2024
$203B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
13.9%
2021
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.7%
2024
26.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.