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Economy of Cyprus vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Cyprus has a GDP of $41.2B compared to $4.44T for Japan, ranking 103/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cyprus has $22.8B in government debt (55.3% of GDP), compared to $9.16T (206.5% of GDP) in Japan.

Cyprus vs Japan GDP by year

Cyprus
Japan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cyprus Japan
2025 $41,225,787,247 $4,435,162,999,977
2024 $37,634,551,821 $4,190,008,188,359
2023 $35,075,440,603 $4,384,854,269,962
2022 $31,218,047,044 $4,447,976,207,315
2021 $30,372,637,513 $5,225,933,520,753
2020 $25,555,082,267 $5,189,197,543,645
2019 $26,196,660,680 $5,245,755,000,479
2018 $25,754,011,492 $5,154,293,721,630
2017 $22,946,583,376 $5,038,231,631,661
2016 $21,046,452,117 $5,110,357,383,254
2015 $19,909,269,065 $4,534,438,580,495
2014 $23,225,912,183 $4,985,763,289,561
2013 $23,959,708,956 $5,272,297,037,397
2012 $25,047,433,100 $6,333,803,928,788
2011 $27,641,553,201 $6,279,422,550,219
2010 $25,799,940,416 $5,811,578,109,447
2009 $26,048,190,775 $5,336,765,697,589
2008 $27,958,384,913 $5,160,197,175,876
2007 $23,968,727,074 $4,624,670,179,655
2006 $20,072,754,987 $4,648,058,930,707
2005 $18,433,412,511 $4,875,648,486,366
2004 $17,320,551,250 $4,941,485,123,807
2003 $14,547,329,558 $4,573,413,206,709
2002 $11,420,228,846 $4,245,946,980,572
2001 $10,397,898,907 $4,438,792,748,062
2000 $9,985,847,314 $5,042,381,838,343
1999 $10,497,907,228 $4,688,983,449,627
1998 $10,248,618,778 $4,150,359,076,370
1997 $9,547,816,420 $4,579,780,793,432
1996 $10,011,914,680 $5,021,441,618,840
1995 $9,933,137,128 $5,639,649,753,986
1994 $7,425,703,929 $5,104,063,486,348
1993 $6,590,291,048 $4,632,480,515,091
1992 $6,912,150,456 $4,064,529,567,505
1991 $5,770,197,348 $3,724,887,648,862
1990 $5,591,130,218 $3,252,994,239,867
1989 $4,563,482,604 $3,174,934,735,896
1988 $4,278,792,597 $3,191,546,727,316
1987 $3,704,813,886 $2,635,094,473,494
1986 $3,090,734,463 $2,164,729,071,349
1985 $2,430,411,900 $1,457,070,301,468
1984 $2,278,248,953 $1,374,165,212,365
1983 $2,160,364,071 $1,297,622,008,229
1982 $2,159,242,417 $1,183,132,285,328
1981 $2,087,496,374 $1,271,443,597,067
1980 $2,154,311,277 $1,153,159,955,513
1979 $1,288,699,776 $1,100,608,979,757
1978 $964,024,364 $1,057,419,758,047
1977 $734,876,021 $752,590,681,822
1976 $576,090,074 $611,495,350,304
1975 $489,912,574 $544,082,569,364
1974 - $500,355,087,138
1973 - $450,756,970,744
1972 - $331,776,379,992
1971 - $250,530,994,765
1970 - $221,798,003,144
1969 - $188,179,852,753
1968 - $160,201,483,788
1967 - $135,265,319,098
1966 - $115,427,351,851
1965 - $99,387,878,008
1964 - $89,332,989,729
1963 - $75,945,582,324
1962 - $66,356,388,224
1961 - $58,472,696,006
1960 - $48,417,804,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cyprus vs Japan by year

Cyprus
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cyprus Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $30,075 - $35,951 -
2024 $27,707 $63,007 $33,797 $52,039
2023 $26,079 $59,875 $35,215 $50,662
2022 $23,448 $55,876 $35,548 $47,192
2021 $23,057 $47,633 $41,581 $44,355
2020 $19,624 $42,569 $41,099 $42,426
2019 $20,360 $44,394 $41,425 $42,678
2018 $20,267 $40,262 $40,645 $42,142
2017 $18,295 $37,768 $39,680 $41,444
2016 $17,013 $35,247 $40,215 $40,597
2015 $16,326 $31,380 $35,665 $40,899
2014 $19,326 $29,893 $39,173 $39,555
2013 $20,238 $30,416 $41,369 $39,402
2012 $21,493 $31,924 $49,627 $37,606
2011 $24,110 $33,406 $49,122 $36,214
2010 $22,876 $33,502 $45,378 $35,336
2009 $23,480 $33,901 $41,678 $33,543
2008 $25,626 $34,830 $40,294 $35,274
2007 $22,344 $32,888 $36,130 $35,015
2006 $19,037 $30,009 $36,354 $33,632
2005 $17,790 $27,763 $38,159 $32,170
2004 $17,016 $25,942 $38,678 $30,832
2003 $14,553 $24,278 $35,809 $29,392
2002 $11,636 $23,556 $33,316 $28,624
2001 $10,785 $22,866 $34,910 $27,943
2000 $10,537 $21,296 $39,753 $27,288
1999 $11,273 $19,663 $37,029 $25,736
1998 $11,206 $18,760 $32,835 $25,508
1997 $10,637 $17,781 $36,331 $25,619
1996 $11,373 $17,320 $39,930 $24,999
1995 $11,514 $17,096 $44,947 $23,858
1994 $8,791 $15,735 $40,774 $22,823
1993 $7,978 $14,852 $37,111 $22,168
1992 $8,530 $14,759 $32,667 $21,825
1991 $7,222 $13,546 $30,048 $21,227
1990 $7,092 $13,348 $26,345 $19,912
1989 $5,870 - $25,798 -
1988 $5,584 - $26,037 -
1987 $4,908 - $21,587 -
1986 $4,159 - $17,819 -
1985 $3,324 - $12,058 -
1984 $3,167 - $11,443 -
1983 $3,055 - $10,876 -
1982 $3,100 - $9,986 -
1981 $3,030 - $10,806 -
1980 $3,154 - $9,872 -
1979 $1,902 - $9,497 -
1978 $1,434 - $9,202 -
1977 $1,102 - $6,609 -
1976 $870 - $5,422 -
1975 $743 - $4,876 -
1974 - - $4,542 -
1973 - - $4,147 -
1972 - - $3,095 -
1971 - - $2,370 -
1970 - - $2,145 -
1969 - - $1,841 -
1968 - - $1,586 -
1967 - - $1,354 -
1966 - - $1,168 -
1965 - - $1,015 -
1964 - - $922 -
1963 - - $792 -
1962 - - $699 -
1961 - - $622 -
1960 - - $519 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

Cyprus' GDP per capita is $30,075, ranking 45/197, compared to $35,951 in Japan, ranking 34/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cyprus ranks 29th at $63,007, while Japan ranks 41st at $52,039.

Economic indicators

Cyprus Japan
Gross domestic product
$41.2B
2025
$4.44T
2025
GDP rank
103/197
2025
4/197
2025
GDP growth
3.77%
2024-2025
1.19%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$30,075
2025
$35,951
2025
GDP per capita rank
45/197
2025
34/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$63,007
2024
$52,039
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
29/197
2024
41/197
2024
Government debt
$22.8B
2025
$9.16T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
55.3%
2025
206.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$16,632
2025
$74,248
2025
Government debt per person rank
40/185
2025
3/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$24,626
2026
$22,962
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$27.9B
2025
$7.61T
2025
Number of millionaires
24,000
2026
2,902,000
2026
Number of billionaires
10
2026
41
2026
Income share by richest 10%
26.3%
2023
24.3%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.3%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
40.4%
2025
36.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.13%
2024-2025
3.17%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
0.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.4%
2025
2.5%
2025
Population
1388591
122704252

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cyprus
Spending

Debt
Japan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cyprus Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 40.4% 55.3% 36.9% 206.5%
2024 38.3% 62.8% 37.3% 214.5%
2023 40.6% 71.1% 37.8% 220.3%
2022 37.7% 80.3% 40.2% 227.8%
2021 42.7% 96.5% 41.3% 222.7%
2020 45.9% 113.6% 43.6% 228.8%
2019 40.3% 92.3% 36.4% 206.3%
2018 44.3% 100.7% 36% 203.7%
2017 38.4% 96.4% 35.9% 203.1%
2016 39.6% 106.8% 36.5% 202.1%
2015 43% 111.6% 36.6% 200.1%
2014 52.1% 113% 37.8% 203.6%
2013 42.1% 102.7% 38.4% 201.2%
2012 41.9% 79.2% 38.4% 197.1%
2011 42.1% 64.8% 38.4% 190.6%
2010 41.7% 55.3% 37.4% 178.6%
2009 41.9% 52.8% 38.3% 172.9%
2008 38.2% 44.1% 33.7% 153.6%
2007 37.6% 53.1% 32.8% 150.4%
2006 39.1% 59% 32.7% 152.1%
2005 39.7% 64% 33.2% 153.4%
2004 38.6% 64.7% 33.3% 148.8%
2003 40.4% 63% 34.6% 140.2%
2002 37.4% 61% 34.9% 134.6%
2001 35.7% 57.5% 34.7% 126.8%
2000 35% 56% 35.4% 118.5%
1999 34.3% 55.7% 35.2% 113.5%
1998 34.4% 55% 38.1% 101.6%
1997 34.2% 53.5% 32.4% 91.3%
1996 32.4% 48.8% 33.1% 85.3%
1995 30.4% 46.7% 32.8% 80.7%
1994 - - 32.1% 73.3%
1993 - - 31.4% 63.2%
1992 - - 29.6% 57.9%
1991 - - 28.6% 54.1%
1990 - - 28.8% 54.8%
1989 - - 29.2% 65.7%
1988 - - 29.9% 71.9%
1987 - - 30.6% 75.8%
1986 - - 30.4% 74.1%
1985 - - 30.4% 68.3%
1984 - - 31.2% 65.6%
1983 - - 31.8% 63.5%
1982 - - 31.7% 57.7%
1981 - - 31.5% 52.8%
1980 - - 33.5% 47.8%
1979 - - 33.2% 43.8%
1978 - - 32.1% 39%
1977 - - 30.4% 31.1%
1976 - - 29.1% 26.1%
1975 - - 28.5% 20.9%
1974 - - 25.5% 16.7%
1973 - - 23.3% 15.9%
1972 - - 23.1% 16.3%
1971 - - 21.8% 12.6%
1970 - - 20.2% 11.2%
1969 - - 19.8% 11.4%
1968 - - 20.1% 11.8%
1967 - - 19.9% 11.4%
1966 - - 20.8% 11.2%
1965 - - 20.4% 9.78%
1964 - - 19.8% 8.53%
1963 - - 20% 8.66%
1962 - - 19.4% 9.01%
1961 - - 18.2% 8.44%
1960 - - 18.4% 10.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

In 2025, Cyprus' government spending was $16.7B, accounting for 40.4% of its GDP, while Japan spent $1.63T, or 36.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.3% in Cyprus and 206.5% in Japan, ranking 89/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cyprus

Japan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cyprus Japan
2025 2.99% -1.05%
2024 4.14% -1.67%
2023 1.71% -2.39%
2022 2.69% -4.23%
2021 -1.59% -6.32%
2020 -5.57% -9.04%
2019 1.03% -3.05%
2018 -3.36% -2.44%
2017 2.13% -3.05%
2016 0.45% -3.58%
2015 -0.77% -3.64%
2014 -8.8% -5.58%
2013 -5.16% -7.62%
2012 -5.55% -8.22%
2011 -5.65% -9.02%
2010 -4.68% -9.05%
2009 -5.43% -9.62%
2008 0.87% -4.07%
2007 3.23% -2.86%
2006 -1.04% -3%
2005 -2.22% -4.39%
2004 -3.71% -5.26%
2003 -5.91% -7.35%
2002 -4.13% -7.22%
2001 -2.11% -6.11%
2000 -2.24% -7.17%
1999 -4.05% -6.68%
1998 -3.85% -9.91%
1997 -4.82% -3.44%
1996 -2.96% -4.75%
1995 -0.71% -4.22%
1994 - -3.7%
1993 - -2.34%
1992 - 0.56%
1991 - 1.64%
1990 - 1.91%
1989 - 1.23%
1988 - 0.49%
1987 - -0.36%
1986 - -1.36%
1985 - -1.37%
1984 - -2.62%
1983 - -3.95%
1982 - -3.81%
1981 - -3.85%
1980 - -4.66%
1979 - -5%
1978 - -5.79%
1977 - -4.02%
1976 - -3.89%
1975 - -2.92%
1974 - 0.38%
1973 - 0.56%
1972 - -0.13%
1971 - 1.21%
1970 - 1.74%
1969 - 1.26%
1968 - 0.88%
1967 - 0.8%
1966 - -0.34%
1965 - 0.48%
1964 - 0.85%
1963 - 1.08%
1962 - 1.49%
1961 - 2.58%
1960 - 1.85%
1959 - 0.97%
1958 - -0.1%
1957 - 1.27%
1956 - 1.39%
1955 - -0.67%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.65%
1952 - 2.22%
1951 - 5.06%
1950 - 6.99%
1949 - 12.5%
1948 - 7.53%
1947 - 6.09%
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - 0.32%
1942 - -0.13%
1941 - -0.19%
1940 - 0.31%
1939 - 0.11%
1938 - 0.45%
1937 - 0.71%
1936 - 0.34%
1935 - 0.26%
1934 - 0.34%
1933 - 0.28%
1932 - 0.31%
1931 - 0.23%
1930 - 0.19%
1929 - 0.5%
1928 - 0.42%
1927 - 0.58%
1926 - 0.65%
1925 - 0.75%
1924 - 0.84%
1923 - 0.87%
1922 - 0.89%
1921 - 1.43%
1920 - 1.19%
1919 - 1.21%
1918 - 1.58%
1917 - 1.54%
1916 - 1.37%
1915 - 1.41%
1914 - 1.31%
1913 - 1.21%
1912 - 1.27%
1911 - 1.21%
1910 - 1.57%
1909 - 1.51%
1908 - 1.63%
1907 - 1.77%
1906 - 0.46%
1905 - -0.68%
1904 - -0.81%
1903 - 0.19%
1902 - 0.44%
1901 - 0.21%
1900 - 0.53%
1899 - 0.2%
1898 - 0.6%
1897 - 0.33%
1896 - 0.88%
1895 - 0.28%
1894 - -0.24%
1893 - 0.6%
1892 - 0.63%
1891 - 0.61%
1890 - 0.74%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - 0.13%
1887 - 0.11%
1886 - 0.03%
1885 - 0.01%
1884 - 0.001%
1883 - 0.03%
1882 - 0.001%
1881 - 0.001%
1880 - 0.004%
1879 - 0.02%
1878 - 0.02%
1877 - -0.29%
1876 - -0.42%
1875 - 0.005%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

In 2025, Cyprus' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.23B, equivalent to 2.99% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of $46.7B, or 1.05% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Cyprus recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Cyprus posted an annual deficit equal to 2.1% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.35% of GDP for Japan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cyprus

Japan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cyprus Japan
2025 0.13% 3.17%
2024 1.8% 2.74%
2023 3.54% 3.27%
2022 8.4% 2.5%
2021 2.45% -0.23%
2020 -0.64% -0.02%
2019 0.25% 0.47%
2018 1.44% 0.99%
2017 0.53% 0.48%
2016 -1.43% -0.13%
2015 -2.1% 0.8%
2014 -1.35% 2.76%
2013 -0.4% 0.34%
2012 2.39% -0.04%
2011 3.29% -0.27%
2010 2.43% -0.73%
2009 0.33% -1.35%
2008 4.67% 1.38%
2007 2.37% 0.06%
2006 2.3% 0.25%
2005 2.56% -0.28%
2004 2.29% -0.009%
2003 4.14% -0.26%
2002 2.8% -0.92%
2001 1.97% -0.74%
2000 4.14% -0.68%
1999 1.63% -0.34%
1998 2.23% 0.66%
1997 3.61% 1.75%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Cyprus has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.92%, compared with 0.54% in Japan. In 2025, inflation was 0.13% in Cyprus and 3.17% in Japan.

Top exports between countries

Cyprus
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $94.4M
IT & IP services $39.7M
Business & finance services $20.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.09M
Chemicals & pharma $772K
Machinery & equipment $755K
Metals $634K
Textiles & consumer goods $185K
Raw materials & minerals $105K
Precious metals & jewellery $48K
Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $474M
Miscellaneous $234M
Metals $3.99M
Raw materials & minerals $1.96M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.49M
Chemicals & pharma $1.32M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $448K
Precious metals & jewellery $330K
Weapons & explosives $128K
Raw agricultural goods $84K

Balance of trade

Cyprus Japan
Current account balance
-$2.59B
2025
$216B
2025
Current account balance ranking
149/190
2025
3/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-6.29%
2025
+4.86%
2025
Goods imports
$12.6B
2025
$729B
2025
Goods exports
$4.62B
2025
$725B
2025
Service imports
$25.3B
2025
$269B
2025
Service exports
$35.7B
2025
$246B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
91.9%
2025
22.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
97.6%
2025
22%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cyprus Japan
Economic freedom 74.1 70.3
Economic freedom ranking 21/197 36/197
Property rights 85.1 94.2
Government integrity 59.7 81.1
Judicial effectiveness 89.8 97.9
Tax burden 80.8 63
Government spending 52.1 52
Fiscal health 91.5 41.7
Business freedom 82.3 77.8
Labor freedom 60.3 65.9
Monetary freedom 78.7 74.3
Trade freedom 79.4 76.2
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cyprus
Japan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cyprus Japan
2026 74.1 70.3
2025 73.2 70.2
2024 72.2 67.5
2023 72.3 69.3
2022 72.9 69.9
2021 71.4 74.1
2020 70.1 73.3
2019 68.1 72.1
2018 67.8 72.3
2017 67.9 69.6
2016 68.7 73.1
2015 67.9 73.3
2014 67.6 72.4
2013 69 71.8
2012 71.8 71.6
2011 73.3 72.8
2010 70.9 72.9
2009 70.8 72.8
2008 71.3 73
2007 71.7 72.7
2006 71.8 73.3
2005 71.9 67.3
2004 74.1 64.3
2003 73.3 67.6
2002 73 66.7
2001 71 70.9
2000 67.2 70.7
1999 67.8 69.1
1998 68.2 70.2
1997 67.9 70.3
1996 67.7 72.6
1995 - 75

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cyprus is 74.1, ranking 21/197, compared to 70.3 for Japan, ranking 36/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cyprus Japan
Services, % of GDP
76.8%
2025
71.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
11.1%
2025
26.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.12%
2025
0.96%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$35.6B
2025
$4.73T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$57,390
2025
$58,920
2025
Total reserves including gold
$2.95B
2025
$1.37T
2025
Total reserves ranking
121/177
2025
3/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$9.59B
2025
$172B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$50.4B
2024
$18.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$55.9B
2024
$207B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
13.9%
2021
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.3%
2025
27.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/japan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.