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Economy of Indonesia vs Switzerland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Indonesia has a GDP of $1.4T compared to $937B for Switzerland, ranking 16/197 and 20/197 by economy size, respectively.

Indonesia has $561B in government debt (40.2% of GDP), compared to $351B (37.5% of GDP) in Switzerland.

Indonesia vs Switzerland GDP by year

Indonesia
Switzerland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Indonesia Switzerland
2024 $1,396,300,098,191 $936,564,198,049
2023 $1,371,169,301,564 $894,424,821,645
2022 $1,319,101,183,380 $828,508,926,958
2021 $1,186,509,691,087 $815,309,330,987
2020 $1,059,054,842,698 $741,999,406,006
2019 $1,119,099,871,350 $721,369,112,727
2018 $1,042,271,532,989 $725,568,717,468
2017 $1,015,618,744,160 $695,200,833,086
2016 $931,877,364,038 $687,895,460,903
2015 $860,854,232,686 $694,118,186,380
2014 $890,814,755,534 $726,537,808,338
2013 $912,524,136,718 $706,234,937,371
2012 $917,869,913,333 $686,420,221,558
2011 $892,969,104,563 $715,888,126,682
2010 $755,094,157,622 $598,851,028,907
2009 $539,580,085,612 $554,212,916,092
2008 $510,228,634,992 $567,267,767,519
2007 $432,216,737,775 $490,740,715,595
2006 $364,570,515,618 $441,634,672,197
2005 $285,868,619,196 $418,284,865,885
2004 $256,836,875,295 $403,912,891,033
2003 $234,772,463,824 $362,075,086,508
2002 $195,660,611,165 $309,301,422,430
2001 $160,446,947,785 $286,582,672,434
2000 $165,021,012,078 $279,216,033,870
1999 $140,001,351,215 $297,873,643,323
1998 $95,445,547,873 $303,459,014,347
1997 $215,748,998,610 $294,788,198,856
1996 $227,369,679,375 $340,103,959,547
1995 $202,132,028,723 $352,835,806,342
1994 $176,892,143,932 $301,375,055,202
1993 $158,006,700,302 $272,237,527,071
1992 $128,026,966,580 $279,921,425,828
1991 $116,621,996,217 $268,901,693,863
1990 $106,140,727,334 $265,763,573,999
1989 $94,451,427,877 $208,105,846,934
1988 $84,300,174,486 $215,540,625,299
1987 $75,929,617,558 $199,236,370,038
1986 $79,954,072,545 $159,089,921,063
1985 $85,289,488,375 $110,980,314,192
1984 $84,853,700,028 $109,455,312,168
1983 $81,052,283,384 $114,634,358,535
1982 $90,158,449,295 $115,043,365,512
1981 $85,518,233,419 $112,244,805,519
1980 $72,482,337,397 $122,557,843,886
1979 $51,400,186,343 $114,970,094,425
1978 $51,455,719,076 $102,280,472,036
1977 $45,808,915,663 $73,135,771,167
1976 $37,269,156,627 $68,476,524,644
1975 $30,463,855,422 $65,466,081,819
1974 $25,802,409,639 $57,103,011,446
1973 $16,273,253,012 $49,550,006,320
1972 $10,997,590,361 $36,844,318,854
1971 $9,333,536,370 $30,040,171,751
1970 $9,150,684,932 $24,998,066,773
1969 $8,337,423,313 $22,442,043,274
1968 $7,076,465,300 $20,712,102,794
1967 $5,667,756,628 $19,397,044,714
1966 - $18,019,402,374
1965 - $16,780,226,225
1964 - $15,833,133,858
1963 - $14,283,872,299
1962 - $12,989,649,694
1961 - $11,713,348,834
1960 - $10,412,232,621

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/switzerland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Indonesia vs Switzerland by year

Indonesia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Indonesia Switzerland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,925 $16,448 $103,998 $96,498
2023 $4,876 $15,416 $100,624 $95,142
2022 $4,731 $14,285 $94,395 $94,421
2021 $4,287 $12,757 $93,665 $81,001
2020 $3,854 $11,729 $85,898 $72,998
2019 $4,107 $11,986 $84,122 $73,732
2018 $3,861 $11,372 $85,217 $70,689
2017 $3,799 $10,688 $82,254 $68,194
2016 $3,521 $10,263 $82,153 $67,351
2015 $3,288 $10,028 $83,806 $65,265
2014 $3,441 $10,065 $88,725 $63,417
2013 $3,567 $9,866 $87,304 $61,656
2012 $3,632 $9,530 $85,836 $59,441
2011 $3,579 $8,937 $90,477 $57,494
2010 $3,066 $8,353 $76,531 $54,426
2009 $2,218 $7,868 $71,568 $52,999
2008 $2,125 $7,569 $74,175 $53,809
2007 $1,823 $7,096 $64,989 $50,928
2006 $1,558 $6,583 $59,011 $46,266
2005 $1,238 $6,134 $56,243 $41,525
2004 $1,127 $5,700 $54,659 $40,171
2003 $1,043 $5,353 $49,336 $38,732
2002 $881 $5,076 $42,459 $38,705
2001 $732 $4,849 $39,639 $37,819
2000 $764 $4,639 $38,865 $36,703
1999 $657 $4,386 $41,696 $34,743
1998 $455 $4,356 $42,681 $33,860
1997 $1,045 $5,037 $41,584 $32,736
1996 $1,119 $4,807 $48,093 $31,509
1995 $1,011 $4,451 $50,114 $30,842
1994 $900 $4,096 $43,092 $30,265
1993 $817 $3,793 $39,237 $29,495
1992 $674 $3,538 $40,714 $29,113
1991 $624 $3,305 $39,544 $28,792
1990 $578 $3,044 $39,575 $28,461
1989 $524 - $31,309 -
1988 $477 - $32,690 -
1987 $438 - $30,441 -
1986 $470 - $24,460 -
1985 $511 - $17,152 -
1984 $520 - $16,991 -
1983 $508 - $17,859 -
1982 $578 - $18,000 -
1981 $561 - $17,665 -
1980 $487 - $19,394 -
1979 $353 - $18,266 -
1978 $362 - $16,282 -
1977 $331 - $11,644 -
1976 $275.7 - $10,865 -
1975 $231.1 - $10,328 -
1974 $200.7 - $9,005 -
1973 $129.9 - $7,856 -
1972 $90.1 - $5,885 -
1971 $78.5 - $4,835 -
1970 $79.1 - $4,044 -
1969 $74.1 - $3,657 -
1968 $64.7 - $3,413 -
1967 $53.2 - $3,237 -
1966 - - $3,045 -
1965 - - $2,865 -
1964 - - $2,735 -
1963 - - $2,508 -
1962 - - $2,330 -
1961 - - $2,155 -
1960 - - $1,954 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/switzerland | CC BY

Indonesia's GDP per capita is $4,925, ranking 121/197, compared to $103,998 in Switzerland, ranking 5/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Indonesia ranks 107th at $16,448, while Switzerland ranks 8th at $96,498.

Economic indicators

Indonesia Switzerland
Gross domestic product
$1.4T
2024
$937B
2024
GDP rank
16/197
2024
20/197
2024
GDP growth
5.03%
2023-2024
1.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,925
2024
$103,998
2024
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$16,448
2024
$96,498
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
107/197
2024
8/197
2024
Government debt
$561B
2024
$351B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
40.2%
2024
37.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,978
2024
$39,021
2024
Government debt per person rank
120/185
2024
15/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,371
2026
$85,867
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$758B
2023
$1.97T
2024
Number of millionaires
178,605
2025
1,119,000
2025
Number of billionaires
33
2025
42
2025
Income share by richest 10%
28.8%
2024
26.6%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2024
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
16.8%
2024
31.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.18%
2023-2024
1.06%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.75%
2025
0%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.31%
2023
4.34%
2024
Population
288551776
9107866

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Indonesia
Spending

Debt
Switzerland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Indonesia Switzerland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 16.8% 40.2% 31.9% 37.5%
2023 16.6% 39.6% 32.1% 38.7%
2022 17.3% 40.1% 31.6% 37.2%
2021 18.1% 41.1% 34.4% 41%
2020 18.4% 39.7% 37% 43.2%
2019 16.4% 30.6% 32% 39.6%
2018 16.6% 30.4% 31.7% 39.8%
2017 16.4% 29.4% 32.4% 41.8%
2016 16.9% 28% 32.4% 40.9%
2015 17.6% 27% 32.5% 42.2%
2014 18.4% 24.6% 32.2% 42.1%
2013 18.8% 24.9% 32.5% 41.9%
2012 18.8% 23% 31.7% 42.6%
2011 17.7% 23.1% 31.4% 41.9%
2010 16.9% 26.4% 31.4% 41.5%
2009 17% 26.5% 31.8% 43.1%
2008 19.4% 30.3% 30% 44.8%
2007 18.7% 38.1% 29.4% 44.8%
2006 18.4% 35.8% 30.5% 48.5%
2005 17.4% 42.6% 32.4% 54.9%
2004 17.8% 51.3% 33.1% 57.8%
2003 18.2% 55.6% 33.2% 56.9%
2002 16.9% 62.3% 34.1% 57.7%
2001 19.5% 73.7% 31.6% 51.1%
2000 15.3% 87.4% 32.2% 52.2%
1999 15.1% 95.9% 33.2% 52.7%
1998 15.1% 72.5% 32.7% 55.9%
1997 15.2% 26.4% 32.9% 53.7%
1996 11.5% 27.5% 33% 51.3%
1995 11.9% 32% 32.4% 50%
1994 13.5% 37% 32.5% 47.1%
1993 14.1% 40.4% 32.5% 44.4%
1992 16.8% 42.6% 31.3% 39.5%
1991 15% 39.2% 29.5% 35.1%
1990 15.8% 40.8% 27.6% 33.3%
1989 16.5% 42.5% 30% 32.5%
1988 17.3% 45.6% 30.3% 35%
1987 18% 49.7% 29.8% 36.5%
1986 20.9% 38.3% 29.8% 37.6%
1985 18.5% 28% 30.1% 39.1%
1984 16.1% 23.5% 30.4% 39.8%
1983 18.2% 23.1% 31.2% 40.2%
1982 18.8% 18.6% 30.5% 40%
1981 24.4% 16.4% 29.4% 40.8%
1980 22.1% 17.3% 29.9% 43.9%
1979 20.9% 22% 30.5% 44.6%
1978 20.1% 30.3% 30.4% 46.6%
1977 19.5% 27.7% 31% 46.9%
1976 21.8% 38.1% 31.6% 46.7%
1975 20.5% 36.7% 29.3% 42.3%
1974 17.3% 34.4% 27.5% 38.4%
1973 16.3% 43.1% 26.5% 37%
1972 15.7% 51.2% 25.7% 38%
1971 14.5% 50.5% 25.4% 38.7%
1970 13.8% 46.7% 25.8% 38.9%
1969 12.8% - 9.45% 7.08%
1968 8.82% - 8.87% 6.99%
1967 10.4% - 8.68% 7.26%
1966 9.18% - 8.95% 7.62%
1965 10.7% - 8.33% 8.28%
1964 9.55% - 8.85% 9.43%
1963 10.3% - 8.2% 10.8%
1962 7.89% - 8.1% 12%
1961 15.1% - 7.97% 14%
1960 14.4% - 7.11% 16.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/switzerland | CC BY

In 2024, Indonesia's government spending was $235B, accounting for 16.8% of its GDP, while Switzerland spent $299B, or 31.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 40.2% in Indonesia and 37.5% in Switzerland, ranking 132/185 and 141/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Indonesia

Switzerland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Indonesia Switzerland
2024 -2.3% 0.58%
2023 -1.64% 0.12%
2022 -2.31% 1.19%
2021 -4.4% -0.29%
2020 -6.07% -3.01%
2019 -2.09% 1.34%
2018 -1.69% 1.29%
2017 -2.26% 1.13%
2016 -2.56% 0.24%
2015 -2.72% 0.55%
2014 -1.8% -0.25%
2013 -1.96% -0.43%
2012 -1.59% 0.24%
2011 -0.7% 0.68%
2010 -1.24% 0.35%
2009 -1.64% 0.5%
2008 0.05% 1.93%
2007 -0.95% 1.57%
2006 0.45% 0.85%
2005 0.46% -0.65%
2004 -0.26% -1.39%
2003 -1.08% -1.36%
2002 -0.58% -1.75%
2001 -1.76% 0.21%
2000 -1.87% 0.28%
1999 -0.96% -1.57%
1998 -1.89% -1.31%
1997 -1.03% -2.33%
1996 0.96% -2.01%
1995 0.64% -1.86%
1994 0.005% -2.59%
1993 -0.59% -3.15%
1992 -2.95% -2.96%
1991 -0.87% -1.85%
1990 -0.55% -0.05%
1989 -1.72% 0.2%
1988 -2.68% 0.42%
1987 -0.9% 0.78%
1986 -2.94% 0.93%
1985 -0.45% -0.25%
1984 1.83% -0.52%
1983 -1% -1.23%
1982 -1.11% -1.21%
1981 -0.69% -0.54%
1980 -0.82% -1.34%
1979 -0.67% -1.79%
1978 -2.03% -1.12%
1977 -0.38% -1.64%
1976 -2.63% -1.89%
1975 -2.33% -0.93%
1974 -0.35% -1.01%
1973 -1.33% -0.93%
1972 -1.82% -1.39%
1971 -2.51% -1.41%
1970 -3.02% -1.44%
1969 -2.8% -0.98%
1968 0% -0.73%
1967 -0.35% -1.07%
1966 -5.06% -0.87%
1965 -6.62% 0.05%
1964 -5.58% 0.77%
1963 -5.24% 0.25%
1962 -3.1% 0.95%
1961 -4.57% 0.34%
1960 -1.65% 1.95%
1959 -4.06% 0.72%
1958 -6.67% 0.59%
1957 -2.92% 0.66%
1956 -1.38% 2.24%
1955 -1.6% 1.1%
1954 -3.16% 1.44%
1953 -2.33% 0.38%
1952 -3.66% -1.17%
1951 1.52% -0.36%
1950 - 1.49%
1949 - 0.04%
1948 - 1.37%
1947 - 1.27%
1946 - 0.52%
1945 - -7.57%
1944 - -9.37%
1943 - -8.55%
1942 - -7.28%
1941 - -8.78%
1940 - -10%
1939 - -5.05%
1938 - -1.53%
1937 - -0.17%
1936 - -0.33%
1935 - -0.23%
1934 - -0.33%
1933 - -0.88%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.03%
1930 - 0.07%
1929 - 0.22%
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.12%
1912 - 0.03%
1911 - -0.006%
1910 - -0.14%
1909 - -0.78%
1908 - -0.1%
1907 - -0.02%
1906 - 0.15%
1905 - 0.41%
1904 - 0.002%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - 0.02%
1901 - -0.14%
1900 - -0.07%
1899 - 0.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/switzerland | CC BY

In 2024, Indonesia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $32.1B, equivalent to 2.3% of GDP. This compares to Switzerland's surplus of $5.4B, or 0.58% of GDP.

Over the past 58 years, Indonesia recorded a fiscal deficit in 50 of those years, while Switzerland ran a deficit in 37 years. On average, Indonesia posted an annual deficit equal to 1.39% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.6% of GDP for Switzerland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Indonesia

Switzerland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Indonesia Switzerland
2024 2.18% 1.06%
2023 3.67% 2.14%
2022 4.21% 2.84%
2021 1.56% 0.58%
2020 1.92% -0.73%
2019 3.03% 0.36%
2018 3.2% 0.94%
2017 3.81% 0.53%
2016 3.53% -0.43%
2015 6.36% -1.14%
2014 6.39% -0.01%
2013 6.41% -0.22%
2012 4.28% -0.69%
2011 5.36% 0.23%
2010 5.13% 0.69%
2009 4.39% -0.48%
2008 10.2% 2.43%
2007 6.41% 0.73%
2006 13.1% 1.06%
2005 10.5% 1.17%
2004 6.06% 0.8%
2003 6.76% 0.64%
2002 11.9% 0.64%
2001 11.5% 0.99%
2000 3.69% 1.56%
1999 20.5% 0.81%
1998 58.5% 0.02%
1997 6.23% 0.52%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/switzerland | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Indonesia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.24%, compared with 0.61% in Switzerland. In 2024, inflation was 2.18% in Indonesia and 1.06% in Switzerland.

Top exports between countries

Indonesia
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $1.45B
Machinery & equipment $32.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $11.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.86M
Raw materials & minerals $4.91M
Chemicals & pharma $3.51M
Metals $2.25M
Animal & marine products $1.35M
Weapons & explosives $695K
Wood & paper products $394K
Switzerland
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $186M
Machinery & equipment $153M
Transport & tourism services $50.4M
Precious metals & jewellery $23.5M
Textiles & consumer goods $23.5M
Metals $23.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $22.4M
Raw agricultural goods $11M
Wood & paper products $7.59M
Miscellaneous $2.53M

Balance of trade

Indonesia Switzerland
Current account balance
-$8.72B
2024
$72B
2024
Current account balance ranking
174/190
2024
10/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.62%
2024
+7.69%
2024
Goods imports
$223B
2024
$371B
2024
Goods exports
$263B
2024
$502B
2024
Service imports
$57.6B
2024
$203B
2024
Service exports
$39B
2024
$186B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
61.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.2%
2024
72.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Indonesia Switzerland
Economic freedom 65.1 83.7
Economic freedom ranking 67/197 2/197
Property rights 39.7 94.4
Government integrity 42 93.3
Judicial effectiveness 43.1 98.3
Tax burden 81.5 70.9
Government spending 91.4 69.5
Fiscal health 89.8 97.2
Business freedom 69.2 86.3
Labor freedom 56.8 60
Monetary freedom 79.4 82.3
Trade freedom 78.6 87
Investment freedom 50 85
Financial freedom 60 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Indonesia
Switzerland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Indonesia Switzerland
2026 65.1 83.7
2025 65.2 83.7
2024 63.5 83
2023 63.5 83.8
2022 64.4 84.2
2021 66.9 81.9
2020 67.2 82
2019 65.8 81.9
2018 64.2 81.7
2017 61.9 81.5
2016 59.4 81
2015 58.1 80.5
2014 58.5 81.6
2013 56.9 81
2012 56.4 81.1
2011 56 81.9
2010 55.5 81.1
2009 53.4 79.4
2008 53.2 79.5
2007 53.2 78
2006 51.9 78.9
2005 52.9 79.3
2004 52.1 79.5
2003 55.8 79
2002 54.8 79.3
2001 52.5 76
2000 55.2 76.8
1999 61.5 79.1
1998 63.4 79
1997 62 78.6
1996 61 76.8
1995 54.9 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/switzerland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Indonesia is 65.1, ranking 67/197, compared to 83.7 for Switzerland, ranking 2/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Indonesia Switzerland
Services, % of GDP
43.8%
2024
72%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
39.3%
2024
24.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
12.6%
2024
0.63%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.39T
2024
$857B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$16,010
2024
$93,420
2024
Total reserves including gold
$156B
2024
$909B
2024
Total reserves ranking
20/177
2024
4/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$15.9B
2024
$59.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
-$108B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$8.39B
2024
-$27.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.65%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
9%
2024
15.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.4%
2024
27%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/switzerland | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.