The Czech Republic has a GDP of $391B compared to $429B for Romania, ranking 42/197 and 39/197 by economy size, respectively.
The Czech Republic has $174B in government debt (44.6% of GDP), compared to $260B (60.6% of GDP) in Romania.
Czech Republic vs Romania GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|
| 2025 | $391,026,962,800 | $428,677,977,855 |
| 2024 | $347,082,562,221 | $382,564,217,989 |
| 2023 | $345,059,295,660 | $347,757,995,759 |
| 2022 | $301,831,228,326 | $295,317,862,856 |
| 2021 | $290,972,714,482 | $285,072,444,957 |
| 2020 | $251,109,660,603 | $250,624,575,872 |
| 2019 | $256,794,209,029 | $250,080,428,512 |
| 2018 | $251,992,360,762 | $241,791,427,224 |
| 2017 | $221,563,575,696 | $210,147,385,855 |
| 2016 | $198,160,659,304 | $185,290,759,249 |
| 2015 | $189,107,698,562 | $177,885,131,240 |
| 2014 | $210,911,285,078 | $199,722,319,676 |
| 2013 | $213,024,360,541 | $189,798,603,751 |
| 2012 | $210,363,223,088 | $179,117,323,107 |
| 2011 | $231,429,378,717 | $192,623,977,894 |
| 2010 | $211,168,667,286 | $170,064,350,672 |
| 2009 | $206,971,882,705 | $174,110,532,659 |
| 2008 | $236,506,264,754 | $214,315,932,061 |
| 2007 | $190,040,702,287 | $174,588,782,939 |
| 2006 | $156,236,258,387 | $122,023,735,993 |
| 2005 | $137,264,185,596 | $98,454,380,120 |
| 2004 | $120,147,899,984 | $74,973,656,852 |
| 2003 | $100,435,924,705 | $57,806,384,143 |
| 2002 | $82,607,869,610 | $46,065,502,703 |
| 2001 | $68,135,304,464 | $40,395,116,581 |
| 2000 | $62,175,642,238 | $37,253,739,511 |
| 1999 | $65,586,562,605 | $35,953,156,754 |
| 1998 | $67,187,217,328 | $41,696,091,974 |
| 1997 | $62,539,765,163 | $35,575,214,078 |
| 1996 | $67,804,105,330 | $36,937,074,278 |
| 1995 | $60,572,381,311 | $37,430,162,103 |
| 1994 | $48,188,478,339 | $30,072,805,104 |
| 1993 | $41,155,654,032 | $26,361,160,450 |
| 1992 | $35,051,065,440 | $25,121,666,667 |
| 1991 | $30,071,014,282 | $28,850,634,900 |
| 1990 | $41,016,881,802 | $38,247,882,300 |
| 1989 | - | $41,450,777,202 |
| 1988 | - | $40,424,528,302 |
| 1987 | - | $38,067,567,568 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1987–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/romania | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Czech Republic vs Romania by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $35,917 | - | $22,538 | - |
| 2024 | $31,828 | $57,285 | $20,080 | $49,077 |
| 2023 | $31,762 | $55,761 | $18,244 | $45,982 |
| 2022 | $28,282 | $52,947 | $15,503 | $41,979 |
| 2021 | $27,696 | $47,796 | $14,908 | $37,534 |
| 2020 | $23,473 | $44,839 | $13,009 | $34,194 |
| 2019 | $24,063 | $45,614 | $12,910 | $33,425 |
| 2018 | $23,706 | $41,638 | $12,416 | $29,383 |
| 2017 | $20,913 | $39,346 | $10,728 | $26,943 |
| 2016 | $18,754 | $36,445 | $9,405 | $23,905 |
| 2015 | $17,932 | $34,093 | $8,977 | $21,625 |
| 2014 | $20,038 | $32,743 | $10,032 | $20,633 |
| 2013 | $20,260 | $31,013 | $9,498 | $19,678 |
| 2012 | $20,014 | $29,466 | $8,930 | $19,808 |
| 2011 | $22,049 | $29,237 | $9,561 | $18,804 |
| 2010 | $20,160 | $28,154 | $8,400 | $17,355 |
| 2009 | $19,817 | $27,713 | $8,548 | $16,641 |
| 2008 | $22,775 | $27,938 | $10,435 | $16,782 |
| 2007 | $18,453 | $26,268 | $8,360 | $13,703 |
| 2006 | $15,259 | $23,914 | $5,758 | $11,554 |
| 2005 | $13,442 | $22,115 | $4,618 | $9,602 |
| 2004 | $11,783 | $20,988 | $3,495 | $8,989 |
| 2003 | $9,852 | $19,604 | $2,679 | $7,559 |
| 2002 | $8,101 | $18,344 | $2,120 | $7,162 |
| 2001 | $6,669 | $17,709 | $1,825 | $6,520 |
| 2000 | $6,063 | $16,332 | $1,660 | $5,850 |
| 1999 | $6,378 | $15,494 | $1,600 | $5,596 |
| 1998 | $6,527 | $15,064 | $1,853 | $5,545 |
| 1997 | $6,069 | $14,911 | $1,577 | $5,564 |
| 1996 | $6,573 | $14,781 | $1,633 | $5,746 |
| 1995 | $5,865 | $13,957 | $1,650 | $5,429 |
| 1994 | $4,663 | $12,862 | $1,323 | $4,995 |
| 1993 | $3,984 | $12,242 | $1,158 | $4,699 |
| 1992 | $3,397 | $11,963 | $1,102 | $4,515 |
| 1991 | $2,917 | $11,768 | $1,254 | $4,795 |
| 1990 | $3,969 | $12,848 | $1,648 | $5,280 |
| 1989 | - | - | $1,790 | - |
| 1988 | - | - | $1,753 | - |
| 1987 | - | - | $1,659 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1987–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/romania | CC BY
The Czech Republic's GDP per capita is $35,917, ranking 35/197, compared to $22,538 in Romania, ranking 57/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Czech Republic ranks 35th at $57,285, while Romania ranks 47th at $49,077.
Economic indicators
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$391B
2025 |
$429B
2025 |
| GDP rank |
42/197
2025 |
39/197
2025 |
| GDP growth |
2.58%
2024-2025 |
0.68%
2024-2025 |
| GDP per capita |
$35,917
2025 |
$22,538
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank |
35/197
2025 |
57/197
2025 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$57,285
2024 |
$49,077
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
35/197
2024 |
47/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$174B
2025 |
$260B
2025 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
44.6%
2025 |
60.6%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$16,026
2025 |
$13,650
2025 |
| Government debt per person rank |
42/185
2025 |
48/185
2025 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$22,312
2026 |
$13,510
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$55.4B
2025 |
$70.9B
2025 |
| Number of billionaires |
11
2026 |
6
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
21.5%
2023 |
21.8%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.8%
2023 |
2.4%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
43.5%
2025 |
40.5%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
2.46%
2024-2025 |
7.3%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
3.5%
2025 |
6.5%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
2.8%
2025 |
6.1%
2025 |
| Population |
10742283
|
18912567
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2025 | 43.5% | 44.6% | 40.5% | 60.6% |
| 2024 | 42.9% | 43.3% | 40% | 57.5% |
| 2023 | 43.7% | 42.2% | 37% | 52.6% |
| 2022 | 43% | 42.5% | 37.5% | 51.9% |
| 2021 | 45% | 40.7% | 37.2% | 51.8% |
| 2020 | 46.3% | 36.9% | 38.3% | 49.5% |
| 2019 | 40.4% | 29.6% | 33.4% | 36.8% |
| 2018 | 40.1% | 31.7% | 31.9% | 36.4% |
| 2017 | 38.5% | 33.8% | 31% | 37.1% |
| 2016 | 39.4% | 36.2% | 31.8% | 39.5% |
| 2015 | 41.7% | 39.5% | 34.2% | 39.4% |
| 2014 | 42.3% | 41.5% | 33.8% | 40.5% |
| 2013 | 42.4% | 44.1% | 34.2% | 39.3% |
| 2012 | 44.4% | 43.8% | 33.5% | 36.2% |
| 2011 | 42.8% | 39.4% | 35% | 32.6% |
| 2010 | 43.2% | 36.7% | 37.4% | 30.2% |
| 2009 | 44.5% | 33.4% | 36.3% | 22.5% |
| 2008 | 40.9% | 28.2% | 35.3% | 13% |
| 2007 | 40.5% | 27.3% | 34.6% | 12.4% |
| 2006 | 41.5% | 27.6% | 33.9% | 12.7% |
| 2005 | 42.3% | 27.7% | 32.3% | 17.8% |
| 2004 | 42.2% | 28.3% | 33.7% | 21.3% |
| 2003 | 49% | 28.1% | 31.8% | 24.9% |
| 2002 | 44.4% | 25.7% | 32.1% | 27.4% |
| 2001 | 43.1% | 22.6% | 33.2% | 27.4% |
| 2000 | 40.6% | 16.9% | 35% | 29.6% |
| 1999 | 40.9% | 15.1% | 35.1% | 21.7% |
| 1998 | 41.6% | 13.9% | 34.7% | 16.5% |
| 1997 | 41.3% | 12.1% | 33.5% | 15% |
| 1996 | 41.4% | 11.5% | 33.5% | 11% |
| 1995 | 52.8% | 13.5% | 34.4% | 6.91% |
| 1994 | - | - | 33.1% | - |
| 1993 | - | - | 33.5% | - |
| 1992 | - | - | 41.5% | - |
| 1991 | - | - | 38.3% | - |
| 1990 | - | - | 38.4% | - |
| 1989 | - | - | 40.1% | - |
| 1988 | - | - | 36.6% | - |
| 1987 | - | - | 40.7% | - |
| 1986 | - | - | 42.5% | - |
| 1985 | - | - | 41.6% | - |
| 1984 | - | - | 28.6% | - |
| 1983 | - | - | 25.8% | - |
| 1982 | - | - | 28.5% | - |
| 1981 | - | - | 30.4% | - |
| 1980 | - | - | 33.6% | - |
| 1979 | - | - | 42% | - |
| 1978 | - | - | 42.1% | - |
| 1977 | - | - | 39.9% | - |
| 1976 | - | - | 37.5% | - |
| 1975 | - | - | 40.6% | - |
| 1974 | - | - | 37.6% | - |
| 1973 | - | - | 32.6% | - |
| 1972 | - | - | 29.9% | - |
| 1971 | - | - | 27.2% | - |
| 1970 | - | - | 28.1% | - |
| 1969 | - | - | 32.1% | - |
| 1968 | - | - | 31.8% | - |
| 1967 | - | - | 30.6% | - |
| 1966 | - | - | 27.3% | - |
| 1965 | - | - | 25.6% | - |
| 1964 | - | - | 25.1% | - |
| 1963 | - | - | 23.1% | - |
| 1962 | - | - | 43.4% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/romania | CC BY
In 2025, the Czech Republic's government spending was $170B, accounting for 43.5% of its GDP, while Romania spent $173B, or 40.5% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 44.6% in the Czech Republic and 60.6% in Romania, ranking 119/185 and 76/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|
| 2025 | -2.03% | -7.64% |
| 2024 | -2.03% | -8.68% |
| 2023 | -3.73% | -5.66% |
| 2022 | -3.07% | -5.85% |
| 2021 | -4.95% | -6.74% |
| 2020 | -5.65% | -9.6% |
| 2019 | 0.28% | -4.58% |
| 2018 | 0.88% | -2.76% |
| 2017 | 1.46% | -2.86% |
| 2016 | 0.68% | -2.5% |
| 2015 | -0.67% | -1.35% |
| 2014 | -2.09% | -1.76% |
| 2013 | -1.3% | -2.44% |
| 2012 | -3.92% | -2.39% |
| 2011 | -2.71% | -4.14% |
| 2010 | -4.14% | -6.22% |
| 2009 | -5.46% | -6.86% |
| 2008 | -2% | -4.6% |
| 2007 | -0.68% | -3.05% |
| 2006 | -2.19% | -1.36% |
| 2005 | -3.06% | -0.69% |
| 2004 | -2.4% | -3.39% |
| 2003 | -6.87% | -2.29% |
| 2002 | -6.34% | -2.59% |
| 2001 | -5.76% | -3.2% |
| 2000 | -3.55% | -3.99% |
| 1999 | -3.08% | -3.58% |
| 1998 | -4.14% | -5.33% |
| 1997 | -3.14% | -5.19% |
| 1996 | -2.98% | -4.74% |
| 1995 | -12.3% | -3.32% |
| 1994 | - | -2.2% |
| 1993 | - | -0.35% |
| 1992 | - | -4.55% |
| 1991 | - | 3.23% |
| 1990 | - | 1.03% |
| 1989 | - | -2.87% |
| 1988 | - | 8.4% |
| 1987 | - | 2.37% |
| 1986 | - | 5.72% |
| 1985 | - | 6.36% |
| 1984 | - | 15.2% |
| 1983 | - | 9.35% |
| 1982 | - | 0.36% |
| 1981 | - | 0.61% |
| 1980 | - | -1.95% |
| 1979 | - | 0% |
| 1978 | - | 0% |
| 1977 | - | 0.23% |
| 1976 | - | 0.66% |
| 1975 | - | 0.41% |
| 1974 | - | 0.51% |
| 1973 | - | 1.53% |
| 1972 | - | 1.21% |
| 1971 | - | 0.89% |
| 1970 | - | 0.52% |
| 1969 | - | 0.93% |
| 1968 | - | 1.65% |
| 1967 | - | 1.23% |
| 1966 | - | 0.91% |
| 1965 | - | -1.29% |
| 1964 | - | -3.11% |
| 1963 | - | -1.61% |
| 1962 | - | -4.86% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/romania | CC BY
In 2025, the Czech Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.92B, equivalent to 2.03% of GDP. This compares to Romania's deficit of $32.8B, or 7.64% of GDP.
Over the past 31 years, the Czech Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while Romania ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, the Czech Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 3.13% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.17% of GDP for Romania.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|
| 2025 | 2.46% | 7.3% |
| 2024 | 2.44% | 5.6% |
| 2023 | 10.7% | 10.4% |
| 2022 | 15.1% | 13.8% |
| 2021 | 3.84% | 5% |
| 2020 | 3.16% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 2.85% | 3.8% |
| 2018 | 2.15% | 4.6% |
| 2017 | 2.45% | 1.3% |
| 2016 | 0.68% | -1.6% |
| 2015 | 0.31% | -0.6% |
| 2014 | 0.34% | 1.1% |
| 2013 | 1.44% | 4% |
| 2012 | 3.29% | 3.3% |
| 2011 | 1.92% | 5.8% |
| 2010 | 1.47% | 6.1% |
| 2009 | 1.02% | 5.6% |
| 2008 | 6.36% | 7.8% |
| 2007 | 2.85% | 4.8% |
| 2006 | 2.53% | 6.6% |
| 2005 | 1.86% | 9% |
| 2004 | 2.76% | 11.9% |
| 2003 | 0.12% | 15.4% |
| 2002 | 1.9% | 22.5% |
| 2001 | 4.66% | 34.5% |
| 2000 | 3.78% | 45.7% |
| 1999 | 2.14% | 45.8% |
| 1998 | 10.7% | 59.1% |
| 1997 | 8.6% | 154.8% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/romania | CC BY
Over the past 29 years, the Czech Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.58%, compared with 17.1% in Romania. In 2025, inflation was 2.46% in the Czech Republic and 7.3% in Romania.
Top exports between countries
|
Czech Republic
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $2.47B |
| Chemicals & pharma | $526M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $407M |
| Transport & tourism services | $316M |
| Metals | $297M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $268M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $183M |
| Business & finance services | $138M |
| Miscellaneous | $111M |
| Animal & marine products | $84M |
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $1.88B |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $380M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $358M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $313M |
| Metals | $277M |
| Transport & tourism services | $179M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $113M |
| Business & finance services | $104M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $97.8M |
| Miscellaneous | $58.8M |
Balance of trade
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$2.44B
2025 |
-$33.9B
2025 |
| Current account balance ranking |
41/190
2025 |
186/190
2025 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+0.62%
2025 |
-7.9%
2025 |
| Goods imports |
$197B
2025 |
$139B
2025 |
| Goods exports |
$215B
2025 |
$102B
2025 |
| Service imports |
$42.9B
2025 |
$35.9B
2025 |
| Service exports |
$47.5B
2025 |
$50.1B
2025 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
61.1%
2025 |
40.7%
2025 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
66.9%
2025 |
35.5%
2025 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 73.2 | 65.4 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 25/197 | 64/197 |
| Property rights | 89.8 | 81 |
| Government integrity | 64.7 | 50 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 92.1 | 67 |
| Tax burden | 78.8 | 89.1 |
| Government spending | 44.2 | 56.7 |
| Fiscal health | 82.5 | 21.4 |
| Business freedom | 76.8 | 74.4 |
| Labor freedom | 55.1 | 63.6 |
| Monetary freedom | 75 | 72.7 |
| Trade freedom | 79.4 | 79.4 |
| Investment freedom | 70 | 70 |
| Financial freedom | 70 | 60 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|
| 2026 | 73.2 | 65.4 |
| 2025 | 72.9 | 66.5 |
| 2024 | 70.2 | 64.4 |
| 2023 | 71.9 | 64.5 |
| 2022 | 74.4 | 67.1 |
| 2021 | 73.8 | 69.5 |
| 2020 | 74.8 | 69.7 |
| 2019 | 73.7 | 68.6 |
| 2018 | 74.2 | 69.4 |
| 2017 | 73.3 | 69.7 |
| 2016 | 73.2 | 65.6 |
| 2015 | 72.5 | 66.6 |
| 2014 | 72.2 | 65.5 |
| 2013 | 70.9 | 65.1 |
| 2012 | 69.9 | 64.4 |
| 2011 | 70.4 | 64.7 |
| 2010 | 69.8 | 64.2 |
| 2009 | 69.4 | 63.2 |
| 2008 | 68.1 | 61.7 |
| 2007 | 67.4 | 61.2 |
| 2006 | 66.4 | 58.2 |
| 2005 | 64.6 | 52.1 |
| 2004 | 67 | 50 |
| 2003 | 67.5 | 50.6 |
| 2002 | 66.5 | 48.7 |
| 2001 | 70.2 | 50 |
| 2000 | 68.6 | 52.1 |
| 1999 | 69.7 | 50.1 |
| 1998 | 68.4 | 54.4 |
| 1997 | 68.8 | 50.8 |
| 1996 | 68.1 | 46.2 |
| 1995 | 67.8 | 42.9 |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/romania | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for the Czech Republic is 73.2, ranking 25/197, compared to 65.4 for Romania, ranking 64/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Czech Republic
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
60.8%
2025 |
61.7%
2025 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
28.7%
2025 |
25.3%
2025 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
1.95%
2025 |
3%
2025 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$359B
2025 |
$384B
2025 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$57,870
2025 |
$49,550
2025 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$176B
2025 |
$90.6B
2025 |
| Total reserves ranking |
21/177
2025 |
31/177
2025 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$1.88B
2025 |
-$8.57B
2025 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$13.5B
2024 |
$7.16B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$12.9B
2024 |
$1.99B
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
10.2%
2021 |
19%
2023 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
26.8%
2025 |
25.9%
2025 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/romania | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.