Bulgaria has a GDP of $113B compared to $347B for the Czech Republic, ranking 67/197 and 44/197 by economy size, respectively.
Bulgaria has $27.3B in government debt (24.1% of GDP), compared to $150B (43.3% of GDP) in the Czech Republic.
Bulgaria vs Czech Republic GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|
| 2024 | $113,343,355,780 | $347,034,062,928 |
| 2023 | $102,199,231,385 | $345,059,295,660 |
| 2022 | $90,506,153,294 | $301,831,228,326 |
| 2021 | $84,374,613,233 | $290,972,714,482 |
| 2020 | $70,486,877,546 | $251,109,660,603 |
| 2019 | $68,507,731,354 | $256,794,209,029 |
| 2018 | $66,097,226,262 | $251,992,360,762 |
| 2017 | $59,167,647,388 | $221,563,575,696 |
| 2016 | $53,929,397,039 | $198,160,659,304 |
| 2015 | $50,765,918,159 | $189,107,698,562 |
| 2014 | $57,080,897,012 | $210,911,285,078 |
| 2013 | $55,819,262,375 | $213,024,360,541 |
| 2012 | $54,297,052,002 | $210,363,223,088 |
| 2011 | $57,681,293,007 | $231,429,378,717 |
| 2010 | $50,689,051,382 | $211,168,667,286 |
| 2009 | $52,023,801,230 | $206,971,882,705 |
| 2008 | $54,480,684,188 | $236,506,264,754 |
| 2007 | $44,431,257,129 | $190,040,702,287 |
| 2006 | $34,380,536,496 | $156,236,258,387 |
| 2005 | $29,868,657,858 | $137,264,185,596 |
| 2004 | $26,157,743,369 | $120,147,899,984 |
| 2003 | $21,144,957,990 | $100,435,924,705 |
| 2002 | $16,403,043,850 | $82,607,869,610 |
| 2001 | $14,183,446,026 | $68,135,304,464 |
| 2000 | $13,245,990,274 | $62,175,642,238 |
| 1999 | $13,637,098,579 | $65,586,562,605 |
| 1998 | $15,031,055,047 | $67,187,217,328 |
| 1997 | $11,316,127,379 | $62,539,765,163 |
| 1996 | $12,294,964,838 | $67,804,105,330 |
| 1995 | $18,991,484,420 | $60,572,381,311 |
| 1994 | $9,709,240,034 | $48,188,478,339 |
| 1993 | $10,832,064,942 | $41,155,654,032 |
| 1992 | $8,602,887,623 | $35,051,065,440 |
| 1991 | $7,628,738,475 | $30,071,014,282 |
| 1990 | $20,632,090,909 | $41,016,881,802 |
| 1989 | $21,988,444,444 | - |
| 1988 | $22,555,941,176 | - |
| 1987 | $28,101,000,000 | - |
| 1986 | $20,249,294,118 | - |
| 1985 | $17,155,421,053 | - |
| 1984 | $17,594,944,444 | - |
| 1983 | $16,563,666,667 | - |
| 1982 | $19,342,000,000 | - |
| 1981 | $19,870,000,000 | - |
| 1980 | $19,839,230,769 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1980–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/czech-republic | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Bulgaria vs Czech Republic by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $17,596 | $41,969 | $31,823 | $57,285 |
| 2023 | $15,853 | $38,829 | $31,762 | $55,761 |
| 2022 | $13,999 | $36,320 | $28,282 | $52,947 |
| 2021 | $12,966 | $30,959 | $27,696 | $47,796 |
| 2020 | $10,760 | $27,352 | $23,473 | $44,839 |
| 2019 | $10,354 | $26,766 | $24,063 | $45,614 |
| 2018 | $9,849 | $23,998 | $23,706 | $41,638 |
| 2017 | $8,697 | $22,317 | $20,913 | $39,346 |
| 2016 | $7,822 | $20,746 | $18,754 | $36,445 |
| 2015 | $7,269 | $18,896 | $17,932 | $34,093 |
| 2014 | $8,070 | $17,991 | $20,038 | $32,743 |
| 2013 | $7,796 | $16,894 | $20,260 | $31,013 |
| 2012 | $7,432 | $16,327 | $20,014 | $29,466 |
| 2011 | $7,850 | $15,747 | $22,049 | $29,237 |
| 2010 | $6,854 | $14,954 | $20,160 | $28,154 |
| 2009 | $6,988 | $14,188 | $19,817 | $27,713 |
| 2008 | $7,271 | $14,347 | $22,775 | $27,938 |
| 2007 | $5,889 | $12,822 | $18,453 | $26,268 |
| 2006 | $4,523 | $11,406 | $15,259 | $23,914 |
| 2005 | $3,900 | $10,291 | $13,442 | $22,115 |
| 2004 | $3,390 | $9,200 | $11,783 | $20,988 |
| 2003 | $2,719 | $8,416 | $9,852 | $19,604 |
| 2002 | $2,093 | $7,786 | $8,101 | $18,344 |
| 2001 | $1,771 | $6,960 | $6,669 | $17,709 |
| 2000 | $1,621 | $6,424 | $6,063 | $16,332 |
| 1999 | $1,661 | $5,808 | $6,378 | $15,494 |
| 1998 | $1,820 | $6,178 | $6,527 | $15,064 |
| 1997 | $1,361 | $5,751 | $6,069 | $14,911 |
| 1996 | $1,470 | $6,849 | $6,573 | $14,781 |
| 1995 | $2,259 | $7,743 | $5,865 | $13,957 |
| 1994 | $1,150 | $7,338 | $4,663 | $12,862 |
| 1993 | $1,279 | $7,032 | $3,984 | $12,242 |
| 1992 | $1,007 | $6,917 | $3,397 | $11,963 |
| 1991 | $884 | $7,215 | $2,917 | $11,768 |
| 1990 | $2,367 | $7,548 | $3,969 | $12,848 |
| 1989 | $2,477 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $2,511 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $3,132 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $2,260 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $1,915 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $1,964 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $1,853 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $2,169 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $2,235 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $2,239 | - | - | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1980–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/czech-republic | CC BY
Bulgaria's GDP per capita is $17,596, ranking 64/197, compared to $31,823 in the Czech Republic, ranking 39/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bulgaria ranks 54th at $41,969, while the Czech Republic ranks 35th at $57,285.
Economic indicators
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$113B
2024 |
$347B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
67/197
2024 |
44/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.39%
2023-2024 |
1.23%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$17,596
2024 |
$31,823
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
64/197
2024 |
39/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$41,969
2024 |
$57,285
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
54/197
2024 |
35/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$27.3B
2024 |
$150B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
24.1%
2024 |
43.3%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$4,237
2024 |
$13,792
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
90/185
2024 |
43/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$14,263
2026 |
$22,139
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$8.41B
2024 |
$34.6B
2024 |
| Number of billionaires |
2
2025 |
11
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
31.1%
2023 |
21.5%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.1%
2023 |
3.8%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
36.7%
2024 |
42.8%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
2.6%
2023-2024 |
2.44%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
1.81%
2025 |
3.5%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
4.17%
2024 |
2.6%
2024 |
| Population |
6359449
|
10649126
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2024 | 36.7% | 24.1% | 42.8% | 43.3% |
| 2023 | 37.4% | 22.9% | 43.7% | 42.2% |
| 2022 | 37.6% | 22.5% | 43% | 42.5% |
| 2021 | 38.4% | 23.8% | 45% | 40.7% |
| 2020 | 37.6% | 22.7% | 46.3% | 36.9% |
| 2019 | 36% | 18.4% | 40.4% | 29.6% |
| 2018 | 34.4% | 20.1% | 40.1% | 31.7% |
| 2017 | 32% | 22.9% | 38.5% | 33.8% |
| 2016 | 32.7% | 27% | 39.4% | 36.2% |
| 2015 | 37.3% | 25.4% | 41.7% | 39.5% |
| 2014 | 37.1% | 26.3% | 42.3% | 41.5% |
| 2013 | 35.5% | 17.2% | 42.4% | 44.1% |
| 2012 | 32.5% | 16.5% | 44.4% | 43.8% |
| 2011 | 32% | 14.3% | 42.8% | 39.4% |
| 2010 | 34.6% | 14.1% | 43.2% | 36.7% |
| 2009 | 33.8% | 14.5% | 44.5% | 33.4% |
| 2008 | 33.5% | 14.7% | 40.9% | 28.2% |
| 2007 | 33.1% | 17.6% | 40.5% | 27.3% |
| 2006 | 32.5% | 22.6% | 41.5% | 27.6% |
| 2005 | 34% | 28.5% | 42.3% | 27.7% |
| 2004 | 34.6% | 37.8% | 42.2% | 28.3% |
| 2003 | 35.8% | 45.4% | 49% | 28.1% |
| 2002 | 35.1% | 53.4% | 44.4% | 25.7% |
| 2001 | 36.5% | 67.1% | 43.1% | 22.6% |
| 2000 | 37.1% | 73.3% | 40.6% | 16.9% |
| 1999 | 36.2% | 78.7% | 40.9% | 15.1% |
| 1998 | 30.6% | 67.3% | 41.6% | 13.9% |
| 1997 | 32.9% | 88.4% | 41.3% | 12.1% |
| 1996 | 44% | 113.8% | 41.4% | 11.5% |
| 1995 | 45.4% | 72% | 52.8% | 13.5% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1995–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/czech-republic | CC BY
In 2024, Bulgaria's government spending was $41.5B, accounting for 36.7% of its GDP, while the Czech Republic spent $148B, or 42.8% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 24.1% in Bulgaria and 43.3% in the Czech Republic, ranking 169/185 and 124/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|
| 2024 | -3.04% | -1.99% |
| 2023 | -3.03% | -3.73% |
| 2022 | -0.8% | -3.07% |
| 2021 | -2.8% | -4.95% |
| 2020 | -2.92% | -5.65% |
| 2019 | -0.96% | 0.28% |
| 2018 | 0.12% | 0.88% |
| 2017 | 0.82% | 1.46% |
| 2016 | 1.54% | 0.68% |
| 2015 | -2.77% | -0.67% |
| 2014 | -3.65% | -2.09% |
| 2013 | -1.75% | -1.3% |
| 2012 | -0.43% | -3.92% |
| 2011 | -1.83% | -2.71% |
| 2010 | -3.77% | -4.14% |
| 2009 | -0.86% | -5.46% |
| 2008 | 2.73% | -2% |
| 2007 | 3.09% | -0.68% |
| 2006 | 3.22% | -2.19% |
| 2005 | 2.19% | -3.06% |
| 2004 | 1.59% | -2.4% |
| 2003 | 0.003% | -6.87% |
| 2002 | -0.61% | -6.34% |
| 2001 | -0.58% | -5.76% |
| 2000 | -0.6% | -3.55% |
| 1999 | 0.15% | -3.08% |
| 1998 | 1.08% | -4.14% |
| 1997 | 0.83% | -3.14% |
| 1996 | -10.1% | -2.98% |
| 1995 | -7.98% | -12.3% |
| 1994 | - | - |
| 1993 | - | - |
| 1992 | - | - |
| 1991 | - | - |
| 1990 | - | - |
| 1989 | - | - |
| 1988 | - | - |
| 1987 | - | - |
| 1986 | - | - |
| 1985 | - | - |
| 1984 | - | - |
| 1983 | - | - |
| 1982 | - | - |
| 1981 | - | - |
| 1980 | - | - |
| 1979 | - | - |
| 1978 | - | - |
| 1977 | - | - |
| 1976 | - | - |
| 1975 | - | - |
| 1974 | - | - |
| 1973 | - | - |
| 1972 | - | - |
| 1971 | - | - |
| 1970 | - | - |
| 1969 | - | - |
| 1968 | - | - |
| 1967 | - | - |
| 1966 | - | - |
| 1965 | - | - |
| 1964 | - | - |
| 1963 | - | - |
| 1962 | - | - |
| 1961 | - | - |
| 1960 | - | - |
| 1959 | - | - |
| 1958 | - | - |
| 1957 | - | - |
| 1956 | - | - |
| 1955 | - | - |
| 1954 | - | - |
| 1953 | - | - |
| 1952 | - | - |
| 1951 | - | - |
| 1950 | - | - |
| 1949 | - | - |
| 1948 | - | - |
| 1947 | - | - |
| 1946 | - | - |
| 1945 | - | - |
| 1944 | 0% | - |
| 1943 | 0% | - |
| 1942 | -0.3% | - |
| 1941 | 3.96% | - |
| 1940 | 0.75% | - |
| 1939 | 0.72% | - |
| 1938 | 1% | - |
| 1937 | 1.41% | - |
| 1936 | 1.17% | - |
| 1935 | 1.34% | - |
| 1934 | -0.12% | - |
| 1933 | -0.56% | - |
| 1932 | -2.14% | - |
| 1931 | -3.07% | - |
| 1930 | -5.48% | - |
| 1929 | -6.67% | - |
| 1928 | -1.09% | - |
| 1927 | -0.02% | - |
| 1926 | -0.25% | - |
| 1925 | -0.97% | - |
| 1924 | 1.26% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1924–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/czech-republic | CC BY
In 2024, Bulgaria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.44B, equivalent to 3.04% of GDP. This compares to the Czech Republic's deficit of $6.92B, or 1.99% of GDP.
Over the past 30 years, Bulgaria recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while the Czech Republic ran a deficit in 26 years. On average, Bulgaria posted an annual deficit equal to 1.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.16% of GDP for the Czech Republic.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|
| 2024 | 2.6% | 2.44% |
| 2023 | 8.6% | 10.7% |
| 2022 | 13% | 15.1% |
| 2021 | 2.8% | 3.84% |
| 2020 | 1.2% | 3.16% |
| 2019 | 2.5% | 2.85% |
| 2018 | 2.6% | 2.15% |
| 2017 | 1.2% | 2.45% |
| 2016 | -1.3% | 0.68% |
| 2015 | -1.1% | 0.31% |
| 2014 | -1.6% | 0.34% |
| 2013 | 0.4% | 1.44% |
| 2012 | 2.4% | 3.29% |
| 2011 | 3.4% | 1.92% |
| 2010 | 3% | 1.47% |
| 2009 | 2.5% | 1.02% |
| 2008 | 12% | 6.36% |
| 2007 | 7.6% | 2.85% |
| 2006 | 7.4% | 2.53% |
| 2005 | 6% | 1.86% |
| 2004 | 6.1% | 2.76% |
| 2003 | 2.3% | 0.12% |
| 2002 | 5.8% | 1.9% |
| 2001 | 7.4% | 4.66% |
| 2000 | 10.3% | 3.78% |
| 1999 | 2.6% | 2.14% |
| 1998 | 18.7% | 10.7% |
| 1997 | 1,061% | 8.6% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/czech-republic | CC BY
Over the past 28 years, Bulgaria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 42.5%, compared with 3.62% in the Czech Republic. In 2024, inflation was 2.6% in Bulgaria and 2.44% in the Czech Republic.
Top exports between countries
|
Bulgaria
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Miscellaneous | $443M |
| Machinery & equipment | $395M |
| Metals | $166M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $103M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $97.4M |
| Transport & tourism services | $84.4M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $53.7M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $39M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $25.2M |
| Business & finance services | $8.01M |
|
Czech Republic
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $993M |
| Transport & tourism services | $159M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $132M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $96.5M |
| Metals | $96.3M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $84.9M |
| Business & finance services | $76M |
| IT & IP services | $41M |
| Animal & marine products | $38.6M |
| Wood & paper products | $26.5M |
Balance of trade
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$1.74B
2024 |
$6.05B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
138/190
2024 |
31/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-1.54%
2024 |
+1.74%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$52.8B
2024 |
$179B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$47.3B
2024 |
$197B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$8.26B
2024 |
$38B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$16.6B
2024 |
$42.5B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
53.9%
2024 |
62.6%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
56.4%
2024 |
68.9%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 68.9 | 73.2 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 44/197 | 25/197 |
| Property rights | 75.8 | 89.8 |
| Government integrity | 48.4 | 64.7 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 58.5 | 92.1 |
| Tax burden | 89.1 | 78.8 |
| Government spending | 58.4 | 44.2 |
| Fiscal health | 90.4 | 82.5 |
| Business freedom | 78.2 | 76.8 |
| Labor freedom | 62.4 | 55.1 |
| Monetary freedom | 75.8 | 75 |
| Trade freedom | 79.4 | 79.4 |
| Investment freedom | 60 | 70 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 70 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|
| 2026 | 68.9 | 73.2 |
| 2025 | 68.8 | 72.9 |
| 2024 | 68.5 | 70.2 |
| 2023 | 69.3 | 71.9 |
| 2022 | 71 | 74.4 |
| 2021 | 70.4 | 73.8 |
| 2020 | 70.2 | 74.8 |
| 2019 | 69 | 73.7 |
| 2018 | 68.3 | 74.2 |
| 2017 | 67.9 | 73.3 |
| 2016 | 65.9 | 73.2 |
| 2015 | 66.8 | 72.5 |
| 2014 | 65.7 | 72.2 |
| 2013 | 65 | 70.9 |
| 2012 | 64.7 | 69.9 |
| 2011 | 64.9 | 70.4 |
| 2010 | 62.3 | 69.8 |
| 2009 | 64.6 | 69.4 |
| 2008 | 63.7 | 68.1 |
| 2007 | 62.7 | 67.4 |
| 2006 | 64.1 | 66.4 |
| 2005 | 62.3 | 64.6 |
| 2004 | 59.2 | 67 |
| 2003 | 57 | 67.5 |
| 2002 | 57.1 | 66.5 |
| 2001 | 51.9 | 70.2 |
| 2000 | 47.3 | 68.6 |
| 1999 | 46.2 | 69.7 |
| 1998 | 45.7 | 68.4 |
| 1997 | 47.6 | 68.8 |
| 1996 | 48.6 | 68.1 |
| 1995 | 50 | 67.8 |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).
GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/czech-republic | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Bulgaria is 68.9, ranking 44/197, compared to 73.2 for the Czech Republic, ranking 25/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Republic
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
63.8%
2024 |
60.2%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
21.1%
2024 |
29.2%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
2.35%
2024 |
1.9%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$99B
2024 |
$322B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$39,850
2024 |
$54,800
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$43.7B
2024 |
$146B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
47/177
2024 |
22/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$2.22B
2024 |
-$1.87B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$3.55B
2024 |
$13.1B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.13B
2024 |
$11.2B
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
6.8%
2024 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
21.7%
2023 |
10.2%
2021 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
20.4%
2024 |
26.3%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/czech-republic | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1980–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1924–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.