Angola has a GDP of $122B compared to $5.25B for Liberia, ranking 68/197 and 162/197 by economy size, respectively.
Angola has $62.7B in government debt (51.3% of GDP), compared to $2.88B (54.9% of GDP) in Liberia.
Angola vs Liberia GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|
| 2025 | $122,174,889,424 | $5,245,938,900 |
| 2024 | $103,080,538,044 | $4,779,300,900 |
| 2023 | $106,042,349,567 | $4,390,000,000 |
| 2022 | $128,233,959,333 | $4,001,047,000 |
| 2021 | $78,283,923,544 | $3,513,049,500 |
| 2020 | $58,512,033,806 | $3,176,126,300 |
| 2019 | $81,193,813,808 | $3,319,596,500 |
| 2018 | $90,506,061,877 | $3,422,754,800 |
| 2017 | $85,629,598,654 | $3,390,703,400 |
| 2016 | $60,770,049,747 | $3,398,419,600 |
| 2015 | $102,543,067,841 | $3,227,075,700 |
| 2014 | $153,449,860,496 | $3,225,652,000 |
| 2013 | $148,845,200,696 | $3,177,198,100 |
| 2012 | $143,572,907,528 | $2,791,614,000 |
| 2011 | $125,551,634,705 | $2,398,000,000 |
| 2010 | $95,546,919,754 | $1,998,000,000 |
| 2009 | $81,705,175,409 | $1,768,000,000 |
| 2008 | $98,790,432,989 | $1,726,000,000 |
| 2007 | $73,037,821,926 | $1,373,000,000 |
| 2006 | $58,653,659,980 | $1,119,000,000 |
| 2005 | $41,396,636,384 | $949,000,000 |
| 2004 | $26,997,977,896 | $897,000,000 |
| 2003 | $20,342,128,112 | $748,000,000 |
| 2002 | $17,311,512,433 | $927,000,000 |
| 2001 | $8,936,079,118 | $906,000,000 |
| 2000 | $9,129,594,970 | $874,000,000 |
| 1999 | $6,152,923,310 | $441,800,000 |
| 1998 | $6,506,221,616 | $359,600,000 |
| 1997 | $7,648,380,196 | $295,900,000 |
| 1996 | $7,526,421,519 | $159,400,000 |
| 1995 | $5,538,749,260 | $134,800,000 |
| 1994 | $4,438,321,017 | $132,200,000 |
| 1993 | $5,768,720,422 | $160,400,000 |
| 1992 | $8,307,810,974 | $223,500,000 |
| 1991 | $10,603,784,541 | $348,000,000 |
| 1990 | $11,229,515,599 | $384,400,000 |
| 1989 | $10,201,780,977 | $786,300,000 |
| 1988 | $8,769,836,769 | $1,038,300,000 |
| 1987 | $8,084,412,414 | $972,800,000 |
| 1986 | $7,072,536,109 | $840,964,400 |
| 1985 | $7,554,065,410 | $851,296,100 |
| 1984 | $6,131,475,065 | $848,478,300 |
| 1983 | $5,784,341,596 | $823,374,900 |
| 1982 | $5,550,483,036 | $863,933,200 |
| 1981 | $5,550,483,036 | $846,514,500 |
| 1980 | $5,930,503,401 | $854,711,500 |
| 1979 | - | $814,067,900 |
| 1978 | - | $717,240,400 |
| 1977 | - | $673,010,600 |
| 1976 | - | $596,675,700 |
| 1975 | - | $577,549,300 |
| 1974 | - | $486,955,000 |
| 1973 | - | $386,968,300 |
| 1972 | - | $368,098,000 |
| 1971 | - | $341,543,100 |
| 1970 | - | $323,099,700 |
| 1969 | - | $306,961,800 |
| 1968 | - | $276,820,700 |
| 1967 | - | $261,024,300 |
| 1966 | - | $244,459,500 |
| 1965 | - | $229,260,800 |
| 1964 | - | $218,929,100 |
| 1963 | - | $200,229,600 |
| 1962 | - | $191,861,800 |
| 1961 | - | $183,920,900 |
| 1960 | - | $190,495,600 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/angola/liberia | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Angola vs Liberia by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $3,129 | - | $915 | - |
| 2024 | $2,721 | $10,119 | $851 | $1,871 |
| 2023 | $2,886 | $9,754 | $799 | $1,795 |
| 2022 | $3,599 | $9,588 | $745 | $1,692 |
| 2021 | $2,267 | $8,862 | $668 | $1,539 |
| 2020 | $1,749 | $7,827 | $617 | $1,660 |
| 2019 | $2,508 | $8,573 | $658 | $1,900 |
| 2018 | $2,892 | $8,278 | $692 | $1,800 |
| 2017 | $2,832 | $8,007 | $699 | $1,665 |
| 2016 | $2,082 | $7,767 | $715 | $1,490 |
| 2015 | $3,642 | $8,067 | $693 | $1,340 |
| 2014 | $5,650 | $9,018 | $707 | $1,419 |
| 2013 | $5,689 | $8,504 | $711 | $1,360 |
| 2012 | $5,702 | $8,246 | $638 | $1,157 |
| 2011 | $5,184 | $7,538 | $568 | $1,041 |
| 2010 | $4,102 | $7,412 | $492 | $980 |
| 2009 | $3,645 | $7,228 | $448 | $939 |
| 2008 | $4,578 | $7,316 | $452 | $915 |
| 2007 | $3,515 | $6,728 | $374 | $873 |
| 2006 | $2,930 | $6,018 | $321 | $815 |
| 2005 | $2,146 | $5,416 | $287.5 | $774 |
| 2004 | $1,451 | $4,771 | $284.1 | $745 |
| 2003 | $1,134 | $4,322 | $239.8 | $716 |
| 2002 | $999 | $4,241 | $299.5 | $1,013 |
| 2001 | $534 | $3,802 | $300 | $987 |
| 2000 | $564 | $3,690 | $298.5 | $965 |
| 1999 | $393 | $3,619 | $156.6 | $762 |
| 1998 | $429 | $3,609 | $134.7 | $652 |
| 1997 | $522 | $3,525 | $122.6 | $548 |
| 1996 | $531 | $3,342 | $71.4 | $282.2 |
| 1995 | $404 | $2,990 | $62.1 | $254.4 |
| 1994 | $335 | $2,633 | $61.5 | $262.6 |
| 1993 | $450 | $2,628 | $74.4 | $328 |
| 1992 | $669 | $3,486 | $107.8 | $497 |
| 1991 | $882 | $3,740 | $177.9 | $793 |
| 1990 | $966 | $3,705 | $172.9 | $787 |
| 1989 | $908 | - | $312 | - |
| 1988 | $807 | - | $424 | - |
| 1987 | $770 | - | $409 | - |
| 1986 | $698 | - | $364 | - |
| 1985 | $772 | - | $380 | - |
| 1984 | $650 | - | $390 | - |
| 1983 | $637 | - | $391 | - |
| 1982 | $634 | - | $422 | - |
| 1981 | $658 | - | $426 | - |
| 1980 | $729 | - | $443 | - |
| 1979 | - | - | $435 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $394 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $381 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $347 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $346 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $299.4 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $244.4 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $238.6 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $227.1 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $220.3 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $214.7 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $198.6 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $192.2 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $184.6 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $177.6 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $173.9 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $163.1 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $160.3 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $157.5 | - |
| 1960 | - | - | $167.2 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/angola/liberia | CC BY
Angola's GDP per capita is $3,129, ranking 142/197, compared to $915 in Liberia, ranking 184/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Angola ranks 133rd at $10,119, while Liberia ranks 188th at $1,871.
Economic indicators
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$122B
2025 |
$5.25B
2025 |
| GDP rank |
68/197
2025 |
162/197
2025 |
| GDP growth |
3.13%
2024-2025 |
5.02%
2024-2025 |
| GDP per capita |
$3,129
2025 |
$915
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank |
142/197
2025 |
184/197
2025 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$10,119
2024 |
$1,871
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
133/197
2024 |
188/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$62.7B
2025 |
$2.88B
2025 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
51.3%
2025 |
54.9%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$1,606
2025 |
$502
2025 |
| Government debt per person rank |
127/185
2025 |
167/185
2025 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$2,550
2026 |
$1,467
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
39.6%
2018 |
27.1%
2016 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
1.3%
2018 |
2.9%
2016 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
18.9%
2025 |
22.4%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
20.2%
2024-2025 |
8.3%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
17.5%
2026 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
10.4%
2025 |
5.93%
2017 |
| Population |
40839390
|
5916561
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2025 | 18.9% | 51.3% | 22.4% | 54.9% |
| 2024 | 19% | 57.1% | 24.1% | 56.4% |
| 2023 | 23.3% | 75.7% | 28.6% | 57.2% |
| 2022 | 24.8% | 57.4% | 27.4% | 54.4% |
| 2021 | 22.8% | 75.5% | 29.8% | 53.5% |
| 2020 | 24.4% | 119.8% | 35.3% | 58.5% |
| 2019 | 20.9% | 100.8% | 32.3% | 48.1% |
| 2018 | 17.8% | 81.6% | 32.7% | 36.2% |
| 2017 | 20.7% | 59.6% | 35.1% | 31.8% |
| 2016 | 19.1% | 65.7% | 35.8% | 28% |
| 2015 | 23.9% | 50.4% | 37.1% | 24.4% |
| 2014 | 32.3% | 35.3% | 33.4% | 24.3% |
| 2013 | 32.9% | 29.5% | 27.4% | 20.6% |
| 2012 | 33.2% | 23.8% | 30.8% | 20.5% |
| 2011 | 33.3% | 26.3% | 29.8% | 22.5% |
| 2010 | 34.6% | 32.6% | 25.1% | 25.4% |
| 2009 | 38.7% | 48.4% | 24% | 132.2% |
| 2008 | 47.2% | 28.1% | 21.8% | 235.3% |
| 2007 | 34.1% | 18.8% | 16.1% | 367% |
| 2006 | 27.3% | 16.7% | 10.6% | 451% |
| 2005 | 23.7% | 29.9% | 11.7% | 488% |
| 2004 | 26% | 41.6% | 12.1% | 543% |
| 2003 | 30.1% | 50.8% | 8.98% | 600% |
| 2002 | 27.6% | 65.1% | 12.7% | 464% |
| 2001 | 30.3% | 100.2% | 12.1% | 465% |
| 2000 | 35.8% | 118.2% | 14.5% | 468% |
| 1999 | 45.7% | 104.8% | - | - |
| 1998 | 30.3% | 96.3% | - | - |
| 1997 | 31.1% | 73.5% | - | - |
| 1996 | 29.3% | 92% | - | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1996–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1996–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/angola/liberia | CC BY
In 2025, Angola's government spending was $23B, accounting for 18.9% of its GDP, while Liberia spent $1.18B, or 22.4% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 51.3% in Angola and 54.9% in Liberia, ranking 103/185 and 90/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|
| 2025 | -4.07% | -1.41% |
| 2024 | -1.19% | -1.8% |
| 2023 | -2.49% | -8.55% |
| 2022 | 1.78% | -5.82% |
| 2021 | 1.35% | -2.5% |
| 2020 | -3.05% | -4.02% |
| 2019 | -0.2% | -4.92% |
| 2018 | 2% | -4.7% |
| 2017 | -5.68% | -7.14% |
| 2016 | -3.93% | -3.83% |
| 2015 | -2.58% | -3.74% |
| 2014 | -5.08% | -4.92% |
| 2013 | -0.28% | 1.29% |
| 2012 | 3.67% | -2.86% |
| 2011 | 7.17% | -4.39% |
| 2010 | 2.96% | 1.16% |
| 2009 | -6.83% | -1.4% |
| 2008 | -3.82% | -2.7% |
| 2007 | 3.81% | 2.28% |
| 2006 | 8.42% | 4.23% |
| 2005 | 6.4% | -0.51% |
| 2004 | 1.03% | -0.56% |
| 2003 | -4.1% | 0.36% |
| 2002 | -2.24% | -1.57% |
| 2001 | 2.8% | -0.94% |
| 2000 | 2.02% | -0.08% |
| 1999 | -9.4% | - |
| 1998 | -5.92% | - |
| 1997 | -0.27% | - |
| 1996 | 5.22% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1996–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/angola/liberia | CC BY
In 2025, Angola's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.97B, equivalent to 4.07% of GDP. This compares to Liberia's deficit of $74.2M, or 1.41% of GDP.
Over the past 26 years, Angola recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 of those years, while Liberia ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Angola posted an annual deficit equal to 0.08% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.27% of GDP for Liberia.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|
| 2025 | 20.2% | 8.3% |
| 2024 | 28.2% | 8.2% |
| 2023 | 13.6% | 10.1% |
| 2022 | 21.4% | 7.6% |
| 2021 | 25.8% | 7.8% |
| 2020 | 22.3% | 17% |
| 2019 | 17.1% | 27% |
| 2018 | 19.6% | 23.5% |
| 2017 | 29.8% | 12.4% |
| 2016 | 30.7% | 8.8% |
| 2015 | 9.2% | 7.7% |
| 2014 | 7.3% | 9.9% |
| 2013 | 8.8% | 7.6% |
| 2012 | 10.3% | 6.8% |
| 2011 | 13.5% | 8.5% |
| 2010 | 14.5% | 7.3% |
| 2009 | 13.7% | 7.4% |
| 2008 | 12.5% | 17.5% |
| 2007 | 12.2% | 11.4% |
| 2006 | 13.3% | 9.5% |
| 2005 | 23% | 6.9% |
| 2004 | 43.5% | 3.6% |
| 2003 | 98.2% | 10.3% |
| 2002 | 108.9% | 14.2% |
| 2001 | 152.6% | 12.1% |
| 2000 | 325% | 5.3% |
| 1999 | 248.2% | 2% |
| 1998 | 107.4% | - |
| 1997 | 221.5% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/angola/liberia | CC BY
Over the past 27 years, Angola has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 49.8%, compared with 10.3% in Liberia. In 2025, inflation was 20.2% in Angola and 8.3% in Liberia.
Top exports between countries
|
Angola
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $43.7M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $128K |
| Animal & marine products | $110K |
| Metals | $49K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $13K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $6K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $6K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $4K |
|
Liberia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $900K |
| Machinery & equipment | $579K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $14K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $11K |
| Animal & marine products | $5K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $5K |
| Metals | $1K |
Balance of trade
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$536M
2025 |
$120M
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
57/190
2025 |
62/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+0.44%
2025 |
+2.51%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$15.5B
2025 |
$1.51B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$30.6B
2025 |
$1.31B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$8.51B
2025 |
$253M
2024 |
| Service exports |
$118M
2025 |
$42.6M
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
11.7%
2025 |
n/a |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
23%
2025 |
28.5%
2026 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 54.4 | 49.8 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 133/197 | 163/197 |
| Property rights | 36.9 | 40.4 |
| Government integrity | 28.3 | 25.8 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 26.3 | 23.4 |
| Tax burden | 86.9 | 86.1 |
| Government spending | 89.3 | 79.5 |
| Fiscal health | 91.9 | 56.9 |
| Business freedom | 42.8 | 38 |
| Labor freedom | 50.8 | 43.4 |
| Monetary freedom | 59 | 71.4 |
| Trade freedom | 70.4 | 57.4 |
| Investment freedom | 30 | 55 |
| Financial freedom | 40 | 20 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|
| 2026 | 54.4 | 49.8 |
| 2025 | 55 | 48.5 |
| 2024 | 54.3 | 49.9 |
| 2023 | 53 | 49.6 |
| 2022 | 52.6 | 47.9 |
| 2021 | 54.2 | 49.2 |
| 2020 | 52.2 | 49 |
| 2019 | 50.6 | 49.7 |
| 2018 | 48.6 | 50.9 |
| 2017 | 48.5 | 49.1 |
| 2016 | 48.9 | 52.2 |
| 2015 | 47.9 | 52.7 |
| 2014 | 47.7 | 52.4 |
| 2013 | 47.3 | 49.3 |
| 2012 | 46.7 | 48.6 |
| 2011 | 46.2 | 46.5 |
| 2010 | 48.4 | 46.2 |
| 2009 | 47 | 48.1 |
| 2008 | 46.9 | - |
| 2007 | 44.7 | - |
| 2006 | 43.5 | - |
| 2005 | - | - |
| 2004 | - | - |
| 2003 | - | - |
| 2002 | - | - |
| 2001 | - | - |
| 2000 | 24.3 | - |
| 1999 | 23.7 | - |
| 1998 | 24.9 | - |
| 1997 | 24.2 | - |
| 1996 | 24.4 | - |
| 1995 | 27.4 | - |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/angola/liberia | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Angola is 54.4, ranking 133/197, compared to 49.8 for Liberia, ranking 163/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Angola
|
Liberia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
46.8%
2025 |
40%
2025 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
27.1%
2025 |
24.5%
2025 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
25.2%
2025 |
32.7%
2025 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$112B
2025 |
$4.76B
2025 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$9,840
2025 |
$1,840
2025 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$13.5B
2025 |
$339M
2025 |
| Total reserves ranking |
75/177
2025 |
166/177
2025 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$1.02B
2025 |
-$397M
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$1.11B
2024 |
$472M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$33.1M
2024 |
$74.9M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
11.3%
2024 |
3.12%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
36.6%
2020 |
50.9%
2016 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
10.6%
2024 |
n/a |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/angola/liberia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1996–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1996–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.