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Economy of Liberia vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Liberia has a GDP of $5.25B compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 162/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Liberia has $2.88B in government debt (54.9% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

Liberia vs Spain GDP by year

Liberia
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Liberia Spain
2025 $5,245,938,900 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $4,779,300,900 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $4,390,000,000 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $4,001,047,000 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $3,513,049,500 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $3,176,126,300 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $3,319,596,500 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $3,422,754,800 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $3,390,703,400 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $3,398,419,600 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $3,227,075,700 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $3,225,652,000 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $3,177,198,100 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $2,791,614,000 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $2,398,000,000 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $1,998,000,000 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $1,768,000,000 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $1,726,000,000 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $1,373,000,000 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $1,119,000,000 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $949,000,000 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $897,000,000 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $748,000,000 $907,963,217,058
2002 $927,000,000 $708,938,227,244
2001 $906,000,000 $627,798,682,379
2000 $874,000,000 $598,102,854,756
1999 $441,800,000 $634,394,904,387
1998 $359,600,000 $618,731,484,575
1997 $295,900,000 $589,739,772,727
1996 $159,400,000 $642,251,412,058
1995 $134,800,000 $614,170,002,669
1994 $132,200,000 $530,183,651,720
1993 $160,400,000 $524,700,572,624
1992 $223,500,000 $630,465,353,486
1991 $348,000,000 $576,753,902,322
1990 $384,400,000 $536,175,326,477
1989 $786,300,000 $414,460,794,097
1988 $1,038,300,000 $375,891,716,898
1987 $972,800,000 $318,520,253,335
1986 $840,964,400 $251,141,555,186
1985 $851,296,100 $180,664,322,896
1984 $848,478,300 $171,979,977,230
1983 $823,374,900 $170,829,074,246
1982 $863,933,200 $195,856,752,991
1981 $846,514,500 $202,663,023,968
1980 $854,711,500 $232,600,556,974
1979 $814,067,900 $214,448,666,336
1978 $717,240,400 $160,484,969,618
1977 $673,010,600 $132,354,665,936
1976 $596,675,700 $118,422,534,195
1975 $577,549,300 $114,695,060,870
1974 $486,955,000 $97,204,522,642
1973 $386,968,300 $78,583,355,226
1972 $368,098,000 $59,090,176,029
1971 $341,543,100 $46,586,119,760
1970 $323,099,700 $40,963,715,237
1969 $306,961,800 $37,090,689,288
1968 $276,820,700 $32,394,326,464
1967 $261,024,300 $32,570,905,397
1966 $244,459,500 $29,559,436,183
1965 $229,260,800 $25,479,619,607
1964 $218,929,100 $21,966,876,027
1963 $200,229,600 $19,631,714,760
1962 $191,861,800 $16,609,632,791
1961 $183,920,900 $14,238,126,760
1960 $190,495,600 $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/liberia/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Liberia vs Spain by year

Liberia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Liberia Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $915 - $38,627 -
2024 $851 $1,871 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $799 $1,795 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $745 $1,692 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $668 $1,539 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $617 $1,660 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $658 $1,900 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $692 $1,800 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $699 $1,665 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $715 $1,490 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $693 $1,340 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $707 $1,419 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $711 $1,360 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $638 $1,157 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $568 $1,041 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $492 $980 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $448 $939 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $452 $915 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $374 $873 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $321 $815 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $287.5 $774 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $284.1 $745 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $239.8 $716 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $299.5 $1,013 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $300 $987 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $298.5 $965 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $156.6 $762 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $134.7 $652 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $122.6 $548 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $71.4 $282.2 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $62.1 $254.4 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $61.5 $262.6 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $74.4 $328 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $107.8 $497 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $177.9 $793 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $172.9 $787 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $312 - $10,674 -
1988 $424 - $9,696 -
1987 $409 - $8,234 -
1986 $364 - $6,509 -
1985 $380 - $4,696 -
1984 $390 - $4,487 -
1983 $391 - $4,475 -
1982 $422 - $5,156 -
1981 $426 - $5,367 -
1980 $443 - $6,204 -
1979 $435 - $5,766 -
1978 $394 - $4,353 -
1977 $381 - $3,625 -
1976 $347 - $3,277 -
1975 $346 - $3,208 -
1974 $299.4 - $2,748 -
1973 $244.4 - $2,246 -
1972 $238.6 - $1,708 -
1971 $227.1 - $1,361 -
1970 $220.3 - $1,211 -
1969 $214.7 - $1,109 -
1968 $198.6 - $978 -
1967 $192.2 - $997 -
1966 $184.6 - $916 -
1965 $177.6 - $797 -
1964 $173.9 - $695 -
1963 $163.1 - $627 -
1962 $160.3 - $535 -
1961 $157.5 - $463 -
1960 $167.2 - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/liberia/spain | CC BY

Liberia's GDP per capita is $915, ranking 184/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Liberia ranks 188th at $1,871, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Liberia Spain
Gross domestic product
$5.25B
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
162/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
5.02%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$915
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
184/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$1,871
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
188/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$2.88B
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
54.9%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$502
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
167/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,467
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2026
Income share by richest 10%
27.1%
2016
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2016
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
22.4%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
8.3%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
5.93%
2017
10.5%
2025
Population
5916561
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Liberia
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Liberia Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 22.4% 54.9% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 24.1% 56.4% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 28.6% 57.2% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 27.4% 54.4% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 29.8% 53.5% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 35.3% 58.5% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 32.3% 48.1% 42% 97.6%
2018 32.7% 36.2% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 35.1% 31.8% 41% 101.1%
2016 35.8% 28% 42.1% 102%
2015 37.1% 24.4% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 33.4% 24.3% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 27.4% 20.6% 46.2% 100%
2012 30.8% 20.5% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 29.8% 22.5% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 25.1% 25.4% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 24% 132.2% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 21.8% 235.3% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 16.1% 367% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 10.6% 451% 38.4% 39%
2005 11.7% 488% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 12.1% 543% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 8.98% 600% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 12.7% 464% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 12.1% 465% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 14.5% 468% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 - - 40% 60.9%
1998 - - 41% 62.4%
1997 - - 41.5% 64.3%
1996 - - 42.9% 65.4%
1995 - - 44.1% 61.6%
1994 - - 44.8% 57%
1993 - - 46.3% 54.6%
1992 - - 43.9% 44.1%
1991 - - 42.6% 41.9%
1990 - - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/liberia/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Liberia's government spending was $1.18B, accounting for 22.4% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 54.9% in Liberia and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 90/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Liberia

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Liberia Spain
2025 -1.41% -2.5%
2024 -1.8% -3.22%
2023 -8.55% -3.34%
2022 -5.82% -4.59%
2021 -2.5% -6.66%
2020 -4.02% -10%
2019 -4.92% -3.04%
2018 -4.7% -2.58%
2017 -7.14% -3.1%
2016 -3.83% -4.26%
2015 -3.74% -5.26%
2014 -4.92% -6.07%
2013 1.29% -7.49%
2012 -2.86% -11.5%
2011 -4.39% -9.69%
2010 1.16% -9.49%
2009 -1.4% -11.2%
2008 -2.7% -4.56%
2007 2.28% 1.88%
2006 4.23% 2.12%
2005 -0.51% 1.23%
2004 -0.56% -0.1%
2003 0.36% -0.37%
2002 -1.57% -0.32%
2001 -0.94% -0.45%
2000 -0.08% -1.16%
1999 - -1.24%
1998 - -2.63%
1997 - -3.86%
1996 - -5.87%
1995 - -6.79%
1994 - -6.31%
1993 - -6.89%
1992 - -4.26%
1991 - -4.58%
1990 - -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/liberia/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Liberia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $74.2M, equivalent to 1.41% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 26 years, Liberia recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Liberia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.27% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.07% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Liberia

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Liberia Spain
2025 8.3% 2.7%
2024 8.2% 2.75%
2023 10.1% 3.53%
2022 7.6% 8.39%
2021 7.8% 3.09%
2020 17% -0.32%
2019 27% 0.7%
2018 23.5% 1.67%
2017 12.4% 1.96%
2016 8.8% -0.2%
2015 7.7% -0.5%
2014 9.9% -0.15%
2013 7.6% 1.41%
2012 6.8% 2.45%
2011 8.5% 3.2%
2010 7.3% 1.8%
2009 7.4% -0.29%
2008 17.5% 4.08%
2007 11.4% 2.79%
2006 9.5% 3.52%
2005 6.9% 3.37%
2004 3.6% 3.04%
2003 10.3% 3.04%
2002 14.2% 3.07%
2001 12.1% 3.59%
2000 5.3% 3.43%
1999 2% 2.31%
1998 - 1.83%
1997 - 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1999–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/liberia/spain | CC BY

Over the past 27 years, Liberia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 10.3%, compared with 2.39% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 8.3% in Liberia and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Liberia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $69.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.38M
Machinery & equipment $131K
Chemicals & pharma $20K
Raw agricultural goods $13K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K
Wood & paper products $1K
Spain
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $20.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.5M
Animal & marine products $3.38M
Chemicals & pharma $3.31M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.06M
Miscellaneous $1.77M
Machinery & equipment $1.26M
Raw agricultural goods $892K
Metals $633K
Weapons & explosives $446K

Balance of trade

Liberia Spain
Current account balance
$120M
2024
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
62/190
2024
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.51%
2024
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$1.51B
2024
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$1.31B
2024
$443B
2025
Service imports
$253M
2024
$127B
2025
Service exports
$42.6M
2024
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP n/a
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
28.5%
2026
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Liberia Spain
Economic freedom 49.8 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 163/197 59/197
Property rights 40.4 88
Government integrity 25.8 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 23.4 74.3
Tax burden 86.1 58.2
Government spending 79.5 37.3
Fiscal health 56.9 57.3
Business freedom 38 82.6
Labor freedom 43.4 61.7
Monetary freedom 71.4 78.2
Trade freedom 57.4 79.4
Investment freedom 55 60
Financial freedom 20 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Liberia
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Liberia Spain
2026 49.8 66.8
2025 48.5 66.3
2024 49.9 63.3
2023 49.6 65
2022 47.9 68.2
2021 49.2 69.9
2020 49 66.9
2019 49.7 65.7
2018 50.9 65.1
2017 49.1 63.6
2016 52.2 68.5
2015 52.7 67.6
2014 52.4 67.2
2013 49.3 68
2012 48.6 69.1
2011 46.5 70.2
2010 46.2 69.6
2009 48.1 70.1
2008 - 69.1
2007 - 69.2
2006 - 68.2
2005 - 67
2004 - 68.9
2003 - 68.8
2002 - 68.8
2001 - 68.1
2000 - 65.9
1999 - 65.1
1998 - 62.6
1997 - 59.6
1996 - 59.6
1995 - 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/liberia/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Liberia is 49.8, ranking 163/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Liberia Spain
Services, % of GDP
40%
2025
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24.5%
2025
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
32.7%
2025
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.76B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$1,840
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold
$339M
2025
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking
166/177
2025
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$397M
2024
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$472M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$74.9M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.12%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
50.9%
2016
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP n/a
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.