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Economy of Liberia vs Portugal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Liberia has a GDP of $4.75B compared to $309B for Portugal, ranking 163/197 and 47/197 by economy size, respectively.

Liberia has $2.68B in government debt (56.5% of GDP), compared to $293B (91.8% of GDP) in Portugal.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Liberia
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Portugal
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Liberia Portugal
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $190,495,600 $2,785,350,370 $3,339,150,158 $36,024,040,923
1961 $183,920,900 $2,853,312,513 $3,573,719,085 $38,017,936,816
1962 $191,861,800 $2,891,678,327 $3,835,883,663 $40,532,613,390
1963 $200,229,600 $2,957,448,412 $4,084,251,593 $42,913,378,360
1964 $218,929,100 $3,109,815,009 $4,429,202,657 $45,621,533,262
1965 $229,260,800 $3,258,892,895 $4,901,711,248 $49,029,000,348
1966 $244,459,500 $3,509,914,204 $5,370,108,031 $51,028,358,579
1967 $261,024,300 $3,746,685,675 $6,002,607,030 $54,878,184,176
1968 $276,820,700 $3,925,360,308 $6,644,693,214 $59,748,902,480
1969 $306,961,800 $4,211,459,134 $7,287,555,035 $61,016,022,049
1970 $323,099,700 $4,492,076,772 $8,108,235,704 $66,576,925,869
1971 $341,543,100 $4,712,405,513 $9,201,604,240 $70,992,075,652
1972 $368,098,000 $4,907,522,458 $11,239,117,865 $76,682,584,737
1973 $386,968,300 $4,796,809,969 $15,090,564,186 $85,271,549,458
1974 $486,955,000 $5,024,811,956 $17,512,391,476 $86,246,084,606
1975 $577,549,300 $4,850,521,857 $19,347,607,843 $82,496,422,616
1976 $596,675,700 $5,108,120,174 $20,332,831,565 $88,188,866,692
1977 $673,010,600 $5,189,236,333 $21,439,523,311 $93,129,733,120
1978 $717,240,400 $5,439,161,405 $23,487,614,051 $95,752,234,803
1979 $814,067,900 $5,616,740,217 $26,622,819,672 $101,151,643,316
1980 $854,711,500 $5,386,545,754 $32,896,519,824 $105,793,836,370
1981 $846,514,500 $5,271,448,731 $31,977,276,873 $107,505,690,008
1982 $863,933,200 $5,143,197,692 $30,527,754,793 $109,801,340,397
1983 $823,374,900 $5,045,638,801 $27,239,650,742 $109,611,259,497
1984 $848,478,300 $4,939,311,263 $25,217,969,050 $107,550,590,904
1985 $851,296,100 $4,897,657,154 $27,115,807,742 $110,570,008,771
1986 $840,964,400 $4,815,445,174 $38,745,901,354 $115,148,663,222
1987 $972,800,000 $4,767,213,639 $48,182,925,857 $122,496,753,008
1988 $1,038,300,000 $4,669,871,991 $56,347,250,696 $131,670,667,369
1989 $786,300,000 $3,424,489,545 $60,594,092,182 $140,151,099,387
1990 $384,400,000 $1,676,942,910 $78,713,860,217 $145,687,801,045
1991 $348,000,000 $1,438,394,192 $89,233,599,278 $152,051,745,567
1992 $223,500,000 $933,723,839 $107,592,098,307 $153,708,313,184
1993 $160,400,000 $625,824,712 $95,009,751,901 $150,567,627,136
1994 $132,200,000 $489,630,571 $99,688,641,304 $152,020,361,238
1995 $134,800,000 $468,741,927 $118,122,007,430 $158,531,059,083
1996 $159,400,000 $525,559,091 $122,630,089,680 $164,086,378,186
1997 $295,900,000 $1,084,122,317 $117,016,535,163 $171,307,602,501
1998 $359,600,000 $1,411,615,368 $123,946,327,916 $179,544,008,921
1999 $441,800,000 $1,718,520,972 $127,470,385,557 $186,558,035,268
2000 $874,000,000 $2,210,291,804 $118,605,192,877 $193,677,420,326
2001 $906,000,000 $2,274,838,397 $121,604,107,165 $197,441,874,356
2002 $927,000,000 $2,360,440,967 $134,795,565,549 $198,964,002,686
2003 $748,000,000 $1,648,882,905 $165,226,175,537 $197,112,600,778
2004 $897,000,000 $1,692,081,112 $189,382,122,532 $200,638,423,883
2005 $949,000,000 $1,781,443,511 $197,253,876,705 $202,207,110,515
2006 $1,119,000,000 $1,924,741,223 $208,756,449,276 $205,493,047,483
2007 $1,373,000,000 $2,108,270,598 $240,496,147,317 $210,643,893,808
2008 $1,726,000,000 $2,258,921,103 $263,416,394,624 $211,316,368,842
2009 $1,768,000,000 $2,378,656,131 $244,667,762,836 $204,718,906,430
2010 $1,998,000,000 $2,523,749,999 $238,443,864,993 $208,276,152,361
2011 $2,398,000,000 $2,730,716,886 $245,426,767,676 $204,707,283,317
2012 $2,791,614,000 $2,949,005,327 $216,536,676,772 $196,414,790,540
2013 $3,177,198,100 $3,205,193,908 $226,677,408,292 $194,481,859,683
2014 $3,225,652,000 $3,227,674,917 $230,078,616,300 $195,923,731,498
2015 $3,227,075,700 $3,227,075,700 $199,038,523,120 $199,038,523,120
2016 $3,398,419,600 $3,176,896,008 $206,305,431,242 $203,027,536,337
2017 $3,390,703,400 $3,254,893,759 $220,862,990,767 $209,757,331,835
2018 $3,422,754,800 $3,292,571,599 $242,092,894,543 $215,937,375,270
2019 $3,319,596,500 $3,211,334,058 $240,115,970,063 $221,866,334,951
2020 $3,176,126,300 $3,115,556,300 $229,618,773,423 $203,663,018,609
2021 $3,513,049,500 $3,270,920,146 $256,055,879,091 $214,984,152,370
2022 $4,001,047,000 $3,428,189,426 $256,898,675,069 $230,002,605,109
2023 $4,390,000,000 $3,588,757,485 $289,696,962,620 $236,012,868,834
2024 $4,750,000,000 $3,760,763,574 $308,683,317,393 $240,564,244,985

Economic indicators

Liberia Portugal
Gross domestic product
$4.75B
2024
$309B
2024
GDP rank
163/197
2024
47/197
2024
GDP growth
8.2%
2023-2024
6.55%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$846
2024
$28,844
2024
GDP per capita rank
185/197
2024
44/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$1,885
2024
$50,617
2024
Government debt
$2.68B
2024
$293B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
56.5%
2025
91.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$478
2024
$27,381
2024
Government debt per person rank
167/185
2024
26/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,418
2025
$15,657
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$61.9B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
171,797
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
27.1%
2016
26.9%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2016
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
22.4%
2025
43.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
9.8%
2024-2025
2.42%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
5.93%
2017
6.43%
2024
Population
5829811
10687819

GDP per capita in Liberia vs Portugal

Liberia's GDP per capita is $846, ranking 185/197, compared to $28,844 in Portugal, ranking 44/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Liberia ranks 187th at $1,885, while Portugal ranks 42nd at $50,617.

Liberia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Portugal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Liberia Portugal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $167.2 - $377 -
1961 $157.5 - $400 -
1962 $160.3 - $426 -
1963 $163.1 - $452 -
1964 $173.9 - $490 -
1965 $177.6 - $545 -
1966 $184.6 - $601 -
1967 $192.2 - $676 -
1968 $198.6 - $752 -
1969 $214.7 - $832 -
1970 $220.3 - $934 -
1971 $227.1 - $1,065 -
1972 $238.6 - $1,302 -
1973 $244.4 - $1,748 -
1974 $299.4 - $2,000 -
1975 $346 - $2,128 -
1976 $347 - $2,173 -
1977 $381 - $2,267 -
1978 $394 - $2,457 -
1979 $435 - $2,756 -
1980 $443 - $3,368 -
1981 $426 - $3,246 -
1982 $422 - $3,080 -
1983 $391 - $2,735 -
1984 $390 - $2,523 -
1985 $380 - $2,705 -
1986 $364 - $3,862 -
1987 $409 - $4,804 -
1988 $424 - $5,624 -
1989 $312 - $6,056 -
1990 $172.9 $787 $7,885 $11,772
1991 $177.9 $793 $8,959 $12,731
1992 $107.8 $497 $10,811 $13,173
1993 $74.4 $328 $9,535 $13,194
1994 $61.5 $262.6 $9,977 $13,569
1995 $62.1 $254.4 $11,781 $14,397
1996 $71.4 $282.2 $12,185 $14,916
1997 $122.6 $548 $11,576 $15,786
1998 $134.7 $652 $12,199 $16,687
1999 $156.6 $762 $12,475 $17,718
2000 $298.5 $965 $11,526 $18,879
2001 $300 $987 $11,735 $19,531
2002 $299.5 $1,013 $12,937 $20,357
2003 $239.8 $716 $15,798 $20,852
2004 $284.1 $745 $18,064 $21,478
2005 $287.5 $774 $18,780 $22,725
2006 $321 $815 $19,839 $24,683
2007 $374 $873 $22,811 $25,739
2008 $452 $915 $24,949 $26,666
2009 $448 $939 $23,151 $26,458
2010 $492 $980 $22,552 $27,295
2011 $568 $1,041 $23,247 $26,803
2012 $638 $1,157 $20,593 $26,476
2013 $711 $1,360 $21,676 $27,966
2014 $707 $1,419 $22,121 $28,765
2015 $693 $1,340 $19,216 $29,616
2016 $715 $1,490 $19,980 $31,589
2017 $699 $1,665 $21,442 $32,971
2018 $692 $1,800 $23,541 $34,897
2019 $658 $1,900 $23,343 $37,866
2020 $617 $1,660 $22,299 $35,967
2021 $668 $1,539 $24,711 $38,658
2022 $745 $1,692 $24,621 $44,557
2023 $799 $1,795 $27,386 $47,426
2024 $846 $1,885 $28,844 $50,617

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Liberia's government spending was $1.04B, accounting for 22.4% of its GDP, while Portugal's spent $132B, or 43.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 56.5% in Liberia and 91.8% in Portugal, ranking 93/185 and 32/185, respectively.

Liberia
Government spending

Government debt
Portugal
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Liberia Portugal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 14.3% 16.4%
1961 - - 14.6% 17.1%
1962 - - 14.5% 18.7%
1963 - - 14.6% 20.8%
1964 - - 13.9% 21.9%
1965 - - 13.4% 20.4%
1966 - - 14.4% 20.2%
1967 - - 14.1% 18.5%
1968 - - 14.3% 17.2%
1969 - - 14.9% 16.8%
1970 - - 15.5% 16.5%
1971 - - 15.5% 15.7%
1972 - - 22.8% 14.5%
1973 - - 25.7% 13.6%
1974 - - 25.8% 13.5%
1975 - - 31.9% 19.2%
1976 - - 38.2% 24.5%
1977 - - 35.1% 26.9%
1978 - - 31.7% 31.4%
1979 - - 30.8% 35.2%
1980 - - 32.4% 31%
1981 - - 35.3% 39.3%
1982 - - 35.8% 43%
1983 - - 34.7% 46.7%
1984 - - 34.6% 51.3%
1985 - - 37.5% 59.4%
1986 - - 38.9% 59.8%
1987 - - 37.5% 57.2%
1988 - - 36.2% 56.8%
1989 - - 36.2% 55.4%
1990 - - 42.2% 60.2%
1991 - - 45.9% 63.9%
1992 - - 48.2% 58.1%
1993 - - 46.5% 57.2%
1994 - - 42.8% 60.4%
1995 - - 42.6% 62.2%
1996 - - 43% 63.3%
1997 - - 42.4% 58.7%
1998 - - 42.6% 55.6%
1999 - - 42.5% 55.4%
2000 15.2% 489% 42.8% 54.2%
2001 12.6% 484% 44.1% 57.4%
2002 13.2% 481% 44.2% 60%
2003 9.85% 658% 45.3% 63.9%
2004 12.1% 543% 46% 67.1%
2005 12.8% 535% 46.7% 72.2%
2006 11.1% 472% 45.2% 73.7%
2007 17.2% 394% 44.5% 72.7%
2008 21.6% 233.1% 45.3% 75.6%
2009 23.7% 130.9% 50.2% 87.8%
2010 25.2% 25.6% 51.8% 100.1%
2011 30.1% 22.7% 50% 114%
2012 30.8% 20.5% 48.8% 128.6%
2013 27.4% 20.6% 49.9% 130.8%
2014 33.4% 24.3% 51.6% 132.5%
2015 37.1% 24.8% 48.2% 131%
2016 35.8% 28.6% 44.9% 131.2%
2017 35.1% 31.8% 45.5% 126%
2018 32.7% 37.1% 43.3% 121.1%
2019 32.3% 48.6% 42.4% 116.1%
2020 35.3% 58.7% 49.1% 134.1%
2021 29.8% 53.3% 47.4% 123.9%
2022 26.9% 54.3% 43.8% 111.2%
2023 27.2% 58.8% 42% 97.7%
2024 21.9% 56.5% 42.8% 94.9%
2025 22.4% 56.5% 43.7% 91.8%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Liberia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$128M, equivalent to -2.69% of GDP. This compares to Portugal's surplus of $2.16B, or 0.7% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, Liberia recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Portugal ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Liberia posted an annual deficit equal to -2.25% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.18% of GDP for Portugal.

Deficit/surplus
Liberia

Portugal
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Liberia Portugal
1880 - -1.63%
1881 - -1.2%
1882 - -0.39%
1883 - -1.1%
1884 - -1.48%
1885 - -1.68%
1886 - -1.43%
1887 - -0.67%
1888 - -2.14%
1889 - -1.95%
1890 - -2.01%
1891 - -2.15%
1892 - -0.8%
1893 - -0.02%
1894 - -0.16%
1895 - -0.2%
1896 - -1.35%
1897 - -0.93%
1898 - -0.5%
1899 - -0.77%
1900 - -0.35%
1901 - -0.69%
1902 - -0.5%
1903 - -0.91%
1904 - -0.26%
1905 - -0.75%
1906 - -0.45%
1907 - -0.69%
1908 - -0.56%
1909 - -0.82%
1910 - -0.19%
1911 - -0.73%
1912 - -0.02%
1913 - -0.34%
1914 - -0.34%
1915 - -0.34%
1916 - -0.34%
1917 - -5.49%
1918 - -8.3%
1919 - -8.83%
1920 - -5.66%
1921 - -6.5%
1922 - -10%
1923 - -3.47%
1924 - -3.16%
1925 - -1.48%
1926 - -4.21%
1927 - -2.27%
1928 - 0.2%
1929 - 1.86%
1930 - 0.79%
1931 - 0.04%
1932 - -0.03%
1933 - -0.07%
1934 - 0.6%
1935 - 0.75%
1936 - 0.08%
1937 - -0.09%
1938 - -0.08%
1939 - -0.73%
1940 - -1.74%
1941 - -0.08%
1942 - -0.35%
1943 - 0.03%
1944 - -1.44%
1945 - -2.38%
1946 - -2.32%
1947 - -1.65%
1948 - -2.04%
1949 - -0.46%
1950 - -0.83%
1951 - 0.94%
1952 - -0.34%
1953 - -0.35%
1954 - -0.58%
1955 - -0.31%
1956 - -0.18%
1957 - 0.08%
1958 - -0.52%
1959 - -1.73%
1960 - -3.13%
1961 - -3.17%
1962 - -1.69%
1963 - -3.33%
1964 - -1.93%
1965 - -0.03%
1966 - -2%
1967 - -0.46%
1968 - -1.24%
1969 - -1.53%
1970 - -0.24%
1971 - -0.23%
1972 - -7.72%
1973 - -5.39%
1974 - -3.2%
1975 - -7.1%
1976 - -10.2%
1977 - -7.5%
1978 - -7.15%
1979 - -6.08%
1980 - -6.92%
1981 - -8.34%
1982 - -7.02%
1983 - -4.86%
1984 - -5.23%
1985 - -8.35%
1986 - -7.45%
1987 - -6.79%
1988 - -3.52%
1989 - -2.86%
1990 - -6.82%
1991 - -7.93%
1992 - -5.19%
1993 - -8.06%
1994 - -7.37%
1995 - -5.14%
1996 - -4.63%
1997 - -3.65%
1998 - -4.3%
1999 - -2.99%
2000 -0.08% -3.4%
2001 -0.98% -4.78%
2002 -1.63% -3.78%
2003 0.39% -5.62%
2004 -0.56% -5.97%
2005 -0.55% -6.11%
2006 4.42% -4.09%
2007 2.44% -2.94%
2008 -2.68% -3.7%
2009 -1.39% -9.87%
2010 1.17% -11.4%
2011 -4.43% -7.65%
2012 -2.86% -6.17%
2013 1.29% -5.1%
2014 -4.92% -7.3%
2015 -3.74% -4.35%
2016 -3.83% -1.94%
2017 -7.14% -2.96%
2018 -4.7% -0.35%
2019 -4.92% 0.08%
2020 -4.02% -5.81%
2021 -2.5% -2.87%
2022 -5.33% -0.32%
2023 -7.07% 1.19%
2024 -2.69% 0.7%
2025 -3.47% 0.52%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 26 years, Liberia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 10.4%, compared with 2.15% in Portugal. In 2024, inflation was 9.8% in Liberia and 2.42% in Portugal.

Inflation
Liberia

Portugal
Year Inflation
Liberia Portugal Liberia Portugal
1996 - 3.07%
1997 - 2.34%
1998 - 2.57%
1999 2% 2.34%
2000 5.3% 2.85%
2001 12.1% 4.37%
2002 14.2% 3.6%
2003 10.3% 3.22%
2004 3.6% 2.37%
2005 6.9% 2.28%
2006 9.5% 3.11%
2007 11.4% 2.45%
2008 17.5% 2.59%
2009 7.4% -0.84%
2010 7.3% 1.4%
2011 8.5% 3.65%
2012 6.8% 2.77%
2013 7.6% 0.27%
2014 9.9% -0.28%
2015 7.7% 0.49%
2016 8.8% 0.61%
2017 12.4% 1.37%
2018 23.5% 0.99%
2019 27% 0.34%
2020 17% -0.01%
2021 7.8% 1.27%
2022 7.6% 7.83%
2023 10.1% 4.31%
2024 8.2% 2.42%
2025 9.8% -

Top exports between countries

Liberia
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $67K
Wood & paper products $52K
Chemicals & pharma $14K
Machinery & equipment $8K
Portugal
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $1.2M
Raw materials & minerals $648K
Machinery & equipment $601K
Textiles & consumer goods $342K
Animal & marine products $175K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $143K
Metals $68K
Wood & paper products $58K
Raw agricultural goods $42K
Miscellaneous $35K

Balance of trade

Liberia Portugal
Current account balance
$64.8M
2022
$6.71B
2024
Current account balance ranking
71/189
2022
27/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.62%
2022
+2.17%
2024
Goods imports
$1.53B
2022
$109B
2024
Goods exports
$1.03B
2022
$81.9B
2024
Service imports
$434M
2022
$27.7B
2024
Service exports
$192M
2022
$62.3B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP n/a
44.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
46.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Liberia Portugal
Economic freedom 48.5 70.5
Economic freedom ranking 170/197 31/197
Property rights 32.8 90.1
Government integrity 24.9 63.9
Judicial effectiveness 22.7 91.3
Tax burden 86 59.8
Government spending 76.6 40.2
Fiscal health 53.6 79.7
Business freedom 39 79.6
Labor freedom 43.5 57.1
Monetary freedom 70.7 75.1
Trade freedom 57 79.6
Investment freedom 55 70
Financial freedom 20 60

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Liberia is 48.5, ranking 170/197, compared to 70.5 for Portugal, ranking 31/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Liberia
Portugal
Year Economic freedom index
Liberia Portugal
1995 - 62.4
1996 - 64.5
1997 - 63.6
1998 - 65
1999 - 65.6
2000 - 65.5
2001 - 66
2002 - 65.4
2003 - 64.9
2004 - 64.9
2005 - 62.4
2006 - 62.9
2007 - 64
2008 - 63.9
2009 48.1 64.9
2010 46.2 64.4
2011 46.5 64
2012 48.6 63
2013 49.3 63.1
2014 52.4 63.5
2015 52.7 65.3
2016 52.2 65.1
2017 49.1 62.6
2018 50.9 63.4
2019 49.7 65.3
2020 49 67
2021 49.2 67.5
2022 47.9 70.8
2023 49.6 69.5
2024 49.9 68.7
2025 48.5 70.5

More economic indicators

Liberia Portugal
Services, % of GDP
42.1%
2024
66.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
23.3%
2024
18.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
33.6%
2024
1.97%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.27B
2024
$285B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$1,760
2024
$49,690
2024
Total reserves including gold
$600M
2022
$42.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
153/177
2022
48/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$960M
2022
-$6.47B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$747M
2024
$13.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.8M
2024
$6.71B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.02%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
50.9%
2016
16.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
n/a
20.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.