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Economy of Belgium vs Hungary compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Belgium has a GDP of $725B compared to $246B for Hungary, ranking 23/197 and 55/197 by economy size, respectively.

Belgium has $771B in government debt (106.3% of GDP), compared to $185B (75.2% of GDP) in Hungary.

Belgium vs Hungary GDP by year

Belgium
Hungary
1x
Year GDP, current $
Belgium Hungary
2025 $725,466,462,860 $246,490,213,513
2024 $670,983,130,619 $222,848,211,034
2023 $650,779,364,364 $213,029,511,029
2022 $591,474,463,579 $177,002,580,544
2021 $598,522,422,242 $183,282,685,440
2020 $529,694,473,502 $158,468,487,754
2019 $536,726,344,405 $164,936,682,034
2018 $542,638,913,428 $161,184,691,014
2017 $500,908,767,352 $143,335,098,992
2016 $474,271,566,740 $128,983,560,865
2015 $461,044,767,545 $125,244,126,623
2014 $537,987,419,164 $141,128,696,412
2013 $524,097,026,599 $135,646,053,779
2012 $498,414,364,945 $128,470,269,690
2011 $527,196,649,049 $141,712,804,954
2010 $481,556,503,720 $131,898,737,241
2009 $485,014,525,992 $130,807,441,076
2008 $517,328,087,920 $158,228,265,916
2007 $470,922,156,309 $140,123,326,896
2006 $408,259,840,869 $115,604,111,412
2005 $385,714,762,230 $113,098,237,571
2004 $369,214,712,443 $104,015,363,080
2003 $318,082,528,507 $85,190,469,121
2002 $258,383,599,375 $67,636,468,625
2001 $236,746,141,604 $53,800,068,066
2000 $236,792,460,312 $47,275,954,429
1999 $258,245,733,221 $49,160,204,397
1998 $258,528,339,631 $48,784,412,624
1997 $252,708,051,421 $47,398,564,799
1996 $279,201,433,225 $46,833,767,124
1995 $288,025,588,396 $46,577,614,589
1994 $244,884,129,491 $43,307,949,890
1993 $224,721,795,709 $40,256,233,360
1992 $234,781,652,447 $38,857,339,125
1991 $210,510,999,409 $34,867,307,353
1990 $205,331,747,948 $34,478,360,679
1989 $164,221,056,511 $30,422,508,938
1988 $162,299,103,675 $29,799,838,597
1987 $149,394,404,106 $27,232,016,527
1986 $120,018,787,249 $24,778,163,812
1985 $86,268,264,148 $21,510,643,750
1984 $83,349,530,159 $21,242,726,264
1983 $87,184,239,053 $21,910,365,258
1982 $92,095,926,188 $24,141,667,188
1981 $104,730,018,470 $23,705,883,892
1980 $126,829,314,388 $23,116,977,148
1979 $116,315,456,797 $19,959,731,325
1978 $101,246,526,194 $17,286,744,154
1977 $82,839,905,459 $14,783,674,055
1976 $71,113,882,968 $13,235,612,079
1975 $65,678,189,097 $11,420,392,515
1974 $56,033,077,879 $10,016,338,179
1973 $47,743,801,490 $9,138,292,402
1972 $37,209,418,019 $7,379,313,742
1971 $29,821,661,870 $6,291,568,221
1970 $26,706,196,047 $5,780,929,203
1969 $24,019,653,475 $5,429,812,387
1968 $21,654,856,965 $4,886,222,555
1967 $20,252,508,995 -
1966 $18,894,891,312 -
1965 $17,597,783,297 -
1964 $16,168,044,450 -
1963 $14,445,805,381 -
1962 $13,436,827,167 -
1961 $12,561,701,694 -
1960 $11,810,619,368 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/hungary | CC BY

GDP per capita in Belgium vs Hungary by year

Belgium
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Hungary
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Belgium Hungary
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $60,750 - $25,907 -
2024 $56,582 $73,514 $23,305 $48,552
2023 $55,245 $71,946 $22,209 $46,592
2022 $50,639 $69,128 $18,428 $44,366
2021 $51,658 $60,669 $19,031 $38,887
2020 $45,906 $56,120 $16,387 $35,584
2019 $46,717 $56,712 $17,013 $35,627
2018 $47,487 $52,467 $16,605 $32,258
2017 $44,035 $50,256 $14,736 $29,728
2016 $41,855 $48,415 $13,216 $28,179
2015 $40,894 $46,072 $12,783 $26,938
2014 $47,996 $45,148 $14,353 $25,796
2013 $46,965 $43,864 $13,739 $24,592
2012 $44,874 $42,484 $12,950 $23,205
2011 $47,761 $41,245 $14,211 $22,992
2010 $44,197 $39,840 $13,190 $21,691
2009 $44,923 $37,906 $13,051 $20,691
2008 $48,303 $37,883 $15,763 $20,709
2007 $44,319 $36,798 $13,935 $19,089
2006 $38,705 $35,251 $11,478 $18,362
2005 $36,810 $33,178 $11,212 $17,091
2004 $35,429 $32,060 $10,291 $16,251
2003 $30,655 $30,931 $8,410 $15,460
2002 $25,006 $30,282 $6,658 $14,532
2001 $23,015 $28,794 $5,281 $13,223
2000 $23,099 $27,794 $4,630 $11,872
1999 $25,253 $25,441 $4,802 $10,892
1998 $25,338 $24,370 $4,752 $10,415
1997 $24,821 $23,733 $4,606 $9,846
1996 $27,490 $22,745 $4,542 $9,388
1995 $28,414 $22,446 $4,509 $9,222
1994 $24,209 $21,518 $4,187 $8,888
1993 $22,284 $20,473 $3,887 $8,441
1992 $23,373 $20,272 $3,747 $8,284
1991 $21,042 $19,601 $3,361 $8,352
1990 $20,600 $18,688 $3,324 $9,169
1989 $16,525 - $2,902 -
1988 $16,391 - $2,812 -
1987 $15,136 - $2,566 -
1986 $12,170 - $2,331 -
1985 $8,751 - $2,020 -
1984 $8,457 - $1,991 -
1983 $8,846 - $2,050 -
1982 $9,344 - $2,255 -
1981 $10,623 - $2,213 -
1980 $12,864 - $2,158 -
1979 $11,811 - $1,865 -
1978 $10,290 - $1,618 -
1977 $8,427 - $1,388 -
1976 $7,243 - $1,249 -
1975 $6,701 - $1,083 -
1974 $5,734 - $956 -
1973 $4,901 - $876 -
1972 $3,832 - $710 -
1971 $3,083 - $607 -
1970 $2,766 - $559 -
1969 $2,490 - $527 -
1968 $2,251 - $476 -
1967 $2,114 - - -
1966 $1,983 - - -
1965 $1,860 - - -
1964 $1,724 - - -
1963 $1,555 - - -
1962 $1,457 - - -
1961 $1,368 - - -
1960 $1,290 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/hungary | CC BY

Belgium's GDP per capita is $60,750, ranking 17/197, compared to $25,907 in Hungary, ranking 52/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Belgium ranks 21st at $73,514, while Hungary ranks 48th at $48,552.

Economic indicators

Belgium Hungary
Gross domestic product
$725B
2025
$246B
2025
GDP rank
23/197
2025
55/197
2025
GDP growth
0.98%
2024-2025
0.51%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$60,750
2025
$25,907
2025
GDP per capita rank
17/197
2025
52/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,514
2024
$48,552
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
21/197
2024
48/197
2024
Government debt
$771B
2025
$185B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
106.3%
2025
75.2%
2025
Government debt per person
$64,598
2025
$19,473
2025
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2025
33/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$35,730
2026
$18,331
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$321B
2018
$62.6B
2025
Number of millionaires
556,000
2026
27,000
2026
Number of billionaires
11
2026
4
2026
Income share by richest 10%
22.2%
2023
24.4%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.8%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55%
2025
47.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.47%
2024-2025
4.41%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
6.25%
2026
Unemployment rate
6.2%
2025
4.4%
2025
Population
11967185
9454659

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Belgium
Spending

Debt
Hungary
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Belgium Hungary
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55% 106.3% 47.5% 75.2%
2024 54.1% 103.9% 46.9% 73.5%
2023 52.8% 102.2% 49.3% 73.2%
2022 52.5% 103.1% 48.9% 74.1%
2021 54.9% 108.5% 48.1% 76.2%
2020 58.5% 111.2% 51% 78.7%
2019 51.8% 97.6% 45.8% 65%
2018 52.5% 100.1% 45.9% 68.8%
2017 52.3% 102.5% 46.6% 72%
2016 53.4% 105.5% 46.7% 74.6%
2015 53.9% 105.6% 50.4% 75.7%
2014 55.4% 106.6% 50% 76.5%
2013 55.9% 105% 50.1% 77.2%
2012 56.2% 104.3% 49.2% 78.4%
2011 55% 102.7% 49.1% 80.5%
2010 53.9% 100.2% 48.9% 80.2%
2009 54.5% 99.9% 50.7% 78.2%
2008 50.8% 93.2% 48.8% 71.8%
2007 48.6% 87.3% 49.9% 65.6%
2006 48.8% 91.5% 51.4% 64.5%
2005 51.9% 95.1% 49.4% 60.6%
2004 49.3% 97.2% 48.8% 58.9%
2003 51% 101.7% 49.2% 58.2%
2002 49.9% 105.4% 51% 55.6%
2001 49.4% 108.2% 47.2% 52.2%
2000 49.4% 109.6% 47.3% 55.6%
1999 50.5% 115.4% 48.9% 60.3%
1998 51% 119.2% 50.7% 60.4%
1997 51.6% 124.3% 49.5% 62.2%
1996 53.1% 129% 50.9% 71.2%
1995 52.6% 131.3% 55% 83.9%
1994 54.7% 137.1% - 86.2%
1993 57.1% 138.9% - 87.2%
1992 55.9% 134.7% - 76.5%
1991 55.6% 131.8% - 74.2%
1990 54.4% 130.3% - 63.7%
1989 52.3% 126.4% - 70.7%
1988 53.9% 129.7% - -
1987 55.8% 129.2% - -
1986 57.6% 124.7% - -
1985 58.4% 119.4% - -
1984 59.1% 114.6% - -
1983 62.2% 110.3% - -
1982 59.6% 99.6% - -
1981 61.5% 89.7% - -
1980 54.9% 76.8% - -
1979 54.8% 69.2% - -
1978 52.8% 65.2% - -
1977 52.2% 61.6% - -
1976 50.4% 61.4% - -
1975 50.2% 59.5% - -
1974 44.5% 61.7% - -
1973 45% 63.7% - -
1972 45% 64.9% - -
1971 43.9% 63.5% - -
1970 42.7% 66.6% - -
1969 26.5% 51.6% - -
1968 26.7% 54.5% - -
1967 25.5% 54.1% - -
1966 25.1% 55.6% - -
1965 23.4% 57.6% - -
1964 22.5% 59.4% - -
1963 23.1% 64.1% - -
1962 22.5% 65.3% - -
1961 22.1% 67.8% - -
1960 23.7% 69.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/hungary | CC BY

In 2025, Belgium's government spending was $399B, accounting for 55% of its GDP, while Hungary spent $117B, or 47.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 106.3% in Belgium and 75.2% in Hungary, ranking 17/185 and 50/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Belgium

Hungary
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Belgium Hungary
2025 -5.26% -4.68%
2024 -4.36% -4.9%
2023 -4.01% -6.77%
2022 -3.6% -6.19%
2021 -5.4% -7.11%
2020 -9.03% -7.49%
2019 -2.05% -2.02%
2018 -1.05% -2.05%
2017 -0.76% -2.45%
2016 -2.43% -1.79%
2015 -2.48% -2%
2014 -3.18% -2.77%
2013 -3.16% -2.6%
2012 -4.35% -2.33%
2011 -4.44% -5.22%
2010 -4.13% -4.44%
2009 -5.45% -4.76%
2008 -1.1% -3.78%
2007 0.07% -5.09%
2006 0.24% -9.27%
2005 -2.72% -7.79%
2004 -0.24% -6.6%
2003 -1.86% -7.19%
2002 -0.04% -8.79%
2001 0.23% -4%
2000 -0.08% -3.04%
1999 -0.65% -5.27%
1998 -1.03% -7.41%
1997 -2.15% -5.54%
1996 -4% -4.36%
1995 -4.51% -8.57%
1994 -5.29% -
1993 -7.71% -
1992 -8.42% -
1991 -7.67% -
1990 -6.99% -
1989 -7.58% -
1988 -7.28% -
1987 -7.89% -
1986 -9.96% -
1985 -10.1% -
1984 -10.8% -
1983 -14.5% -
1982 -12.3% -
1981 -15.5% -
1980 -9.43% -
1979 -8.33% -
1978 -6.51% -
1977 -6.51% -
1976 -6.61% -
1975 -6.45% -
1974 -3.87% -
1973 -5.02% -
1972 -6.07% -
1971 -4.45% -
1970 -3.51% -
1969 -3.34% -
1968 -3.69% -
1967 -2.76% -
1966 -3.08% -
1965 -2.9% -
1964 -2.27% -
1963 -2.8% -
1962 -2.12% -
1961 -2.34% -
1960 -4.89% -
1959 -5.21% -
1958 -4.33% -
1957 -1.27% -
1956 1.85% -
1955 -1.05% -
1954 2.34% -
1953 0.14% -
1952 -0.26% -
1951 0.59% -
1950 -2.01% -
1949 -2.05% -
1948 -2.29% -
1947 -14.5% -
1946 1.87% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 -5.81% -0.17%
1942 - 0.31%
1941 - 0.2%
1940 - -0.07%
1939 -6.86% 0.19%
1938 -5.17% -0.11%
1937 -4.71% -0.01%
1936 -4.92% 0.08%
1935 -5.94% 0.03%
1934 -2.78% 0.04%
1933 -1.69% -0.03%
1932 - -0.22%
1931 - -0.32%
1930 -2.48% -0.26%
1929 - 0.02%
1928 - 0.12%
1927 3.06% 0.15%
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 -5.53% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -1.4% -
1912 -1.39% -
1911 -0.92% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 0.13% -
1908 -0.95% -
1907 -0.81% -
1906 -1.35% -
1905 1.23% -
1904 0.004% -
1903 0.08% -
1902 0.22% -
1901 0.55% -
1900 -0.54% -
1899 -1.64% -
1898 -0.28% -
1897 -0.25% -
1896 0.94% -
1895 -0.33% -
1894 0.06% -
1893 0.07% -
1892 0.17% -
1891 -0.005% -
1890 -0.83% -
1889 0.3% -
1888 -0.21% -
1887 -0.12% -
1886 0.54% -
1885 -0.43% -
1884 -0.26% -
1883 -0.54% -
1882 -0.3% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 0.12% -
1879 -1.51% -
1878 -1.78% -
1877 -2.52% -
1876 -0.77% -
1875 -0.88% -
1874 -1.02% -
1873 -2.08% -
1872 -0.7% -
1871 -0.64% -
1870 -0.58% -
1869 -0.35% -
1868 -0.39% -
1867 -0.49% -
1866 -0.87% -
1865 -0.55% -
1864 -0.62% -
1863 -0.72% -
1862 -0.49% -
1861 -0.22% -
1860 -0.13% -
1859 0.1% -
1858 0.35% -
1857 0% -
1856 -0.26% -
1855 -0.28% -
1854 -0.4% -
1853 -0.3% -
1852 -0.44% -
1851 -0.05% -
1850 -0.11% -
1849 0.11% -
1848 -1.41% -
1847 -0.69% -
1846 -0.52% -
1845 -1.17% -
1844 -4.92% -
1843 -0.86% -
1842 -0.89% -
1841 -0.75% -
1840 0.16% -
1839 -0.43% -
1838 0.23% -
1837 -0.11% -
1836 0.18% -
1835 0.27% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/hungary | CC BY

In 2025, Belgium's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $38.1B, equivalent to 5.26% of GDP. This compares to Hungary's deficit of $11.5B, or 4.68% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Belgium recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Hungary ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Belgium posted an annual deficit equal to 2.68% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.04% of GDP for Hungary.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Belgium

Hungary
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Belgium Hungary
2025 2.47% 4.41%
2024 3.14% 3.7%
2023 4.05% 17.1%
2022 9.6% 14.6%
2021 2.44% 5.11%
2020 0.74% 3.33%
2019 1.44% 3.34%
2018 2.05% 2.85%
2017 2.13% 2.35%
2016 1.97% 0.39%
2015 0.56% -0.06%
2014 0.34% -0.23%
2013 1.11% 1.73%
2012 2.84% 5.65%
2011 3.53% 3.93%
2010 2.19% 4.86%
2009 -0.05% 4.21%
2008 4.49% 6.04%
2007 1.82% 7.96%
2006 1.79% 3.93%
2005 2.78% 3.56%
2004 2.1% 6.74%
2003 1.59% 4.66%
2002 1.65% 5.27%
2001 2.47% 9.12%
2000 2.54% 9.8%
1999 1.12% 10%
1998 0.95% 14.2%
1997 1.63% 18.3%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/hungary | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Belgium has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.26%, compared with 6.1% in Hungary. In 2025, inflation was 2.47% in Belgium and 4.41% in Hungary.

Top exports between countries

Belgium
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $1.78B
Machinery & equipment $1.17B
Business & finance services $313M
Textiles & consumer goods $287M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $252M
IT & IP services $228M
Raw materials & minerals $161M
Metals $130M
Transport & tourism services $88.8M
Raw agricultural goods $58.5M
Hungary
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.62B
Chemicals & pharma $424M
Business & finance services $396M
Transport & tourism services $242M
Textiles & consumer goods $199M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $163M
IT & IP services $81.4M
Manufacturing & construction services $78.5M
Metals $74.4M
Raw materials & minerals $58.5M

Balance of trade

Belgium Hungary
Current account balance
-$14B
2025
$4.08B
2025
Current account balance ranking
179/190
2025
34/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.93%
2025
+1.65%
2025
Goods imports
$386B
2025
$139B
2025
Goods exports
$387B
2025
$136B
2025
Service imports
$175B
2025
$29.8B
2025
Service exports
$160B
2025
$43.1B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
77.5%
2025
68.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
75.5%
2025
72.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Belgium Hungary
Economic freedom 69.2 62.5
Economic freedom ranking 42/197 86/197
Property rights 91.1 67.3
Government integrity 78.2 44
Judicial effectiveness 91.6 61.9
Tax burden 50.6 85.1
Government spending 14.6 30.2
Fiscal health 53.4 32.7
Business freedom 82.5 70.8
Labor freedom 57.5 56.5
Monetary freedom 76.8 72.1
Trade freedom 79.4 79.4
Investment freedom 85 80
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Belgium
Hungary
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Belgium Hungary
2026 69.2 62.5
2025 69 61.4
2024 65.6 61.2
2023 67.1 64.1
2022 69.6 66.9
2021 70.1 67.2
2020 68.9 66.4
2019 67.3 65
2018 67.5 66.7
2017 67.8 65.8
2016 68.4 66
2015 68.8 66.8
2014 69.9 67
2013 69.2 67.3
2012 69 67.1
2011 70.2 66.6
2010 70.1 66.1
2009 72.1 66.8
2008 71.7 67.6
2007 72.5 64.8
2006 71.8 65
2005 69 63.5
2004 68.7 62.7
2003 68.1 63
2002 67.6 64.5
2001 63.8 65.6
2000 63.5 64.4
1999 62.9 59.6
1998 64.7 56.9
1997 64.6 55.3
1996 66 56.8
1995 - 55.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/hungary | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Belgium is 69.2, ranking 42/197, compared to 62.5 for Hungary, ranking 86/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Belgium Hungary
Services, % of GDP
71.2%
2025
60.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
18.6%
2025
23%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.73%
2025
2.65%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$711B
2025
$227B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$75,620
2025
$48,630
2025
Total reserves including gold
$56.4B
2025
$59.1B
2025
Total reserves ranking
44/177
2025
42/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$9.47B
2025
$9.1B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$41.4B
2024
-$61.3B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.71B
2024
-$76.3B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.3%
2022
12.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25.7%
2025
22.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/hungary | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.