Hungary has a GDP of $223B compared to $43.7B for Latvia, ranking 55/197 and 99/197 by economy size, respectively.
Hungary has $164B in government debt (73.5% of GDP), compared to $20.4B (46.8% of GDP) in Latvia.
Hungary vs Latvia GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|
| 2024 | $222,722,738,926 | $43,684,254,432 |
| 2023 | $213,240,316,635 | $42,779,550,937 |
| 2022 | $177,002,580,544 | $38,003,198,509 |
| 2021 | $183,282,685,440 | $38,183,326,785 |
| 2020 | $158,468,487,754 | $33,379,927,435 |
| 2019 | $164,936,682,034 | $33,099,503,951 |
| 2018 | $161,184,691,014 | $33,247,935,477 |
| 2017 | $143,335,098,992 | $29,391,059,767 |
| 2016 | $128,983,560,865 | $27,117,105,060 |
| 2015 | $125,244,126,623 | $26,344,565,877 |
| 2014 | $141,128,696,412 | $30,277,203,767 |
| 2013 | $135,646,053,779 | $29,152,128,168 |
| 2012 | $128,470,269,690 | $27,116,149,949 |
| 2011 | $141,712,804,954 | $26,575,547,901 |
| 2010 | $131,898,737,241 | $23,468,324,572 |
| 2009 | $130,807,441,076 | $25,691,530,442 |
| 2008 | $158,228,265,916 | $34,135,200,994 |
| 2007 | $140,123,326,896 | $29,420,499,248 |
| 2006 | $115,604,111,412 | $20,434,922,247 |
| 2005 | $113,098,237,571 | $16,306,935,905 |
| 2004 | $104,015,363,080 | $13,827,070,379 |
| 2003 | $85,190,469,121 | $11,244,337,720 |
| 2002 | $67,636,468,625 | $9,249,030,241 |
| 2001 | $53,800,068,066 | $8,190,888,740 |
| 2000 | $47,275,954,429 | $7,761,252,607 |
| 1999 | $49,160,204,397 | $7,324,192,890 |
| 1998 | $48,784,412,624 | $6,974,112,951 |
| 1997 | $47,398,564,799 | $6,349,481,007 |
| 1996 | $46,833,767,124 | $5,799,465,288 |
| 1995 | $46,577,614,589 | $5,608,208,785 |
| 1994 | $43,307,949,890 | - |
| 1993 | $40,256,233,360 | - |
| 1992 | $38,857,339,125 | - |
| 1991 | $34,867,307,353 | - |
| 1990 | $34,478,360,679 | - |
| 1989 | $30,422,508,938 | - |
| 1988 | $29,799,838,597 | - |
| 1987 | $27,232,016,527 | - |
| 1986 | $24,778,163,812 | - |
| 1985 | $21,510,643,750 | - |
| 1984 | $21,242,726,264 | - |
| 1983 | $21,910,365,258 | - |
| 1982 | $24,141,667,188 | - |
| 1981 | $23,705,883,892 | - |
| 1980 | $23,116,977,148 | - |
| 1979 | $19,959,731,325 | - |
| 1978 | $17,286,744,154 | - |
| 1977 | $14,783,674,055 | - |
| 1976 | $13,235,612,079 | - |
| 1975 | $11,420,392,515 | - |
| 1974 | $10,016,338,179 | - |
| 1973 | $9,138,292,402 | - |
| 1972 | $7,379,313,742 | - |
| 1971 | $6,291,568,221 | - |
| 1970 | $5,780,929,203 | - |
| 1969 | $5,429,812,387 | - |
| 1968 | $4,886,222,555 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1968–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/latvia | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Hungary vs Latvia by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $23,292 | $48,552 | $23,409 | $43,394 |
| 2023 | $22,231 | $46,592 | $22,710 | $42,576 |
| 2022 | $18,428 | $44,366 | $20,221 | $40,559 |
| 2021 | $19,031 | $38,887 | $20,262 | $36,912 |
| 2020 | $16,387 | $35,584 | $17,564 | $32,741 |
| 2019 | $17,013 | $35,627 | $17,295 | $32,199 |
| 2018 | $16,605 | $32,258 | $17,252 | $29,818 |
| 2017 | $14,736 | $29,728 | $15,132 | $25,764 |
| 2016 | $13,216 | $28,179 | $13,839 | $24,063 |
| 2015 | $12,783 | $26,938 | $13,322 | $22,544 |
| 2014 | $14,353 | $25,796 | $15,186 | $21,554 |
| 2013 | $13,739 | $24,592 | $14,484 | $20,474 |
| 2012 | $12,950 | $23,205 | $13,329 | $19,417 |
| 2011 | $14,211 | $22,992 | $12,903 | $17,680 |
| 2010 | $13,190 | $21,691 | $11,188 | $16,373 |
| 2009 | $13,051 | $20,691 | $11,996 | $15,545 |
| 2008 | $15,763 | $20,709 | $15,678 | $17,443 |
| 2007 | $13,935 | $19,089 | $13,371 | $16,246 |
| 2006 | $11,478 | $18,362 | $9,212 | $14,180 |
| 2005 | $11,212 | $17,091 | $7,284 | $12,826 |
| 2004 | $10,291 | $16,251 | $6,110 | $11,319 |
| 2003 | $8,410 | $15,460 | $4,915 | $10,193 |
| 2002 | $6,658 | $14,532 | $4,004 | $9,569 |
| 2001 | $5,281 | $13,223 | $3,505 | $8,808 |
| 2000 | $4,630 | $11,872 | $3,278 | $7,849 |
| 1999 | $4,802 | $10,892 | $3,064 | $7,256 |
| 1998 | $4,752 | $10,415 | $2,894 | $6,922 |
| 1997 | $4,606 | $9,846 | $2,610 | $6,366 |
| 1996 | $4,542 | $9,388 | $2,360 | $5,688 |
| 1995 | $4,509 | $9,222 | $2,257 | $5,391 |
| 1994 | $4,187 | $8,888 | - | $5,012 |
| 1993 | $3,887 | $8,441 | - | $4,722 |
| 1992 | $3,747 | $8,284 | - | $4,760 |
| 1991 | $3,361 | $8,352 | - | $6,762 |
| 1990 | $3,324 | $9,169 | - | $7,448 |
| 1989 | $2,902 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $2,812 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $2,566 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $2,331 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $2,020 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $1,991 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $2,050 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $2,255 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $2,213 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $2,158 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $1,865 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $1,618 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $1,388 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $1,249 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $1,083 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $956 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $876 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $710 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $607 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $559 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $527 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $476 | - | - | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1968–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/latvia | CC BY
Hungary's GDP per capita is $23,292, ranking 55/197, compared to $23,409 in Latvia, ranking 54/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Hungary ranks 48th at $48,552, while Latvia ranks 53rd at $43,394.
Economic indicators
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$223B
2024 |
$43.7B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
55/197
2024 |
99/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
0.56%
2023-2024 |
-0.05%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$23,292
2024 |
$23,409
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
55/197
2024 |
54/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$48,552
2024 |
$43,394
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
48/197
2024 |
53/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$164B
2024 |
$20.4B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
73.5%
2024 |
46.8%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$17,109
2024 |
$10,945
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
37/185
2024 |
53/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$16,996
2026 |
$17,033
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$41.5B
2024 |
n/a |
| Number of millionaires |
24,692
2025 |
n/a |
| Number of billionaires |
4
2025 |
n/a |
| Income share by richest 10% |
24.4%
2022 |
26.2%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.8%
2022 |
2.6%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
46.9%
2024 |
44.5%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
3.7%
2023-2024 |
1.27%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
6.5%
2024 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
4.47%
2024 |
6.88%
2024 |
| Population |
9475525
|
1829763
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2024 | 46.9% | 73.5% | 44.5% | 46.8% |
| 2023 | 49.2% | 73% | 43.1% | 44.6% |
| 2022 | 48.7% | 73.9% | 43.5% | 44.4% |
| 2021 | 48.1% | 76.2% | 44.6% | 45.9% |
| 2020 | 51% | 78.7% | 42.6% | 44% |
| 2019 | 45.8% | 65% | 39% | 37.9% |
| 2018 | 45.9% | 68.8% | 39.4% | 38.3% |
| 2017 | 46.6% | 72% | 37.8% | 40.3% |
| 2016 | 46.7% | 74.6% | 37.4% | 41.7% |
| 2015 | 50.4% | 75.7% | 38.7% | 38.3% |
| 2014 | 50% | 76.5% | 39.2% | 43.1% |
| 2013 | 50.1% | 77.2% | 38.7% | 41.8% |
| 2012 | 49.2% | 78.4% | 38.6% | 44.4% |
| 2011 | 49.1% | 80.5% | 41.2% | 46.8% |
| 2010 | 48.9% | 80.2% | 43.6% | 48.2% |
| 2009 | 50.7% | 78.2% | 43.6% | 37.6% |
| 2008 | 48.8% | 71.8% | 38.2% | 19.3% |
| 2007 | 49.9% | 65.6% | 34.8% | 9% |
| 2006 | 51.4% | 64.5% | 35.5% | 10.7% |
| 2005 | 49.4% | 60.6% | 35.8% | 12.5% |
| 2004 | 48.8% | 58.9% | 34.8% | 15.3% |
| 2003 | 49.2% | 58.2% | 34.4% | 15.4% |
| 2002 | 51% | 55.6% | 35.4% | 15.4% |
| 2001 | 47.2% | 52.2% | 35% | 17.8% |
| 2000 | 47.3% | 55.6% | 37% | 15.1% |
| 1999 | 48.9% | 60.3% | 40.4% | 14.8% |
| 1998 | 50.7% | 60.4% | 38.1% | 9.81% |
| 1997 | 49.5% | 62.2% | - | - |
| 1996 | 50.9% | 71.2% | - | - |
| 1995 | 55% | 83.9% | - | - |
| 1994 | - | 86.2% | - | - |
| 1993 | - | 87.2% | - | - |
| 1992 | - | 76.5% | - | - |
| 1991 | - | 74.2% | - | - |
| 1990 | - | 63.7% | - | - |
| 1989 | - | 70.7% | - | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1989–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/latvia | CC BY
In 2024, Hungary's government spending was $104B, accounting for 46.9% of its GDP, while Latvia spent $19.4B, or 44.5% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 73.5% in Hungary and 46.8% in Latvia, ranking 49/185 and 116/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|
| 2024 | -4.92% | -1.82% |
| 2023 | -6.75% | -3.38% |
| 2022 | -6.17% | -3.94% |
| 2021 | -7.11% | -5.71% |
| 2020 | -7.49% | -3.85% |
| 2019 | -2.02% | -0.39% |
| 2018 | -2.05% | -0.77% |
| 2017 | -2.45% | -0.85% |
| 2016 | -1.79% | -0.41% |
| 2015 | -2% | -1.57% |
| 2014 | -2.77% | -1.74% |
| 2013 | -2.6% | -0.58% |
| 2012 | -2.33% | 0.18% |
| 2011 | -5.22% | -3.38% |
| 2010 | -4.44% | -6.56% |
| 2009 | -4.76% | -7.14% |
| 2008 | -3.78% | -3.29% |
| 2007 | -5.09% | 0.63% |
| 2006 | -9.27% | -0.48% |
| 2005 | -7.79% | -1.06% |
| 2004 | -6.6% | -1.04% |
| 2003 | -7.19% | -1.67% |
| 2002 | -8.79% | -2.59% |
| 2001 | -4% | -2.03% |
| 2000 | -3.04% | -2.57% |
| 1999 | -5.27% | -3.54% |
| 1998 | -7.41% | -0.66% |
| 1997 | -5.54% | - |
| 1996 | -4.36% | - |
| 1995 | -8.57% | - |
| 1994 | - | - |
| 1993 | - | - |
| 1992 | - | - |
| 1991 | - | - |
| 1990 | - | - |
| 1989 | - | - |
| 1988 | - | - |
| 1987 | - | - |
| 1986 | - | - |
| 1985 | - | - |
| 1984 | - | - |
| 1983 | - | - |
| 1982 | - | - |
| 1981 | - | - |
| 1980 | - | - |
| 1979 | - | - |
| 1978 | - | - |
| 1977 | - | - |
| 1976 | - | - |
| 1975 | - | - |
| 1974 | - | - |
| 1973 | - | - |
| 1972 | - | - |
| 1971 | - | - |
| 1970 | - | - |
| 1969 | - | - |
| 1968 | - | - |
| 1967 | - | - |
| 1966 | - | - |
| 1965 | - | - |
| 1964 | - | - |
| 1963 | - | - |
| 1962 | - | - |
| 1961 | - | - |
| 1960 | - | - |
| 1959 | - | - |
| 1958 | - | - |
| 1957 | - | - |
| 1956 | - | - |
| 1955 | - | - |
| 1954 | - | - |
| 1953 | - | - |
| 1952 | - | - |
| 1951 | - | - |
| 1950 | - | - |
| 1949 | - | - |
| 1948 | - | - |
| 1947 | - | - |
| 1946 | - | - |
| 1945 | - | - |
| 1944 | - | - |
| 1943 | -0.17% | - |
| 1942 | 0.31% | - |
| 1941 | 0.2% | - |
| 1940 | -0.07% | - |
| 1939 | 0.19% | - |
| 1938 | -0.11% | - |
| 1937 | -0.01% | - |
| 1936 | 0.08% | - |
| 1935 | 0.03% | - |
| 1934 | 0.04% | - |
| 1933 | -0.03% | - |
| 1932 | -0.22% | - |
| 1931 | -0.32% | - |
| 1930 | -0.26% | - |
| 1929 | 0.02% | - |
| 1928 | 0.12% | - |
| 1927 | 0.15% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1927–1943, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/latvia | CC BY
In 2024, Hungary's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $10.9B, equivalent to 4.92% of GDP. This compares to Latvia's deficit of $797M, or 1.82% of GDP.
Over the past 27 years, Hungary recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while Latvia ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Hungary posted an annual deficit equal to 4.93% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.23% of GDP for Latvia.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|
| 2024 | 3.7% | 1.27% |
| 2023 | 17.1% | 8.94% |
| 2022 | 14.6% | 17.3% |
| 2021 | 5.11% | 3.28% |
| 2020 | 3.33% | 0.22% |
| 2019 | 3.34% | 2.81% |
| 2018 | 2.85% | 2.53% |
| 2017 | 2.35% | 2.93% |
| 2016 | 0.39% | 0.14% |
| 2015 | -0.06% | 0.17% |
| 2014 | -0.23% | 0.62% |
| 2013 | 1.73% | -0.03% |
| 2012 | 5.65% | 2.26% |
| 2011 | 3.93% | 4.37% |
| 2010 | 4.86% | -1.08% |
| 2009 | 4.21% | 3.53% |
| 2008 | 6.04% | 15.4% |
| 2007 | 7.96% | 10.1% |
| 2006 | 3.93% | 6.54% |
| 2005 | 3.56% | 6.75% |
| 2004 | 6.74% | 6.19% |
| 2003 | 4.66% | 2.94% |
| 2002 | 5.27% | 1.94% |
| 2001 | 9.12% | 2.49% |
| 2000 | 9.8% | 2.65% |
| 1999 | 10% | 2.36% |
| 1998 | 14.2% | 4.64% |
| 1997 | 18.3% | 8.45% |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/latvia | CC BY
Over the past 28 years, Hungary has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.16%, compared with 4.28% in Latvia. In 2024, inflation was 3.7% in Hungary and 1.27% in Latvia.
Top exports between countries
|
Hungary
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $137M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $32.1M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $30.1M |
| Transport & tourism services | $27.8M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $8.23M |
| Wood & paper products | $5.41M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $4.78M |
| Business & finance services | $3.69M |
| Metals | $3.56M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $2.69M |
|
Latvia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $54.1M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $22.3M |
| Machinery & equipment | $22.3M |
| Transport & tourism services | $18.4M |
| Wood & paper products | $13.4M |
| Animal & marine products | $9.6M |
| Business & finance services | $7.57M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $5.76M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $5.35M |
| IT & IP services | $3.24M |
Balance of trade
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$3.52B
2024 |
-$688M
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
36/190
2024 |
115/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+1.58%
2024 |
-1.57%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$130B
2024 |
$23.4B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$129B
2024 |
$20.1B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$27.9B
2024 |
$5.86B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$38.9B
2024 |
$8.42B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
71.1%
2024 |
66.9%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
75.4%
2024 |
65.3%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 62.5 | 71.6 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 86/197 | 31/197 |
| Property rights | 67.3 | 88.8 |
| Government integrity | 44 | 67.7 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 61.9 | 70.9 |
| Tax burden | 85.1 | 70.9 |
| Government spending | 30.2 | 42.7 |
| Fiscal health | 32.7 | 80.8 |
| Business freedom | 70.8 | 80.7 |
| Labor freedom | 56.5 | 60.5 |
| Monetary freedom | 72.1 | 76.3 |
| Trade freedom | 79.4 | 79.4 |
| Investment freedom | 80 | 80 |
| Financial freedom | 70 | 60 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|
| 2026 | 62.5 | 71.6 |
| 2025 | 61.4 | 71.4 |
| 2024 | 61.2 | 71.5 |
| 2023 | 64.1 | 72.8 |
| 2022 | 66.9 | 74.8 |
| 2021 | 67.2 | 72.3 |
| 2020 | 66.4 | 71.9 |
| 2019 | 65 | 70.4 |
| 2018 | 66.7 | 73.6 |
| 2017 | 65.8 | 74.8 |
| 2016 | 66 | 70.4 |
| 2015 | 66.8 | 69.7 |
| 2014 | 67 | 68.7 |
| 2013 | 67.3 | 66.5 |
| 2012 | 67.1 | 65.2 |
| 2011 | 66.6 | 65.8 |
| 2010 | 66.1 | 66.2 |
| 2009 | 66.8 | 66.6 |
| 2008 | 67.6 | 68.3 |
| 2007 | 64.8 | 67.9 |
| 2006 | 65 | 66.9 |
| 2005 | 63.5 | 66.3 |
| 2004 | 62.7 | 67.4 |
| 2003 | 63 | 66 |
| 2002 | 64.5 | 65 |
| 2001 | 65.6 | 66.4 |
| 2000 | 64.4 | 63.4 |
| 1999 | 59.6 | 64.2 |
| 1998 | 56.9 | 63.4 |
| 1997 | 55.3 | 62.4 |
| 1996 | 56.8 | 55 |
| 1995 | 55.2 | - |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).
GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/latvia | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Hungary is 62.5, ranking 86/197, compared to 71.6 for Latvia, ranking 31/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Hungary
|
Latvia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
59.5%
2024 |
64.6%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
23.7%
2024 |
18.5%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
2.71%
2024 |
4.04%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$199B
2024 |
$40.4B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$47,290
2024 |
$42,660
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$46.4B
2024 |
$5.14B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
42/177
2024 |
98/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$15.8B
2024 |
-$1.26B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$62.2B
2024 |
$1.51B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$78B
2024 |
$257M
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
12.1%
2021 |
22.5%
2022 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
23.5%
2024 |
20.9%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/latvia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1968–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1927–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.