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Economy of Greece vs Kuwait compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Greece has a GDP of $281B compared to $157B for Kuwait, ranking 52/197 and 59/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $409B in government debt (145.7% of GDP), compared to $22.9B (14.6% of GDP) in Kuwait.

Greece vs Kuwait GDP by year

Greece
Kuwait
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Kuwait
2025 $280,635,521,324 $157,209,026,926
2024 $256,238,371,778 $160,903,106,639
2023 $242,946,187,738 $165,462,656,227
2022 $217,990,189,601 $183,502,046,694
2021 $218,303,801,895 $148,350,671,489
2020 $191,362,985,555 $111,045,470,606
2019 $207,305,649,887 $140,856,394,861
2018 $213,298,873,494 $138,646,316,351
2017 $200,381,103,984 $120,687,539,806
2016 $193,097,239,006 $109,406,674,125
2015 $194,567,373,678 $114,585,555,689
2014 $233,911,581,521 $162,650,450,685
2013 $236,556,279,641 $174,168,116,535
2012 $238,841,140,018 $174,047,662,680
2011 $283,228,079,776 $154,039,231,246
2010 $296,417,644,404 $115,416,245,242
2009 $326,829,054,686 $105,968,691,905
2008 $351,121,399,546 $147,379,737,230
2007 $314,226,996,944 $114,634,043,362
2006 $269,073,415,334 $101,557,330,723
2005 $242,315,668,619 $80,798,630,137
2004 $234,979,615,898 $59,439,090,601
2003 $196,930,509,813 $47,874,582,232
2002 $150,253,800,086 $38,135,788,414
2001 $132,050,474,720 $34,889,559,870
2000 $125,760,166,225 $37,718,743,480
1999 $137,131,371,955 $30,122,365,849
1998 $139,612,812,176 $25,943,705,784
1997 $138,766,067,640 $30,350,190,704
1996 $142,502,984,145 $31,492,373,309
1995 $134,974,613,914 $27,186,980,647
1994 $114,980,063,202 $24,848,483,838
1993 $107,295,704,518 $23,941,391,391
1992 $114,608,178,405 $19,858,555,215
1991 $103,680,863,713 $11,009,993,703
1990 $96,529,587,274 $18,427,777,778
1989 $78,067,933,277 $24,313,855,653
1988 $75,200,610,137 $20,690,322,153
1987 $64,739,630,096 $22,368,704,134
1986 $55,595,445,472 $17,903,989,745
1985 $47,155,741,426 $21,445,970,614
1984 $47,352,146,312 $21,700,082,753
1983 $48,741,397,059 $20,871,081,080
1982 $53,858,346,939 $21,577,153,356
1981 $51,618,456,335 $25,058,020,338
1980 $56,039,256,595 $28,638,868,356
1979 $53,724,121,435 $24,749,063,922
1978 $43,654,480,519 $15,503,557,496
1977 $35,673,080,481 $14,137,406,741
1976 $30,719,552,239 $13,132,252,802
1975 $28,129,128,587 $12,022,811,621
1974 $24,998,715,909 $13,006,948,296
1973 $22,037,019,563 $5,408,804,607
1972 $16,650,659,091 $4,450,537,925
1971 $14,388,806,818 $3,880,392,195
1970 $12,957,113,636 $2,873,638,851
1969 $11,454,106,327 $2,769,198,892
1968 $9,950,331,206 $2,662,798,935
1967 $9,146,592,856 $2,441,599,023
1966 $8,472,021,467 $2,391,199,044
1965 $7,582,209,670 $2,097,199,161
1964 $6,576,906,345 $2,071,668,533
1963 $5,813,285,627 $1,900,895,857
1962 $5,140,542,929 $1,828,107,503
1961 $4,892,397,431 -
1960 $4,274,890,307 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/kuwait | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Kuwait by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kuwait
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Kuwait
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $26,948 - $32,312 -
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $32,856 $52,444
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $34,092 $53,025
2022 $20,885 $39,612 $39,982 $55,043
2021 $20,653 $33,531 $34,019 $50,652
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $25,236 $41,462
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $31,708 $50,703
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $32,068 $51,371
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $29,048 $46,566
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $27,324 $41,862
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $29,882 $45,267
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $44,369 $68,337
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $49,651 $76,813
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $52,155 $82,090
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $49,170 $79,037
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $39,212 $75,184
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $37,907 $80,110
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $55,585 $90,337
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $45,709 $91,435
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $42,947 $89,075
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $36,123 $84,968
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $27,552 $77,227
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $22,691 $69,752
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $18,513 $59,713
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $17,374 $58,553
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $19,296 $58,703
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $15,854 $56,406
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $14,067 $58,344
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $16,977 $57,420
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $18,201 $56,913
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $16,168 $57,163
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $14,930 $53,946
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $14,318 $48,482
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $12,146 $36,149
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $8,147 $23,390
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $10,938 $30,763
1989 $7,738 - $10,965 -
1988 $7,492 - $9,692 -
1987 $6,474 - $10,896 -
1986 $5,578 - $9,077 -
1985 $4,747 - $11,322 -
1984 $4,785 - $11,919 -
1983 $4,950 - $11,965 -
1982 $5,502 - $12,979 -
1981 $5,305 - $15,825 -
1980 $5,812 - $19,032 -
1979 $5,627 - $17,386 -
1978 $4,629 - $11,567 -
1977 $3,832 - $11,238 -
1976 $3,343 - $11,141 -
1975 $3,109 - $10,882 -
1974 $2,789 - $12,527 -
1973 $2,468 - $5,532 -
1972 $1,873 - $4,836 -
1971 $1,629 - $4,486 -
1970 $1,474 - $3,552 -
1969 $1,306 - $3,695 -
1968 $1,138 - $3,872 -
1967 $1,053 - $3,887 -
1966 $984 - $4,176 -
1965 $887 - $4,024 -
1964 $773 - $4,379 -
1963 $686 - $4,445 -
1962 $608 - $4,748 -
1961 $583 - - -
1960 $513 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/kuwait | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $26,948, ranking 50/197, compared to $32,312 in Kuwait, ranking 41/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while Kuwait ranks 40th at $52,444.

Economic indicators

Greece Kuwait
Gross domestic product
$281B
2025
$157B
2025
GDP rank
52/197
2025
59/197
2025
GDP growth
2.07%
2024-2025
2.73%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$26,948
2025
$32,312
2025
GDP per capita rank
50/197
2025
41/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$52,444
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
40/197
2024
Government debt
$409B
2025
$22.9B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
145.7%
2025
14.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$39,257
2025
$4,714
2025
Government debt per person rank
19/185
2025
87/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,117
2026
$24,940
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$129B
2025
$172B
2025
Number of millionaires
82,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
16
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
50.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.48%
2024-2025
2.36%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.84%
2025
2.16%
2016
Population
10371575
4981316

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Kuwait
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Kuwait
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.7% 145.7% 50.1% 14.6%
2024 48.2% 155.4% 48% 2.91%
2023 49.6% 165.5% 48.3% 3.13%
2022 53.1% 179.2% 39.6% 2.95%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 48.3% 7.2%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 62.9% 10.2%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 50.2% 10.5%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 51% 14.3%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 51.9% 19.6%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 54% 9.88%
2015 51.9% 180% 55.3% 4.6%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 45% 3.43%
2013 53% 180.5% 38.4% 3.09%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 38.1% 3.6%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 39.6% 4.64%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 45.4% 6.16%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 42.8% 6.65%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 40.8% 5.38%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 30.4% 7.05%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 32.2% 7.79%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 28.7% 10.2%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 35.2% 13.9%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 38% 17.2%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 42.5% 21.3%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 41.2% 23%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 29.7% 21.4%
1999 48% 102.8% 44.3% 25.5%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 51.4% 25.6%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 43.5% 24.3%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 42.5% 26.5%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 51.7% 34.9%
1994 36.9% 99.7% 57.5% 37.7%
1993 38.6% 101.7% 58% 28.8%
1992 36.9% 81.1% 77.4% 27.9%
1991 35.2% 75.7% 208.1% 45.3%
1990 38.5% 74.2% 122.4% -
1989 34.8% 60.7% - -
1988 33.8% 57.9% - -
1987 34% 53.2% - -
1986 33.8% 47.8% - -
1985 34.2% 47.3% - -
1984 32% 40.6% - -
1983 30.2% 34.1% - -
1982 28.7% 29.7% - -
1981 28.1% 27.1% - -
1980 24.5% 22.8% - -
1979 24.1% 22.7% - -
1978 30.1% 32.3% - -
1977 30.1% 24.5% - -
1976 29.1% 23.7% - -
1975 28.7% 24.1% - -
1974 25.3% 22.5% - -
1973 24.3% 22% - -
1972 26.8% 26.5% - -
1971 25.8% 25% - -
1970 25.2% 24.7% - -
1969 29.7% 25.8% - -
1968 26.3% 23% - -
1967 24.6% 21.1% - -
1966 22.8% 19% - -
1965 21.7% 16.5% - -
1964 20.4% 21.3% - -
1963 19.5% 22.6% - -
1962 19.7% 16.6% - -
1961 19.3% 14.4% - -
1960 20% 13.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/kuwait | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government spending was $139B, accounting for 49.7% of its GDP, while Kuwait spent $78.8B, or 50.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 145.7% in Greece and 14.6% in Kuwait, ranking 7/185 and 177/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Kuwait
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Kuwait
2025 1.26% 28.4%
2024 1.23% 26%
2023 -1.44% 28.2%
2022 -2.57% 30%
2021 -7.76% 9.99%
2020 -10.4% 0.16%
2019 -0.09% 13%
2018 0.78% 17.6%
2017 1.05% 15.3%
2016 0.28% 12.8%
2015 -3.03% 16.3%
2014 -4.29% 29.8%
2013 -4.06% 40.4%
2012 -6.94% 40.5%
2011 -10.5% 38.6%
2010 -11.4% 31.7%
2009 -15.4% 31.1%
2008 -10.3% 21.2%
2007 -6.81% 36.9%
2006 -6.04% 27.8%
2005 -6.33% 38.8%
2004 -9.05% 32.3%
2003 -8.05% 27%
2002 -6.2% 30.9%
2001 -5.64% 44.9%
2000 -4.21% 52.3%
1999 -6.02% 28%
1998 -6.48% 19.4%
1997 -6.25% 29.4%
1996 -8.35% 24.2%
1995 -9.87% 11.7%
1994 -8.48% 1.71%
1993 -11.5% -3.2%
1992 -10.6% -28%
1991 -9.63% -144.5%
1990 -13.3% -49.9%
1989 -11.9% -
1988 -9.63% -
1987 -8.09% -
1986 -8.62% -
1985 -9.56% -
1984 -7.19% -
1983 -6.17% -
1982 -5.49% -
1981 -7.08% -
1980 -2.5% -
1979 -2.34% -
1978 -5.39% -
1977 -5.21% -
1976 -5.05% -
1975 -5.3% -
1974 -4.39% -
1973 -3.71% -
1972 -4.16% -
1971 -3.32% -
1970 -3.24% -
1969 -6.65% -
1968 -3.39% -
1967 -2.59% -
1966 -2.17% -
1965 -2.55% -
1964 -2.89% -
1963 -2.25% -
1962 -2.4% -
1961 -2.69% -
1960 -3.3% -
1959 -2.77% -
1958 -2.27% -
1957 -2.45% -
1956 -0.39% -
1955 -3.57% -
1954 -2.87% -
1953 -3.01% -
1952 -7.21% -
1951 -11.5% -
1950 -12.7% -
1949 -10.4% -
1948 -7.65% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 0.48% -
1938 1.78% -
1937 1.06% -
1936 0.95% -
1935 0.72% -
1934 0.88% -
1933 -2.79% -
1932 -1.78% -
1931 -4% -
1930 -2.23% -
1929 -18.7% -
1928 -0.27% -
1927 2.65% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% -
1912 -7.43% -
1911 -4.61% -
1910 -1.53% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.54% -
1907 -1.23% -
1906 0.66% -
1905 0.91% -
1904 -0.04% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.67% -
1901 0.1% -
1900 0.41% -
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/kuwait | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.53B, equivalent to 1.26% of GDP. This compares to Kuwait's surplus of $44.6B, or 28.4% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Kuwait ran a deficit in 4 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 6.29% of GDP, compared to surplus of 17% of GDP for Kuwait.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Kuwait
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Kuwait
2025 2.48% 2.36%
2024 2.74% 2.9%
2023 3.46% 3.64%
2022 9.65% 3.98%
2021 1.22% 3.42%
2020 -1.25% 2.1%
2019 0.25% 1.09%
2018 0.63% 0.54%
2017 1.12% 2.17%
2016 -0.83% 3.2%
2015 -1.74% 3.27%
2014 -1.31% 2.91%
2013 -0.92% 2.68%
2012 1.5% 3.26%
2011 3.33% 4.84%
2010 4.71% 4.5%
2009 1.21% 4.61%
2008 4.15% 10.6%
2007 2.9% 5.48%
2006 3.2% 3.06%
2005 3.55% 4.14%
2004 2.9% 1.25%
2003 3.53% 0.96%
2002 3.63% 0.89%
2001 3.37% 1.3%
2000 3.15% 1.81%
1999 2.64% 2.99%
1998 4.77% 0.13%
1997 5.54% 0.68%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/kuwait | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 2.92% in Kuwait. In 2025, inflation was 2.48% in Greece and 2.36% in Kuwait.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $6.83M
Chemicals & pharma $6.64M
Machinery & equipment $6.49M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.42M
Metals $5M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.98M
Animal & marine products $1.22M
Raw agricultural goods $959K
Wood & paper products $228K
Miscellaneous $227K
Kuwait
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $2.38M
Machinery & equipment $409K
Raw materials & minerals $244K
Raw agricultural goods $43K
Metals $37K
Textiles & consumer goods $28K
Miscellaneous $26K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7K
Precious metals & jewellery $2K
Animal & marine products $1K

Balance of trade

Greece Kuwait
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
$35.7B
2025
Current account balance ranking
183/190
2024
16/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
+22.7%
2025
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$37.5B
2025
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$70.7B
2025
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$29.6B
2025
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$12.7B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
44%
2025
38.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
39.5%
2025
55.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Kuwait
Economic freedom 63.2 59.9
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 100/197
Property rights 78 42
Government integrity 54.8 47.9
Judicial effectiveness 68 43.4
Tax burden 59.9 97.7
Government spending 24.7 36.2
Fiscal health 78.9 99.9
Business freedom 77.8 57.4
Labor freedom 59.7 49.2
Monetary freedom 72.6 68.7
Trade freedom 79.4 75.8
Investment freedom 55 50
Financial freedom 50 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Kuwait
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Kuwait
2026 63.2 59.9
2025 60.6 59.9
2024 55.1 58.5
2023 56.9 56.7
2022 61.5 58.3
2021 60.9 64.1
2020 59.9 63.2
2019 57.7 60.8
2018 57.3 62.2
2017 55 65.1
2016 53.2 62.7
2015 54 62.5
2014 55.7 62.3
2013 55.4 63.1
2012 55.4 62.5
2011 60.3 64.9
2010 62.7 67.7
2009 60.8 65.6
2008 60.6 68.1
2007 58.7 66.4
2006 60.1 66.5
2005 59 64.6
2004 59.1 63.6
2003 58.8 66.7
2002 59.1 65.4
2001 63.4 68.2
2000 61 69.7
1999 61 69.5
1998 60.6 66.3
1997 59.6 64.8
1996 60.5 66.1
1995 61.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/kuwait | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 59.9 for Kuwait, ranking 100/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Kuwait
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2025
59.6%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
15.2%
2025
54.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.57%
2025
0.53%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$264B
2025
$201B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$44,310
2025
$64,040
2024
Total reserves including gold
$24B
2025
$51.7B
2025
Total reserves ranking
63/177
2025
47/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
$2.58B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$615M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$10.3B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
15.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/kuwait | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.