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Economy of DR Congo vs Greece compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The DR Congo has a GDP of $91B compared to $281B for Greece, ranking 81/197 and 52/197 by economy size, respectively.

The DR Congo has $18.4B in government debt (20.2% of GDP), compared to $409B (145.7% of GDP) in Greece.

DR Congo vs Greece GDP by year

DR Congo
Greece
1x
Year GDP, current $
DR Congo Greece
2025 $91,030,531,317 $280,635,521,324
2024 $75,716,176,105 $256,238,371,778
2023 $69,843,655,425 $242,946,187,738
2022 $70,422,346,142 $217,990,189,601
2021 $59,067,289,574 $218,303,801,895
2020 $46,691,989,749 $191,362,985,555
2019 $46,845,900,350 $207,305,649,887
2018 $46,659,954,092 $213,298,873,494
2017 $37,537,521,566 $200,381,103,984
2016 $38,600,224,214 $193,097,239,006
2015 $40,179,574,490 $194,567,373,678
2014 $38,352,980,553 $233,911,581,521
2013 $34,891,189,160 $236,556,279,641
2012 $30,029,369,929 $238,841,140,018
2011 $26,392,379,642 $283,228,079,776
2010 $24,161,641,931 $296,417,644,404
2009 $18,607,259,481 $326,829,054,686
2008 $22,723,488,723 $351,121,399,546
2007 $18,374,807,773 $314,226,996,944
2006 $15,484,044,535 $269,073,415,334
2005 $12,609,728,573 $242,315,668,619
2004 $10,297,483,481 $234,979,615,898
2003 $8,937,567,060 $196,930,509,813
2002 $8,728,038,525 $150,253,800,086
2001 $7,438,189,100 $132,050,474,720
2000 $19,088,046,306 $125,760,166,225
1999 $4,711,259,427 $137,131,371,955
1998 $6,217,805,821 $139,612,812,176
1997 $6,090,838,693 $138,766,067,640
1996 $5,771,456,952 $142,502,984,145
1995 $5,643,439,376 $134,974,613,914
1994 $5,820,382,248 $114,980,063,202
1993 $10,706,259,937 $107,295,704,518
1992 $8,227,343,907 $114,608,178,405
1991 $9,625,436,873 $103,680,863,713
1990 $9,349,764,580 $96,529,587,274
1989 $9,021,862,775 $78,067,933,277
1988 $8,861,299,977 $75,200,610,137
1987 $7,661,625,473 $64,739,630,096
1986 $8,095,367,168 $55,595,445,472
1985 $7,195,042,616 $47,155,741,426
1984 $7,857,729,193 $47,352,146,312
1983 $11,006,712,650 $48,741,397,059
1982 $13,651,667,371 $53,858,346,939
1981 $12,537,821,038 $51,618,456,335
1980 $14,394,927,495 $56,039,256,595
1979 $15,068,422,236 $53,724,121,435
1978 $15,372,608,002 $43,654,480,519
1977 $12,344,424,764 $35,673,080,481
1976 $9,648,583,225 $30,719,552,239
1975 $10,237,343,174 $28,129,128,587
1974 $9,596,960,180 $24,998,715,909
1973 $7,870,239,461 $22,037,019,563
1972 $6,173,712,814 $16,650,659,091
1971 $5,594,770,359 $14,388,806,818
1970 $4,877,684,910 $12,957,113,636
1969 $5,032,434,970 $11,454,106,327
1968 $3,909,780,539 $9,950,331,206
1967 $3,384,063,372 $9,146,592,856
1966 $4,532,660,182 $8,472,021,467
1965 $4,043,901,818 $7,582,209,670
1964 $2,881,545,273 $6,576,906,345
1963 $6,213,185,743 $5,813,285,627
1962 $3,779,841,429 $5,140,542,929
1961 $3,086,746,857 $4,892,397,431
1960 $3,359,404,118 $4,274,890,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/greece | CC BY

GDP per capita in DR Congo vs Greece by year

DR Congo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
DR Congo Greece
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $807 - $26,948 -
2024 $693 $1,821 $24,626 $44,327
2023 $660 $1,731 $23,344 $42,711
2022 $688 $1,590 $20,885 $39,612
2021 $596 $1,402 $20,653 $33,531
2020 $486 $1,089 $17,887 $29,533
2019 $504 $1,056 $19,335 $31,927
2018 $518 $1,049 $19,873 $29,792
2017 $431 $991 $18,632 $28,682
2016 $460 $950 $17,919 $27,505
2015 $496 $910 $17,981 $26,608
2014 $489 $859 $21,475 $26,450
2013 $460 $761 $21,573 $25,731
2012 $410 $648 $21,624 $24,583
2011 $373 $644 $25,505 $25,693
2010 $352 $606 $26,653 $27,839
2009 $280.2 $573 $29,425 $29,963
2008 $353 $584 $31,696 $30,441
2007 $294.1 $550 $28,441 $28,896
2006 $255.4 $508 $24,416 $28,076
2005 $214.5 $484 $22,054 $25,004
2004 $180.7 $456 $21,449 $24,826
2003 $161.5 $428 $18,021 $23,253
2002 $162.4 $410 $13,782 $21,985
2001 $142.7 $404 $12,157 $20,304
2000 $378 $417 $11,638 $18,820
1999 $96.3 $452 $12,743 $17,758
1998 $131.5 $481 $13,023 $17,434
1997 $132.3 $497 $13,016 $16,630
1996 $127.4 $526 $13,433 $15,778
1995 $127 $532 $12,779 $15,218
1994 $136.5 $540 $10,937 $14,667
1993 $263.3 $576 $10,257 $14,150
1992 $209.7 $674 $11,021 $14,130
1991 $253.8 $762 $10,047 $13,824
1990 $254.9 $832 $9,467 $13,126
1989 $254.2 - $7,738 -
1988 $257.7 - $7,492 -
1987 $230.1 - $6,474 -
1986 $250.9 - $5,578 -
1985 $230.1 - $4,747 -
1984 $259.8 - $4,785 -
1983 $376 - $4,950 -
1982 $482 - $5,502 -
1981 $456 - $5,305 -
1980 $539 - $5,812 -
1979 $582 - $5,627 -
1978 $615 - $4,629 -
1977 $509 - $3,832 -
1976 $408 - $3,343 -
1975 $445 - $3,109 -
1974 $428 - $2,789 -
1973 $361 - $2,468 -
1972 $290.5 - $1,873 -
1971 $270.3 - $1,629 -
1970 $242.2 - $1,474 -
1969 $257.1 - $1,306 -
1968 $205.6 - $1,138 -
1967 $183.3 - $1,053 -
1966 $252.8 - $984 -
1965 $232 - $887 -
1964 $169.9 - $773 -
1963 $376 - $686 -
1962 $235.1 - $608 -
1961 $197.1 - $583 -
1960 $220.1 - $513 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/greece | CC BY

The DR Congo's GDP per capita is $807, ranking 187/197, compared to $26,948 in Greece, ranking 50/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the DR Congo ranks 190th at $1,821, while Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327.

Economic indicators

DR Congo Greece
Gross domestic product
$91B
2025
$281B
2025
GDP rank
81/197
2025
52/197
2025
GDP growth
5.76%
2024-2025
2.07%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$807
2025
$26,948
2025
GDP per capita rank
187/197
2025
50/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$1,821
2024
$44,327
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
190/197
2024
52/197
2024
Government debt
$18.4B
2025
$409B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
20.2%
2025
145.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$163
2025
$39,257
2025
Government debt per person rank
183/185
2025
19/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,203
2026
$14,117
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$129B
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
82,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
16
2026
Income share by richest 10%
35.7%
2020
26%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2020
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
49.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.89%
2015-2016
2.48%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
13.5%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
1.47%
2020
8.84%
2025
Population
118386491
10371575

Spending and national debt comparison by year

DR Congo
Spending

Debt
Greece
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
DR Congo Greece
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 17.2% 20.2% 49.7% 145.7%
2024 16.5% 15.8% 48.2% 155.4%
2023 15.9% 15.7% 49.6% 165.5%
2022 17.1% 14.7% 53.1% 179.2%
2021 13.5% 14% 56.7% 197.8%
2020 13.4% 11.6% 59.3% 209.9%
2019 15.2% 9.72% 47.6% 183.7%
2018 12.2% 9.19% 48.6% 189.6%
2017 11.2% 8.42% 48.5% 182.6%
2016 14.3% 10.6% 50.3% 183.7%
2015 15.9% 10.2% 51.9% 180%
2014 13.5% 8.74% 51.5% 182.8%
2013 11.7% 8.26% 53% 180.5%
2012 13.2% 7.58% 54.9% 164.3%
2011 13.5% 7.81% 55.1% 175.1%
2010 15.2% 31.8% 53.1% 147.8%
2009 12.3% 91.6% 54.8% 128.5%
2008 9.94% 80.3% 51.5% 110.9%
2007 7.98% 85.1% 47.8% 104.6%
2006 7.35% 107.5% 45.9% 105.3%
2005 7.5% 112% 46.6% 109.9%
2004 7.18% 164.1% 48.8% 105.5%
2003 8.87% 114.5% 47.9% 104.3%
2002 4.17% 136% 47.1% 107.9%
2001 4.16% 185.4% 47.5% 110.5%
2000 2.49% 135% 48.2% 108.9%
1999 2.15% - 48% 102.8%
1998 2.78% - 46.7% 100.8%
1997 2.51% - 45.1% 102.6%
1996 2.17% - 46.1% 103.7%
1995 - - 46.6% 100.4%
1994 - - 36.9% 99.7%
1993 - - 38.6% 101.7%
1992 - - 36.9% 81.1%
1991 - - 35.2% 75.7%
1990 - - 38.5% 74.2%
1989 - - 34.8% 60.7%
1988 - - 33.8% 57.9%
1987 - - 34% 53.2%
1986 - - 33.8% 47.8%
1985 - - 34.2% 47.3%
1984 - - 32% 40.6%
1983 - - 30.2% 34.1%
1982 - - 28.7% 29.7%
1981 - - 28.1% 27.1%
1980 - - 24.5% 22.8%
1979 - - 24.1% 22.7%
1978 - - 30.1% 32.3%
1977 - - 30.1% 24.5%
1976 - - 29.1% 23.7%
1975 - - 28.7% 24.1%
1974 - - 25.3% 22.5%
1973 - - 24.3% 22%
1972 - - 26.8% 26.5%
1971 - - 25.8% 25%
1970 - - 25.2% 24.7%
1969 - - 29.7% 25.8%
1968 - - 26.3% 23%
1967 - - 24.6% 21.1%
1966 - - 22.8% 19%
1965 - - 21.7% 16.5%
1964 - - 20.4% 21.3%
1963 - - 19.5% 22.6%
1962 - - 19.7% 16.6%
1961 - - 19.3% 14.4%
1960 - - 20% 13.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/greece | CC BY

In 2025, the DR Congo's government spending was $15.6B, accounting for 17.2% of its GDP, while Greece spent $139B, or 49.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 20.2% in the DR Congo and 145.7% in Greece, ranking 173/185 and 7/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
DR Congo

Greece
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
DR Congo Greece
2025 -2.75% 1.26%
2024 -1.66% 1.23%
2023 -1.59% -1.44%
2022 -0.87% -2.57%
2021 -1.58% -7.76%
2020 -3.49% -10.4%
2019 -3.41% -0.09%
2018 -1.35% 0.78%
2017 -0.01% 1.05%
2016 -0.91% 0.28%
2015 -1.2% -3.03%
2014 3.87% -4.29%
2013 3.5% -4.06%
2012 1.93% -6.94%
2011 -0.71% -10.5%
2010 -0.8% -11.4%
2009 1.04% -15.4%
2008 -0.28% -10.3%
2007 1.21% -6.81%
2006 2.09% -6.04%
2005 1.38% -6.33%
2004 -0.17% -9.05%
2003 -3.92% -8.05%
2002 0.89% -6.2%
2001 -1.13% -5.64%
2000 -1.85% -4.21%
1999 -1.35% -6.02%
1998 -1.55% -6.48%
1997 -1.06% -6.25%
1996 -0.56% -8.35%
1995 - -9.87%
1994 - -8.48%
1993 - -11.5%
1992 - -10.6%
1991 - -9.63%
1990 - -13.3%
1989 - -11.9%
1988 - -9.63%
1987 - -8.09%
1986 - -8.62%
1985 - -9.56%
1984 - -7.19%
1983 - -6.17%
1982 - -5.49%
1981 - -7.08%
1980 - -2.5%
1979 - -2.34%
1978 - -5.39%
1977 - -5.21%
1976 - -5.05%
1975 - -5.3%
1974 - -4.39%
1973 - -3.71%
1972 - -4.16%
1971 - -3.32%
1970 - -3.24%
1969 - -6.65%
1968 - -3.39%
1967 - -2.59%
1966 - -2.17%
1965 - -2.55%
1964 - -2.89%
1963 - -2.25%
1962 - -2.4%
1961 - -2.69%
1960 - -3.3%
1959 - -2.77%
1958 - -2.27%
1957 - -2.45%
1956 - -0.39%
1955 - -3.57%
1954 - -2.87%
1953 - -3.01%
1952 - -7.21%
1951 - -11.5%
1950 - -12.7%
1949 - -10.4%
1948 - -7.65%
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - 0.48%
1938 - 1.78%
1937 - 1.06%
1936 - 0.95%
1935 - 0.72%
1934 - 0.88%
1933 - -2.79%
1932 - -1.78%
1931 - -4%
1930 - -2.23%
1929 - -18.7%
1928 - -0.27%
1927 - 2.65%
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -8.96%
1912 - -7.43%
1911 - -4.61%
1910 - -1.53%
1909 - -2.64%
1908 - -1.54%
1907 - -1.23%
1906 - 0.66%
1905 - 0.91%
1904 - -0.04%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.67%
1901 - 0.1%
1900 - 0.41%
1899 - 0.86%
1898 - -34.5%
1897 - -8.46%
1896 - 0.82%
1895 - 0.37%
1894 - 2.91%
1893 - 0.14%
1892 - -2.28%
1891 - -6.48%
1890 - -11.2%
1889 - -15.7%
1888 - -3.59%
1887 - -4.88%
1886 - -11.5%
1885 - -12.1%
1884 - -7.16%
1883 - -2.42%
1882 - -1.69%
1881 - -14.5%
1880 - -13.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/greece | CC BY

In 2025, the DR Congo's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $2.51B, equivalent to 2.75% of GDP. This compares to Greece's surplus of $3.53B, or 1.26% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, the DR Congo recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Greece ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, the DR Congo posted an annual deficit equal to 0.54% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.43% of GDP for Greece.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
DR Congo

Greece
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
DR Congo Greece
2025 - 2.48%
2024 - 2.74%
2023 - 3.46%
2022 - 9.65%
2021 - 1.22%
2020 - -1.25%
2019 - 0.25%
2018 - 0.63%
2017 - 1.12%
2016 2.89% -0.83%
2015 0.74% -1.74%
2014 1.24% -1.31%
2013 0.81% -0.92%
2012 9.72% 1.5%
2011 15.3% 3.33%
2010 7.1% 4.71%
2009 2.8% 1.21%
2008 17.3% 4.15%
2007 16.9% 2.9%
2006 13.1% 3.2%
2005 21.3% 3.55%
2004 3.99% 2.9%
2003 12.9% 3.53%
2002 31.5% 3.63%
2001 360% 3.37%
2000 514% 3.15%
1999 284.9% 2.64%
1998 29.1% 4.77%
1997 198.5% 5.54%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/greece | CC BY

Over the past 20 years, the DR Congo has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 77.2%, compared with 2.46% in Greece. In 2016, inflation was 2.89% in the DR Congo and 2.48% in Greece.

Top exports between countries

DR Congo
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $172M
Wood & paper products $137K
Machinery & equipment $62K
Precious metals & jewellery $30K
Raw agricultural goods $28K
Textiles & consumer goods $26K
Metals $15K
Greece
Export category Export value
Metals $1.1M
Chemicals & pharma $808K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $478K
Textiles & consumer goods $190K
Machinery & equipment $146K
Raw materials & minerals $115K
Animal & marine products $46K
Wood & paper products $3K
Raw agricultural goods $1K

Balance of trade

DR Congo Greece
Current account balance
-$3.94B
2025
-$18.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
157/190
2025
183/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.33%
2025
-7.11%
2024
Goods imports
$33B
2025
$91.2B
2024
Goods exports
$35.9B
2025
$52.6B
2024
Service imports
$5.02B
2025
$31.1B
2024
Service exports
$548M
2025
$55.8B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.9%
2025
44%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.4%
2025
39.5%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

DR Congo Greece
Economic freedom 47 63.2
Economic freedom ranking 176/197 82/197
Property rights 15.4 78
Government integrity 12.8 54.8
Judicial effectiveness 11.7 68
Tax burden 73.8 59.9
Government spending 91.2 24.7
Fiscal health 95.9 78.9
Business freedom 32.3 77.8
Labor freedom 54.2 59.7
Monetary freedom 58.6 72.6
Trade freedom 68.2 79.4
Investment freedom 30 55
Financial freedom 20 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

DR Congo
Greece
1x
Year Economic freedom index
DR Congo Greece
2026 47 63.2
2025 47.3 60.6
2024 47.6 55.1
2023 47.9 56.9
2022 47.6 61.5
2021 49 60.9
2020 49.5 59.9
2019 50.3 57.7
2018 52.1 57.3
2017 56.4 55
2016 46.4 53.2
2015 45 54
2014 40.6 55.7
2013 39.6 55.4
2012 41.1 55.4
2011 40.7 60.3
2010 41.4 62.7
2009 42.8 60.8
2008 - 60.6
2007 - 58.7
2006 - 60.1
2005 - 59
2004 - 59.1
2003 - 58.8
2002 - 59.1
2001 - 63.4
2000 34.8 61
1999 34 61
1998 40.6 60.6
1997 39.5 59.6
1996 39.5 60.5
1995 41.4 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/greece | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the DR Congo is 47, ranking 176/197, compared to 63.2 for Greece, ranking 82/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

DR Congo Greece
Services, % of GDP
48%
2025
67.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
39.7%
2025
15.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.93%
2025
3.57%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$81.3B
2025
$264B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$1,850
2025
$44,310
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.1B
2023
$24B
2025
Total reserves ranking
102/177
2023
63/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.87B
2025
-$4.52B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$2.92B
2024
$6.74B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$198M
2024
$2.22B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
0.64%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
56.2%
2020
18.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.7%
2025
17.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/greece | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.