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Economy of Greece vs Mexico compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Greece has a GDP of $256B compared to $1.86T for Mexico, ranking 53/197 and 13/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $397B in government debt (154.8% of GDP), compared to $1.08T (58.3% of GDP) in Mexico.

Greece vs Mexico GDP by year

Greece
Mexico
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Mexico
2024 $256,238,371,778 $1,856,365,616,166
2023 $242,946,187,738 $1,798,317,581,487
2022 $217,990,189,601 $1,466,934,724,293
2021 $218,303,801,895 $1,316,569,466,686
2020 $191,362,985,555 $1,121,064,767,308
2019 $207,305,649,887 $1,304,106,203,902
2018 $213,298,873,494 $1,256,300,182,880
2017 $200,381,103,984 $1,190,721,475,906
2016 $193,097,239,006 $1,112,233,497,453
2015 $194,567,373,678 $1,213,294,467,717
2014 $233,911,581,521 $1,364,507,717,614
2013 $236,556,279,641 $1,327,436,290,283
2012 $238,841,140,018 $1,255,110,424,818
2011 $283,228,079,776 $1,229,013,703,417
2010 $296,417,644,404 $1,105,424,238,731
2009 $326,829,054,686 $943,437,415,025
2008 $351,121,399,546 $1,161,553,459,715
2007 $314,226,996,944 $1,102,355,554,972
2006 $269,073,415,334 $1,020,265,057,882
2005 $242,315,668,619 $917,571,853,529
2004 $234,979,615,898 $819,459,227,375
2003 $196,930,509,813 $765,549,967,703
2002 $150,253,800,086 $810,666,116,402
2001 $132,050,474,720 $796,064,590,549
2000 $125,760,166,225 $742,061,329,749
1999 $137,131,371,955 $631,249,359,702
1998 $139,612,812,176 $557,461,102,631
1997 $138,766,067,640 $523,449,530,464
1996 $142,502,984,145 $432,157,945,024
1995 $134,974,613,914 $380,157,469,867
1994 $114,980,063,202 $553,618,247,901
1993 $107,295,704,518 $530,160,763,663
1992 $114,608,178,405 $363,157,832,924
1991 $103,680,863,713 $313,139,656,146
1990 $96,529,587,274 $261,253,675,693
1989 $78,067,933,277 $221,403,098,267
1988 $75,200,610,137 $181,611,150,497
1987 $64,739,630,096 $147,542,558,209
1986 $55,595,445,472 $134,556,034,673
1985 $47,155,741,426 $195,241,069,482
1984 $47,352,146,312 $184,230,754,105
1983 $48,741,397,059 $156,167,000,433
1982 $53,858,346,939 $184,602,611,610
1981 $51,618,456,335 $263,797,827,860
1980 $56,039,256,595 $205,577,055,466
1979 $53,724,121,435 $134,531,900,899
1978 $43,654,480,519 $102,648,570,299
1977 $35,673,080,481 $81,912,018,784
1976 $30,719,552,239 $88,875,923,765
1975 $28,129,128,587 $88,000,000,000
1974 $24,998,715,909 $72,000,000,000
1973 $22,037,019,563 $55,280,000,000
1972 $16,650,659,091 $45,200,000,000
1971 $14,388,806,818 $39,200,000,000
1970 $12,957,113,636 $35,520,000,000
1969 $11,454,106,327 $32,480,000,000
1968 $9,950,331,206 $29,360,000,000
1967 $9,146,592,856 $26,560,000,000
1966 $8,472,021,467 $24,320,000,000
1965 $7,582,209,670 $21,840,000,000
1964 $6,576,906,345 $20,080,000,000
1963 $5,813,285,627 $16,960,000,000
1962 $5,140,542,929 $15,200,000,000
1961 $4,892,397,431 $14,160,000,000
1960 $4,274,890,307 $13,040,000,000

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/mexico | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Mexico by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Mexico
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Mexico
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $14,186 $26,185
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $13,861 $25,243
2022 $20,887 $39,612 $11,406 $23,135
2021 $20,655 $33,531 $10,314 $20,783
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $8,841 $19,354
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $10,370 $20,964
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $10,085 $20,921
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $9,649 $20,489
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $9,098 $20,105
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $10,021 $19,071
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $11,391 $18,821
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $11,217 $18,170
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $10,744 $18,005
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $10,664 $17,267
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $9,729 $15,909
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $8,424 $15,191
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $10,524 $15,681
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $10,134 $15,032
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $9,513 $14,540
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $8,672 $13,260
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $7,850 $12,658
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $7,434 $12,066
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $7,983 $11,762
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $7,953 $11,739
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $7,524 $11,705
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $6,500 $11,031
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $5,833 $10,756
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $5,567 $10,182
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $4,674 $9,496
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $4,184 $8,933
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $6,202 $9,466
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $6,048 $9,041
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $4,221 $9,470
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $3,709 $9,079
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $3,154 $8,578
1989 $7,738 - $2,725 -
1988 $7,492 - $2,279 -
1987 $6,474 - $1,888 -
1986 $5,578 - $1,757 -
1985 $4,747 - $2,602 -
1984 $4,785 - $2,506 -
1983 $4,950 - $2,170 -
1982 $5,502 - $2,621 -
1981 $5,305 - $3,829 -
1980 $5,812 - $3,055 -
1979 $5,627 - $2,049 -
1978 $4,629 - $1,604 -
1977 $3,832 - $1,315 -
1976 $3,343 - $1,465 -
1975 $3,109 - $1,492 -
1974 $2,789 - $1,256 -
1973 $2,468 - $993 -
1972 $1,873 - $837 -
1971 $1,629 - $748 -
1970 $1,474 - $699 -
1969 $1,306 - $660 -
1968 $1,138 - $616 -
1967 $1,053 - $576 -
1966 $984 - $545 -
1965 $887 - $506 -
1964 $773 - $481 -
1963 $686 - $420 -
1962 $608 - $388 -
1961 $583 - $374 -
1960 $513 - $355 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/mexico | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $24,626, ranking 49/197, compared to $14,186 in Mexico, ranking 69/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while Mexico ranks 80th at $26,185.

Economic indicators

Greece Mexico
Gross domestic product
$256B
2024
$1.86T
2024
GDP rank
53/197
2024
13/197
2024
GDP growth
2.09%
2023-2024
1.43%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$24,626
2024
$14,186
2024
GDP per capita rank
49/197
2024
69/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$26,185
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
80/197
2024
Government debt
$397B
2024
$1.08T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
154.8%
2024
58.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$38,119
2024
$8,272
2024
Government debt per person rank
16/185
2024
63/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,396
2026
$10,231
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$83.2B
2024
$418B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
399,000
2025
Number of billionaires
16
2025
22
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
34.4%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
2.1%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48%
2024
30.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.74%
2023-2024
4.72%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
7%
2025
Unemployment rate
10%
2024
2.62%
2024
Population
10181414
133323134

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Mexico
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Mexico
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 48% 154.8% 30.3% 58.3%
2023 49.5% 165.2% 28.5% 52.6%
2022 52.8% 178.4% 28.5% 53.8%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 26.7% 56.7%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 27.8% 58.5%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 25.3% 51.9%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 25% 52.2%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 25% 52.5%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 26.5% 55%
2015 51.9% 180% 26.6% 51%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 26.9% 47.1%
2013 53% 180.5% 26.7% 44.1%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 27% 40.8%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 26.6% 41.2%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 26.5% 40.2%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 26.5% 41.7%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 26.5% 40.6%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 22.5% 35.5%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 21.6% 35.8%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 21.2% 36.8%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 20.5% 38.9%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 21.5% 42.1%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 19.8% 39.9%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 19.5% 37.3%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 19.4% 38.5%
1999 48% 102.8% 20.1% 41.7%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 19.5% 39.7%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 20.7% 39.1%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 20.8% 42.5%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 18.9% 30.7%
1994 36.9% 99.7% 18.9% 26.8%
1993 38.6% 101.7% 18.2% 19.2%
1992 36.9% 81.1% 19% 21.5%
1991 35.2% 75.7% 20.1% 29.2%
1990 38.5% 74.2% 22.9% 35.7%
1989 34.8% 60.7% 19.2% 36%
1988 33.8% 57.9% 23.6% 36.5%
1987 34% 53.2% 26.7% 52.7%
1986 33.8% 47.8% 25.1% 47.8%
1985 34.2% 47.3% 21.4% 30.4%
1984 32% 40.6% 19.8% 25.2%
1983 30.2% 34.1% 21.6% 25.3%
1982 28.7% 29.7% 24.7% 29.8%
1981 28.1% 27.1% 20.1% 41.7%
1980 24.5% 22.8% 17.5% 31.4%
1979 24.1% 22.7% 16.5% 35.8%
1978 30.1% 32.3% 15.7% 39%
1977 30.1% 24.5% 15.5% 41.5%
1976 29.1% 23.7% 15.5% 31.3%
1975 28.7% 24.1% 14.7% 24.4%
1974 25.3% 22.5% 13.8% 21.7%
1973 24.3% 22% 12.7% 20%
1972 26.8% 26.5% 11.9% 17.9%
1971 25.8% 25% 10.6% 17%
1970 25.2% 24.7% 10.9% 17.1%
1969 29.7% 25.8% 11.8% 10.7%
1968 26.3% 23% 10.9% 7.85%
1967 24.6% 21.1% 10.4% 8.22%
1966 22.8% 19% 11.6% 5.14%
1965 21.7% 16.5% 10.7% 9.99%
1964 20.4% 21.3% 9.21% 6.22%
1963 19.5% 22.6% 8.51% 4.13%
1962 19.7% 16.6% 8.26% 4.2%
1961 19.3% 14.4% 8.01% 4.38%
1960 20% 13.4% 9.5% 4.58%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/mexico | CC BY

In 2024, Greece's government spending was $123B, accounting for 48% of its GDP, while Mexico spent $563B, or 30.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 154.8% in Greece and 58.3% in Mexico, ranking 7/185 and 84/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Mexico
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Mexico
2024 1.34% -5.73%
2023 -1.35% -4.29%
2022 -2.46% -4.32%
2021 -7.58% -3.75%
2020 -10.3% -4.29%
2019 -0.09% -2.27%
2018 0.78% -2.14%
2017 1.05% -1.03%
2016 0.28% -2.68%
2015 -3.03% -3.86%
2014 -4.29% -4.37%
2013 -4.06% -3.56%
2012 -6.94% -3.57%
2011 -10.5% -3.2%
2010 -11.4% -3.8%
2009 -15.4% -3.94%
2008 -10.3% -0.68%
2007 -6.81% -1.46%
2006 -6.04% -1.23%
2005 -6.33% -1.43%
2004 -9.05% -1.35%
2003 -8.05% -2.24%
2002 -6.2% -2.18%
2001 -5.64% -2.57%
2000 -4.21% -2.69%
1999 -6.02% -4.49%
1998 -6.48% -4.49%
1997 -6.25% -3.48%
1996 -8.35% -3.66%
1995 -9.87% -2.28%
1994 -8.48% -2.25%
1993 -11.5% -1.51%
1992 -10.6% 2.26%
1991 -9.63% 1.49%
1990 -13.3% -3.11%
1989 -11.9% -4.75%
1988 -9.63% -8.76%
1987 -8.09% -11.6%
1986 -8.62% -11.2%
1985 -9.56% -7.2%
1984 -7.19% -5.79%
1983 -6.17% -6.03%
1982 -5.49% -11.4%
1981 -7.08% -4.9%
1980 -2.5% -1.75%
1979 -2.34% -2.15%
1978 -5.39% -1.88%
1977 -5.21% -2.43%
1976 -5.05% -3.14%
1975 -5.3% -2.64%
1974 -4.39% -3.33%
1973 -3.71% -2.75%
1972 -4.16% -2.3%
1971 -3.32% -1.43%
1970 -3.24% -1.71%
1969 -6.65% -2.74%
1968 -3.39% -2.06%
1967 -2.59% -2.12%
1966 -2.17% -3.2%
1965 -2.55% -2.51%
1964 -2.89% -1.44%
1963 -2.25% -0.92%
1962 -2.4% -0.79%
1961 -2.69% -0.88%
1960 -3.3% -1.36%
1959 -2.77% -0.73%
1958 -2.27% 0.24%
1957 -2.45% -0.03%
1956 -0.39% 0.52%
1955 -3.57% 0.6%
1954 -2.87% -0.94%
1953 -3.01% -0.58%
1952 -7.21% 0.42%
1951 -11.5% -0.26%
1950 -12.7% -0.2%
1949 -10.4% 0.44%
1948 -7.65% -1.55%
1947 - -0.93%
1946 - 0.66%
1945 - -1.11%
1944 - -1.12%
1943 - 0.05%
1942 - -0.93%
1941 - -0.26%
1940 - -0.4%
1939 0.48% -0.06%
1938 1.78% -0.91%
1937 1.06% -0.41%
1936 0.95% -0.39%
1935 0.72% 0.26%
1934 0.88% 0.72%
1933 -2.79% -0.58%
1932 -1.78% 0%
1931 -4% 0.71%
1930 -2.23% 0.21%
1929 -18.7% 0.95%
1928 -0.27% 0.24%
1927 2.65% -0.3%
1926 - -0.29%
1925 - 0.46%
1924 - 1.34%
1923 - 1.02%
1922 - 1.13%
1921 - 0.64%
1920 - 0.91%
1919 - 0.41%
1918 - -0.19%
1917 - 0.63%
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% 0.28%
1912 -7.43% -0.79%
1911 -4.61% -0.31%
1910 -1.53% 0.1%
1909 -2.64% 0.15%
1908 -1.54% -0.08%
1907 -1.23% 0.43%
1906 0.66% 0.72%
1905 0.91% 0.35%
1904 -0.04% 1.09%
1903 -0.22% 3.82%
1902 -1.67% 0.42%
1901 0.1% 0.62%
1900 0.41% 0.76%
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/mexico | CC BY

In 2024, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.43B, equivalent to 1.34% of GDP. This compares to Mexico's deficit of $106B, or 5.73% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 61 of those years, while Mexico ran a deficit in 63 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 5.79% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.22% of GDP for Mexico.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Mexico
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Mexico
2024 2.74% 4.72%
2023 3.46% 5.53%
2022 9.65% 7.9%
2021 1.22% 5.69%
2020 -1.25% 3.4%
2019 0.25% 3.64%
2018 0.63% 4.9%
2017 1.12% 6.04%
2016 -0.83% 2.82%
2015 -1.74% 2.72%
2014 -1.31% 4.02%
2013 -0.92% 3.81%
2012 1.5% 4.11%
2011 3.33% 3.41%
2010 4.71% 4.16%
2009 1.21% 5.3%
2008 4.15% 5.12%
2007 2.9% 3.97%
2006 3.2% 3.63%
2005 3.55% 3.99%
2004 2.9% 4.69%
2003 3.53% 4.55%
2002 3.63% 5.03%
2001 3.37% 6.37%
2000 3.15% 9.49%
1999 2.64% 16.6%
1998 4.77% 15.9%
1997 5.54% 20.6%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/mexico | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 6.15% in Mexico. In 2024, inflation was 2.74% in Greece and 4.72% in Mexico.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $264M
Miscellaneous $50.7M
Machinery & equipment $31.5M
Chemicals & pharma $29.2M
Raw materials & minerals $27M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $19M
Metals $6.57M
Business & finance services $4.44M
Wood & paper products $3.61M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.79M
Mexico
Export category Export value
Metals $14.2M
Machinery & equipment $9.3M
Raw agricultural goods $4.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.47M
Animal & marine products $2.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.75M
Chemicals & pharma $461K
Raw materials & minerals $130K
Miscellaneous $1K
Wood & paper products $1K

Balance of trade

Greece Mexico
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
-$16.7B
2024
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2024
181/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
-0.9%
2024
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$637B
2024
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$618B
2024
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$72B
2024
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$63B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
47.7%
2024
37.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.1%
2024
36.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Mexico
Economic freedom 63.2 59.8
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 102/197
Property rights 78 37.6
Government integrity 54.8 28.8
Judicial effectiveness 68 40.4
Tax burden 59.9 75.4
Government spending 24.7 74.6
Fiscal health 78.9 56.7
Business freedom 77.8 67
Labor freedom 59.7 57.3
Monetary freedom 72.6 70.6
Trade freedom 79.4 74.2
Investment freedom 55 75
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Mexico
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Mexico
2026 63.2 59.8
2025 60.6 61.3
2024 55.1 62
2023 56.9 63.2
2022 61.5 63.7
2021 60.9 65.5
2020 59.9 66
2019 57.7 64.7
2018 57.3 64.8
2017 55 63.6
2016 53.2 65.2
2015 54 66.4
2014 55.7 66.8
2013 55.4 67
2012 55.4 65.3
2011 60.3 67.8
2010 62.7 68.3
2009 60.8 65.8
2008 60.6 66.2
2007 58.7 66
2006 60.1 64.7
2005 59 65.2
2004 59.1 66
2003 58.8 65.3
2002 59.1 63
2001 63.4 60.6
2000 61 59.3
1999 61 58.5
1998 60.6 57.9
1997 59.6 57.1
1996 60.5 61.2
1995 61.2 63.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/mexico | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 59.8 for Mexico, ranking 102/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Mexico
Services, % of GDP
68%
2024
58.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
15%
2024
31.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.77%
2024
3.72%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$236B
2024
$1.68T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$43,340
2024
$25,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$15.2B
2024
$232B
2024
Total reserves ranking
67/177
2024
16/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$32.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$45.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$13B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.71%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
29.6%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.3%
2024
24.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/mexico | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.