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Economy of Equatorial Guinea vs Greece compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Equatorial Guinea has a GDP of $12.8B compared to $256B for Greece, ranking 148/197 and 53/197 by economy size, respectively.

Equatorial Guinea has $4.65B in government debt (36.4% of GDP), compared to $397B (154.8% of GDP) in Greece.

Equatorial Guinea vs Greece GDP by year

Equatorial Guinea
Greece
1x
Year GDP, current $
Equatorial Guinea Greece
2024 $12,765,777,677 $256,238,371,778
2023 $12,337,550,584 $242,946,187,738
2022 $13,687,643,436 $217,990,189,601
2021 $12,215,878,033 $218,303,801,895
2020 $9,893,816,008 $191,362,985,555
2019 $11,364,133,550 $207,305,649,887
2018 $13,097,012,134 $213,298,873,494
2017 $12,200,913,879 $200,381,103,984
2016 $11,240,808,848 $193,097,239,006
2015 $13,185,496,881 $194,567,373,678
2014 $21,765,453,082 $233,911,581,521
2013 $21,948,834,284 $236,556,279,641
2012 $22,388,344,144 $238,841,140,018
2011 $21,357,343,669 $283,228,079,776
2010 $16,314,443,436 $296,417,644,404
2009 $15,027,795,173 $326,829,054,686
2008 $19,749,893,536 $351,121,399,546
2007 $13,071,718,759 $314,226,996,944
2006 $10,086,528,699 $269,073,415,334
2005 $8,217,369,093 $242,315,668,619
2004 $4,410,764,339 $234,979,615,898
2003 $2,484,745,935 $196,930,509,813
2002 $1,806,742,742 $150,253,800,086
2001 $1,461,139,022 $132,050,474,720
2000 $1,045,998,496 $125,760,166,225
1999 $621,117,886 $137,131,371,955
1998 $370,687,634 $139,612,812,176
1997 $442,337,871 $138,766,067,640
1996 $232,463,023 $142,502,984,145
1995 $141,853,361 $134,974,613,914
1994 $100,807,003 $114,980,063,202
1993 $136,047,906 $107,295,704,518
1992 $134,707,184 $114,608,178,405
1991 $110,906,029 $103,680,863,713
1990 $112,119,411 $96,529,587,274
1989 $88,265,975 $78,067,933,277
1988 $100,534,657 $75,200,610,137
1987 $93,345,860 $64,739,630,096
1986 $76,407,396 $55,595,445,472
1985 $62,118,570 $47,155,741,426
1984 $50,320,914 $47,352,146,312
1983 $44,442,457 $48,741,397,059
1982 $44,294,648 $53,858,346,939
1981 $36,731,423 $51,618,456,335
1980 $50,642,881 $56,039,256,595
1979 - $53,724,121,435
1978 - $43,654,480,519
1977 $103,987,520 $35,673,080,481
1976 $103,653,050 $30,719,552,239
1975 $104,295,643 $28,129,128,587
1974 $94,159,863 $24,998,715,909
1973 $81,203,227 $22,037,019,563
1972 $65,429,198 $16,650,659,091
1971 $64,946,955 $14,388,806,818
1970 $66,331,429 $12,957,113,636
1969 $67,225,714 $11,454,106,327
1968 $67,514,286 $9,950,331,206
1967 $72,317,447 $9,146,592,856
1966 $69,110,000 $8,472,021,467
1965 $64,748,333 $7,582,209,670
1964 $51,915,000 $6,576,906,345
1963 $44,266,667 $5,813,285,627
1962 $37,253,333 $5,140,542,929
1961 - $4,892,397,431
1960 - $4,274,890,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/greece | CC BY

GDP per capita in Equatorial Guinea vs Greece by year

Equatorial Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Equatorial Guinea Greece
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $6,745 $17,567 $24,626 $44,327
2023 $6,678 $17,412 $23,344 $42,711
2022 $7,589 $18,140 $20,887 $39,612
2021 $6,946 $16,821 $20,655 $33,531
2020 $5,764 $13,677 $17,887 $29,533
2019 $6,804 $16,451 $19,335 $31,927
2018 $8,102 $18,413 $19,873 $29,792
2017 $7,809 $18,435 $18,632 $28,682
2016 $7,453 $16,649 $17,919 $27,505
2015 $9,069 $19,479 $17,981 $26,608
2014 $15,549 $27,177 $21,475 $26,450
2013 $16,304 $27,910 $21,573 $25,731
2012 $17,309 $30,012 $21,624 $24,583
2011 $17,198 $27,242 $25,505 $25,693
2010 $13,720 $26,168 $26,653 $27,839
2009 $13,233 $29,722 $29,425 $29,963
2008 $18,211 $30,523 $31,696 $30,441
2007 $12,617 $26,611 $28,441 $28,896
2006 $10,185 $23,511 $24,416 $28,076
2005 $8,674 $22,137 $22,054 $25,004
2004 $4,901 $19,354 $21,449 $24,826
2003 $2,931 $14,496 $18,021 $23,253
2002 $2,264 $13,255 $13,782 $21,985
2001 $1,949 $11,627 $12,157 $20,304
2000 $1,487 $7,420 $11,638 $18,820
1999 $931 $6,470 $12,743 $17,758
1998 $578 $5,280 $13,023 $17,434
1997 $717 $4,387 $13,016 $16,630
1996 $392 $1,793 $13,433 $15,778
1995 $248.3 $1,098 $12,779 $15,218
1994 $183.2 $951 $10,937 $14,667
1993 $256.7 $828 $10,257 $14,150
1992 $263.7 $756 $11,021 $14,130
1991 $225.3 $569 $10,047 $13,824
1990 $236.4 $577 $9,467 $13,126
1989 $193.2 - $7,738 -
1988 $228.7 - $7,492 -
1987 $220.9 - $6,474 -
1986 $188.8 - $5,578 -
1985 $161.1 - $4,747 -
1984 $137.9 - $4,785 -
1983 $129.4 - $4,950 -
1982 $137.5 - $5,502 -
1981 $121.1 - $5,305 -
1980 $175.5 - $5,812 -
1979 - - $5,627 -
1978 - - $4,629 -
1977 $376 - $3,832 -
1976 $369 - $3,343 -
1975 $362 - $3,109 -
1974 $319 - $2,789 -
1973 $268.6 - $2,468 -
1972 $211.4 - $1,873 -
1971 $205.6 - $1,629 -
1970 $206.8 - $1,474 -
1969 $208.4 - $1,306 -
1968 $211.7 - $1,138 -
1967 $231.9 - $1,053 -
1966 $226.7 - $984 -
1965 $217.1 - $887 -
1964 $177.8 - $773 -
1963 $154.8 - $686 -
1962 $132.9 - $608 -
1961 - - $583 -
1960 - - $513 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/greece | CC BY

Equatorial Guinea's GDP per capita is $6,745, ranking 106/197, compared to $24,626 in Greece, ranking 49/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Equatorial Guinea ranks 106th at $17,567, while Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327.

Economic indicators

Equatorial Guinea Greece
Gross domestic product
$12.8B
2024
$256B
2024
GDP rank
148/197
2024
53/197
2024
GDP growth
0.91%
2023-2024
2.09%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$6,745
2024
$24,626
2024
GDP per capita rank
106/197
2024
49/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$17,567
2024
$44,327
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
106/197
2024
52/197
2024
Government debt
$4.65B
2024
$397B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36.4%
2024
154.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,458
2024
$38,119
2024
Government debt per person rank
110/185
2024
16/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,042
2026
$14,396
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$83.2B
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
16
2025
Income share by richest 10%
29.1%
2022
26%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.6%
2022
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
18.5%
2024
48%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.4%
2023-2024
2.74%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
8.6%
2014
10%
2024
Population
1998075
10181414

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Equatorial Guinea
Spending

Debt
Greece
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Equatorial Guinea Greece
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 18.5% 36.4% 48% 154.8%
2023 19.2% 39.1% 49.5% 165.2%
2022 14.8% 29.8% 52.8% 178.4%
2021 12.7% 42.3% 56.7% 197.8%
2020 16.2% 49.4% 59.3% 209.9%
2019 16.8% 43.2% 47.6% 183.7%
2018 19.1% 40.6% 48.6% 189.6%
2017 20.1% 36.2% 48.5% 182.6%
2016 27.8% 41.1% 50.3% 183.7%
2015 41.6% 31.7% 51.9% 180%
2014 31.6% 12.6% 51.5% 182.8%
2013 29.3% 6.27% 53% 180.5%
2012 35.2% 7.1% 54.9% 164.3%
2011 27.5% 7.17% 55.1% 175.1%
2010 31.2% 7.89% 53.1% 147.8%
2009 39.8% 4.34% 54.8% 128.5%
2008 19.9% 0.49% 51.5% 110.9%
2007 19.7% 0.75% 47.8% 104.6%
2006 18.1% 1.22% 45.9% 105.3%
2005 14.1% 2.85% 46.6% 109.9%
2004 15.5% 4.54% 48.8% 105.5%
2003 11.8% 6.77% 47.9% 104.3%
2002 11.3% 19.4% 47.1% 107.9%
2001 13.5% 25.5% 47.5% 110.5%
2000 22.6% 36.6% 48.2% 108.9%
1999 18.7% 60.5% 48% 102.8%
1998 35.1% 59.2% 46.7% 100.8%
1997 14.8% 46.3% 45.1% 102.6%
1996 22.9% 91.2% 46.1% 103.7%
1995 141.5% 136.9% 46.6% 100.4%
1994 510% 216% 36.9% 99.7%
1993 256.3% 152.6% 38.6% 101.7%
1992 595% 136.9% 36.9% 81.1%
1991 284.5% 169.5% 35.2% 75.7%
1990 212.9% 157% 38.5% 74.2%
1989 116.8% 187% 34.8% 60.7%
1988 227.9% 154.5% 33.8% 57.9%
1987 183% 141.3% 34% 53.2%
1986 119% 152.5% 33.8% 47.8%
1985 115.4% 183.8% 34.2% 47.3%
1984 - - 32% 40.6%
1983 - - 30.2% 34.1%
1982 - - 28.7% 29.7%
1981 - - 28.1% 27.1%
1980 - - 24.5% 22.8%
1979 - - 24.1% 22.7%
1978 - - 30.1% 32.3%
1977 - - 30.1% 24.5%
1976 - - 29.1% 23.7%
1975 - - 28.7% 24.1%
1974 - - 25.3% 22.5%
1973 - - 24.3% 22%
1972 - - 26.8% 26.5%
1971 - - 25.8% 25%
1970 - - 25.2% 24.7%
1969 - - 29.7% 25.8%
1968 - - 26.3% 23%
1967 - - 24.6% 21.1%
1966 - - 22.8% 19%
1965 - - 21.7% 16.5%
1964 - - 20.4% 21.3%
1963 - - 19.5% 22.6%
1962 - - 19.7% 16.6%
1961 - - 19.3% 14.4%
1960 - - 20% 13.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/greece | CC BY

In 2024, Equatorial Guinea's government spending was $2.36B, accounting for 18.5% of its GDP, while Greece spent $123B, or 48% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36.4% in Equatorial Guinea and 154.8% in Greece, ranking 143/185 and 7/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Equatorial Guinea

Greece
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Equatorial Guinea Greece
2024 -0.55% 1.34%
2023 2.39% -1.35%
2022 11.7% -2.46%
2021 2.65% -7.58%
2020 -1.77% -10.3%
2019 1.82% -0.09%
2018 0.52% 0.78%
2017 -2.59% 1.05%
2016 -10.9% 0.28%
2015 -15.1% -3.03%
2014 -7.54% -4.29%
2013 -4.4% -4.06%
2012 -7.24% -6.94%
2011 0.83% -10.5%
2010 -4.53% -11.4%
2009 -6.47% -15.4%
2008 14.6% -10.3%
2007 17.2% -6.81%
2006 21.8% -6.04%
2005 18.5% -6.33%
2004 9.22% -9.05%
2003 9.99% -8.05%
2002 17.6% -6.2%
2001 14.9% -5.64%
2000 -2.67% -4.21%
1999 -0.19% -6.02%
1998 -7.65% -6.48%
1997 3.21% -6.25%
1996 -6.36% -8.35%
1995 -123.4% -9.87%
1994 -487% -8.48%
1993 -217.9% -11.5%
1992 -557% -10.6%
1991 -236% -9.63%
1990 -160.2% -13.3%
1989 -76.2% -11.9%
1988 -208.5% -9.63%
1987 -158% -8.09%
1986 -97.3% -8.62%
1985 -89.3% -9.56%
1984 - -7.19%
1983 - -6.17%
1982 - -5.49%
1981 - -7.08%
1980 - -2.5%
1979 - -2.34%
1978 - -5.39%
1977 - -5.21%
1976 - -5.05%
1975 - -5.3%
1974 - -4.39%
1973 - -3.71%
1972 - -4.16%
1971 - -3.32%
1970 - -3.24%
1969 - -6.65%
1968 - -3.39%
1967 - -2.59%
1966 - -2.17%
1965 - -2.55%
1964 - -2.89%
1963 - -2.25%
1962 - -2.4%
1961 - -2.69%
1960 - -3.3%
1959 - -2.77%
1958 - -2.27%
1957 - -2.45%
1956 - -0.39%
1955 - -3.57%
1954 - -2.87%
1953 - -3.01%
1952 - -7.21%
1951 - -11.5%
1950 - -12.7%
1949 - -10.4%
1948 - -7.65%
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - 0.48%
1938 - 1.78%
1937 - 1.06%
1936 - 0.95%
1935 - 0.72%
1934 - 0.88%
1933 - -2.79%
1932 - -1.78%
1931 - -4%
1930 - -2.23%
1929 - -18.7%
1928 - -0.27%
1927 - 2.65%
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -8.96%
1912 - -7.43%
1911 - -4.61%
1910 - -1.53%
1909 - -2.64%
1908 - -1.54%
1907 - -1.23%
1906 - 0.66%
1905 - 0.91%
1904 - -0.04%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.67%
1901 - 0.1%
1900 - 0.41%
1899 - 0.86%
1898 - -34.5%
1897 - -8.46%
1896 - 0.82%
1895 - 0.37%
1894 - 2.91%
1893 - 0.14%
1892 - -2.28%
1891 - -6.48%
1890 - -11.2%
1889 - -15.7%
1888 - -3.59%
1887 - -4.88%
1886 - -11.5%
1885 - -12.1%
1884 - -7.16%
1883 - -2.42%
1882 - -1.69%
1881 - -14.5%
1880 - -13.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/greece | CC BY

In 2024, Equatorial Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $70.8M, equivalent to 0.55% of GDP. This compares to Greece's surplus of $3.43B, or 1.34% of GDP.

Over the past 40 years, Equatorial Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Greece ran a deficit in 36 years. On average, Equatorial Guinea posted an annual deficit equal to 58.6% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.87% of GDP for Greece.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Equatorial Guinea

Greece
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Equatorial Guinea Greece
2024 3.4% 2.74%
2023 2.4% 3.46%
2022 4.9% 9.65%
2021 -0.1% 1.22%
2020 4.8% -1.25%
2019 1.2% 0.25%
2018 1.3% 0.63%
2017 0.7% 1.12%
2016 1.4% -0.83%
2015 1.7% -1.74%
2014 4.3% -1.31%
2013 3.2% -0.92%
2012 3.4% 1.5%
2011 4.8% 3.33%
2010 5.3% 4.71%
2009 5.7% 1.21%
2008 4.7% 4.15%
2007 2.8% 2.9%
2006 4.5% 3.2%
2005 5.6% 3.55%
2004 4.2% 2.9%
2003 7.3% 3.53%
2002 7.6% 3.63%
2001 8.7% 3.37%
2000 4.8% 3.15%
1999 0.4% 2.64%
1998 7.9% 4.77%
1997 3% 5.54%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/greece | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Equatorial Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.93%, compared with 2.4% in Greece. In 2024, inflation was 3.4% in Equatorial Guinea and 2.74% in Greece.

Top exports between countries

Equatorial Guinea
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $7K
Greece
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $310K
Animal & marine products $223K
Chemicals & pharma $153K
Raw materials & minerals $117K
Textiles & consumer goods $89K
Metals $72K
Miscellaneous $5K
Wood & paper products $3K

Balance of trade

Equatorial Guinea Greece
Current account balance
-$344M
1996
-$18.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
101/190
1996
182/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-148%
1996
-7.11%
2024
Goods imports
$292M
1996
$91.2B
2024
Goods exports
$175M
1996
$52.6B
2024
Service imports
$185M
1996
$31.1B
2024
Service exports
$4.88M
1996
$55.8B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.4%
2024
47.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
35.2%
2024
42.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Equatorial Guinea Greece
Economic freedom 47.4 63.2
Economic freedom ranking 175/197 82/197
Property rights 16.9 78
Government integrity 6.9 54.8
Judicial effectiveness 7.2 68
Tax burden 81 59.9
Government spending 90.8 24.7
Fiscal health 97.3 78.9
Business freedom 35.9 77.8
Labor freedom 45.2 59.7
Monetary freedom 73.5 72.6
Trade freedom 43.6 79.4
Investment freedom 40 55
Financial freedom 30 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Equatorial Guinea
Greece
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Equatorial Guinea Greece
2026 47.4 63.2
2025 47.7 60.6
2024 47.7 55.1
2023 48.3 56.9
2022 47.2 61.5
2021 49.2 60.9
2020 48.3 59.9
2019 41 57.7
2018 42 57.3
2017 45 55
2016 43.7 53.2
2015 40.4 54
2014 44.4 55.7
2013 42.3 55.4
2012 42.8 55.4
2011 47.5 60.3
2010 48.6 62.7
2009 51.3 60.8
2008 51.6 60.6
2007 53.2 58.7
2006 51.5 60.1
2005 53.3 59
2004 53.3 59.1
2003 53.1 58.8
2002 46.4 59.1
2001 47.9 63.4
2000 45.6 61
1999 45.1 61
1998 - 60.6
1997 - 59.6
1996 - 60.5
1995 - 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/greece | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Equatorial Guinea is 47.4, ranking 175/197, compared to 63.2 for Greece, ranking 82/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Equatorial Guinea Greece
Services, % of GDP
51.1%
2024
68%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
45.8%
2024
15%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.15%
2024
3.77%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$8.96B
2024
$236B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,330
2024
$43,340
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.54B
2023
$15.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
134/177
2023
67/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$376M
1996
-$4.52B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$188M
2024
$6.74B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$154M
2024
$2.22B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
50.7%
2022
18.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
8.96%
2024
18.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/greece | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2014, retrieved 2026-02-20)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.